...of the European Communities (1952-1957) 1. Introduction 2. Post Second World War period 3.1. Schuman plan (1950 3.2. European Coal and Steel Community treaty (ECSC-1952) 2.2.1 The institutions of ECSC 3. The Economic Communities – EEC and EAEC (1957) 4.3. The Time Period from 1952 till 1957 4.4. The foundation of the European Common Market (1957) 4.5.1. Free movement of goods 4.5.2. Free movement of people 4.5.3. Free movement of services 4.5.4. Free movement of capital 4. Conclusion: Peace for Europe or a peaceful European Market? 1. Introduction By the end of World War II all European countries had realized that they should change the antagonistic attitudes against each other. Therefore it was also clear that a new beginning was inevitably correlated with a multilateral co-operation based on common sense between them, especially between France and Germany. In the time period from 1919/20 to the Second World War there were made many efforts to establish a stable peaceful relationship between the European nations. The most significant project was the European plan of the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand (Streinz, R., 2008, p. 6). Although the European plan was leaded from French self-interests, it tried to make even a step beyond these national interests by proposing a kind of European Federation. Unfortunately this plan failed, because no European country...
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...various company policies were putting International Oil at a competitive disadvantage, especially in developing countries. Background: • IO was a fairly new conglomerate that grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC) • IO purpose: to provide a united European competitive front against other major international producers and distributors, especially those from the US and the Arabian peninsula • IO’s job was not to drill – it was to identify opportunities and distribute them fairly among the major European oil companies such as British Petroleum and Dutch Shell so that EEC members didn’t directly compete with each other. • Claus Schwaneger, head of field operations for IO realized that the company was stretched thin – it cast a wide net and often had to send inexperienced managers into relatively uncharted territories. • IO also faced international competition: o English became the company’s main language, and employees from France and southern Europe didn’t appreciate it o Various nationals pushed the interests and retained the practices of their own countries o Managers often put people in countries outside of their realm of comfort, which upset the member oil companies that entered the consortium reluctantly and under political pressure. o Leadership tended to be European, while support staff was local employees. Political and social pressures on IO: Due to the Iraqi war, new opportunities for contracts opened up for IO in the Middle East. However, much of...
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...* HOW DO CULTURE AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECT THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF A COMMUNITY? * HOW DO CULTURE AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECT THE LEADERSHIP OF A COMMUNITY? * WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND ETHNIC ORGANIZATIONS THAT A COMMUNITY BUILDER CAN USE TO LEARN ABOUT THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF A GROUP AND TO IDENTIFY AND ENGAGE ITS LEADERS? * WHAT ARE SOME OF THE COMMON CHALLENGES THAT A COMMUNITY BUILDER MIGHT FACE WHEN WORKING IN A DIVERSE COMMUNITY? In order to work effectively in a culturally and ethnically diverse community, a community builder needs to first understand how each racial and ethnic group in that community is organized in order to support its members. It is not uncommon to hear a community leader, a funder, a political representative, or a service provider say, "We were not able to engage that group over there because they are not organized. They have no leaders. We need to organize them first." This statement is not always accurate; most groups have their own network of relationships and hierarchy of leaders that they tap into for mutual support. These networks or leaders may not be housed in a physical location or building that is obvious to people outside of the group. They may not even have a label or a title. There is an unspoken understanding in some groups about when and whom they should turn to among their members for advice, guidance, and blessing. Once a community builder understands the social organization of the group, it will become easier...
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...Community Rights and Geographical Indications Introduction The Concept of Community. The first step in considering the meaning of community is to understand that, fundamentally, it is a fluid concept. What one person calls a community may not match another person’s definition. A person may be a member of a community by choice, as with voluntary associations, or by virtue of their innate personal characteristics, such as age, gender, race, or ethnicity. As a result, individuals may belong to multiple communities at any one time. When initiating community engagement efforts, one must be aware of these complex associations in deciding which individuals to work within the targeted community. A community is a group of two or more people who have been able to accept and transcend their differences regardless of the diversity of their backgrounds (social, spiritual, educational, ethnic, economic, political, etc.) This enables them to communicate effectively and openly and to work together toward goals identified as being for their common good. The word community can refer to a specific group of people or it can describe a quality of relationship based on certain values and principles. A community is a group of all leaders who share equal responsibility for and commitment to maintaining its spirit. Community is reflective, contemplative and introspective. Communities may be viewed as systems composed of individual members and sectors that have a variety of distinct characteristics...
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... Europe has two block-EU trade and the European Free Trade Association. Of the two, the EU is far more important, not only in terms of membership (EU currently has 27 members, EFTA has 4), but also in terms of economic and political influence in the world economy. Many now see the EU as a growing economic and political superpower same order as the United States. Therefore, we will focus our attention on EU.7. EVOLUTION OF UNI EROPA The European Union (EU) is the product of two political factors: (1) the destruction of Western Europe during the two world wars and the desire for a lasting peace, and (2) the desire of European countries to hold their own in the top of the political and economic world. In addition, many Europeans realized the potential economic benefits of close integration of the country's economy. The predecessor of the European Union, European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1951 by Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The aim is to remove barriers to intragroup deliveries of coal, iron, steel, and metal. The signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Community was founded. The name changed again in 1994 when the European Community became after the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty the European Union (discussed later). Rome Treaty provided for the creation of a common market. Article 3 of the agreement put the main purpose of the new community, called for the removal of internal trade barriers...
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...address the nation with a lot of problem solving concerning the issues of the world. One party is stating what they believe that is better for the world while the other party will beg the difference. Both parties will make each other out to be liars but in all reality, Politian’s are just that; liars. Debates are great to have to know which party will win, back down and which party will get caught up in a lie. My all time favorite of listening to Politian’s is that when they are debating, they will refuse to answer a question and will walk away. All a political debate is just a conflict between parties having disagreements about Medicare, welfare, health insurance, etc. This research paper will inform you of the United Nations Union, the European Union and the conflicts involving each group. The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to...
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...to the government in May, 1952, This initial treaty was known as the coal & steel community. However, the treaty developed the ideology behind the creation and establishment of the European Union. Eventually, in 1993, the Maastricht treaty was signed, thus, the European union was created. There have been two further treaty’s built the foundation established in the 1950’s to create a more inclusive institutional system and structure for member states. There are 766 members in the European union, representing 28 member states and speaking 22 languages, the members sit in Strasbourg, Brussels and Luxembourg and represent some 380 million people stretching across Europe. The...
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...\ : WHAT PROBLEMS WERE POSED BY THE ACCESSION OF PORTUGAL, SPAIN AND GREECE TO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) Economic intergration has been associated with “removal of discrimination between the economic agents of the member countries and opening up of the market boundaries.” The European Economic Community (EEC) was formed in 1957 by the treaty of Rome and it consisted of France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and Belgium. It is also known as the common market in some publications. Its founding principles consisted of the notions of democracy and political stability and liberalized market economy among others. Countries in Europe joined this community based on these principles and Greece applied for accession in 1975, Portugal in 1977 and Spain initially in 1962 and then in 1977. These 3 countries’ accession to the EEC had some difficulties. These problems were both political and economic. Democracy and political stability, were major political problems, whilst macro-economic problems such as economic level and performance, taxation, tariff policy, industrial protectionism policies, low agriculture production and socio-cultural differences among other problems. Some of these problems are general and others are unique to specific countries among these 3 countries. The first problem to be analyzed is that of democracy and political stability. Among the founding principles of the EEC was demand of working democracy...
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...The New Financial System The basis for a new financial system for the general budget of the European Community was laid by the European Council held in Brussels, on 15th and 16th December 2005. This system was finalised in 2007 in the Council Decision and the sources of finance were reserved for the EC general budget as a consequence. In the Article 311 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU) it is stated that arrangements to the Union’s own resources must be taken by unamious Council decisions. This means that it is the member states that make the decisions and each member state has a veto over any proposed modification of the system. The historical basis of this system was the Luxembourg agreement of 1970. Customs and Agricultural Levies Customs duties are taxes on imports which are levied at the external borders of the Union. The first common customs rates were already determined 2 years earlier than planned, in 1968. In the Treaty of Rome customs duties were considered as the primary source of finance for the expenditure of the European Economic Community. Agricultural levies were instituted in 1962 and then transferred to the Community on 21 April 1970. These taxes used to vary according to the price on the global and European markets. Since the multilateral trade agreements of the Uruguay Round have become part of the Community law, there is no distinction made between agricultural levies and customs duties. Levies on sugar are a little bit different...
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...Together and apart: the EU since Maastricht In 1946, out of the devastation of post-war Western Europe, Sir Winston 1 Churchill remarked that Europeans needed a “United States of Europe” to facilitate rebuilding and prevent future conflict. Starting in 1951, six nations, less Churchill’s England, began the process of creating a union: a union that would reject Churchill’s idea in part. The founding states would join together, but not as a federation subsuming state sovereignty under a supranational organization; rather, they formed a union of sovereign states. Since 1993, when the Treaty of Maastricht (also known as the Treaty of the European Union (EU)) came into effect, the question over how far the EU will integrate remains. This paper will evaluate the EU integration process in the postMaastricht era with a focus on the failure to pass a constitution in 2005 even though ideas contained in the draft constitution were accepted four years later in the Treaty of Lisbon. It will be argued that the EU members have chosen to curtail supranational organization in favor of protecting state sovereignty. Moving together: the Maastricht Treaty, 1993 The formation of the European Coal and Steel Committee in 1951 preserved each of the six-member state’s ability to have control over its laws and people, or sovereignty. Integrationists, politicians who wanted a federal form of government lost out to nationalists, those who wanted to protect their own states from a federal union. Thus...
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...Feasibility Brief 1: Rowner Community Trust Events Management Ltd. * Rowner Community Trust summary profile - (re-phrased from the internet) Rowner community trust is a new charity organization that operates under the umbrella of Rowner World Company. They aim to support the growth of the area Rowner in Hampshire by focusing on its economic, social and environmental angles and contribute to its community development. Rowner Community Trust is a new initiative. Therefore, as any other organizations it is looking forward to grow its social business by developing new social ventures to support Rowner community and sustain its social business. * Rowner Community Trust next project Group 1 will focus on Rowner Community Trust next project. The Community Trust next project is to create an Events Management Social Enterprise. This new project will generate revenues by providing events management services such as catering, conferences and other events management services to the following target segments: * SME's * Large Corporates * Public sector * Non-profit organizations * Consumer markets in following geographic locations: * London * Regional organizations involving the following stakeholders * Rowner Community Trust * Rowner Community Trust community center * Rowner Community Events Group The revenues coming from the events management social enterprise services will help in sustaining Rowner Community Trust and will also provide...
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...The Role of a Community Counselor Donte Love Abstract The purpose of this paper is to address the role and function of the community counselor. Additionally, the framework of the community counseling model is taken into account, including some of the strategies used in community counseling. The Role of a Community Counselor Community counseling can be defined as “…a comprehensive helping framework that is grounded in multicultural competence and oriented toward social justice (Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, & D'Andrea, 2011). While this definition may serve as a starting point, any meaningful understanding of the role and function of a Community counselor requires more than a brief description or a cursory glance at a definition. The community counseling model is based on four fundamental assumptions and several concepts. The first assumption is: “1. Human development and behavior take place in environmental contexts that have the potential to be nurturing or limiting” (Lewis et al., 2011). This assumption refers to the connection between people and their environment and its potential to act as a source of support or as a limiting factor on their development. The community counseling model effectively deals with the environmental factors that have an influence on the development of problems that people encounter. “2. Even in the face of devastating stress, people who are treated respectfully can demonstrate surprising levels of strength and access resources that a pessimistic...
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... |Resources Needed (financial, human, |might resist? |What methods? | | | | |political & other) |How? |How often? | |Step 1: |Volunteer medical staff member|This occurrence will be |Available resources would include usage of|A. The only people that might |All physicians that are willing to | |Contact physicians from |including doctors, nurses and |weekly. Everyone should |a close community building near the rural |resist are those physicians or |volunteer should call in weekly to a | |surrounding counties that are|etc. |be eligible to volunteer |area (church, community center or etc.) |medical staff that chooses not to |designated place to inform others what| |willing to participate in |The project manager. |at least one day a week. |Proper staff and donations from those |work for free. |days...
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...“Life and Misery of Gypsies in Lahore Date: 24th November 2010 SUMMARY Gypsies are a social group of nomads that mostly suffer discrimination from the rest of the society. These gypsy communities in Lahore are living in great misery. They don’t have even the basic facilities of life such as electricity, health, education and clean water for drinking instead there are masses of rubbish and pools of filthy water all around. The children of gypsies run here and there, naked and with dirty hairs and skin, the males are addicted and the ladies move towards the Bazars for begging and prostitution. Government must stop being negligent of these 700,000 people and has to provide them with space for housing, basic facilities of life and provide them with employment to sort out their financial problems. INTRODUCTION The Gypsies are one of the most segregated and neglected ethnic groups in all over the world are living a dejected life on the various margins of the globe. In this report the problems and hardships of the gypsies encountered particularly in Lahore will be highlighted. The major issues are improper settlement of gypsies, lack of basic facilities of life for them, lack of education, unemployment and poverty which results in increase in crime rate. The Governments mostly turn their heads from these settlements, regarding them as "lumps" in the body of society. We will discuss different means by which we can over come this problem...
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...Company Q shows a lack of dedication and compassion to their community, indifference to the wants of their customers, and a lack of responsibility to their employees and stakeholders. Part 2: Recommendations There are a number of things that Company Q can do to increase their social responsibility to the community that they serve, their employees, and stakeholders. First, Company Q can operate different types of stores in the different neighborhoods they serve. In lower-income areas stores can be operated as smaller neighborhood markets that offer fewer services and sell essential grocery items. Stores in middle-income, working class areas can be larger supermarkets that offer more services, and sell a mix of essential grocery items and specialty health and organic items. Higher-income areas can have stores that offer the same services as the general supermarkets, but offer a wider variety of specialty health and organic items along with imported and other high-end products. By diversifying the types of stores it operates, Company Q can respond to customer demands and expand its offering of high margin health and organic items, or any other items, in the areas where those products are in demand. Secondly, Company Q should re-open stores in the higher-crime areas they have recently closed stores. By using the different store types for different neighborhoods, Company Q can show its support for the entire community by operating stores in all neighborhoods. They should also...
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