...\ : WHAT PROBLEMS WERE POSED BY THE ACCESSION OF PORTUGAL, SPAIN AND GREECE TO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) Economic intergration has been associated with “removal of discrimination between the economic agents of the member countries and opening up of the market boundaries.” The European Economic Community (EEC) was formed in 1957 by the treaty of Rome and it consisted of France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and Belgium. It is also known as the common market in some publications. Its founding principles consisted of the notions of democracy and political stability and liberalized market economy among others. Countries in Europe joined this community based on these principles and Greece applied for accession in 1975, Portugal in 1977 and Spain initially in 1962 and then in 1977. These 3 countries’ accession to the EEC had some difficulties. These problems were both political and economic. Democracy and political stability, were major political problems, whilst macro-economic problems such as economic level and performance, taxation, tariff policy, industrial protectionism policies, low agriculture production and socio-cultural differences among other problems. Some of these problems are general and others are unique to specific countries among these 3 countries. The first problem to be analyzed is that of democracy and political stability. Among the founding principles of the EEC was demand of working democracy...
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...The European Economic Crisis A Paper Submitted to Webber International University In partial fulfilment for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Finance By: James Holt Date: November 26, 2013 Course: ENG112-1 Semester: Fall 2013 Instructor: Professor Nancy Davis Word Count: 2663 The European economy is in turmoil. The credit crunch in 2008 caused chaos throughout the global and European economic systems and highlighted the negligence of not only governments but also the financial systems in place. In the highly praised publication the Economist the author G. Tett writes “The European economy is in the midst of the deepest recession since the 1930s, with real GDP projected to shrink by some 4% in 2009, the sharpest contraction in the history of the European Union. Although signs of improvement have appeared recently, recovery remains uncertain and fragile” (Tett, 2013). A publication of this magnitude publishing this shows the utter chaos in the European Economy. The economy of all countries within the Euro has been greatly affected; it has also affected the surrounding countries around the Eurozone. The stronger European economies have recovered a great deal these include...
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...European Economic Policies 1. THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF AN ENLARGED EUROPE 1.1 THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION Many unprecedented achievements characterize the Europe we see today; for the first time since Charlemagneʼs Holy Roman Empire in the 9th century in the ninth century, most of the European continent (400 million citizens) is again united and in peace. For the first time (at least since the last century) a set of countries have autonomously decided to relinquish to a supranational authority the control of one of the key symbols of a nation, its currency, without renouncing their identity or independence (along with numerous innovations). All this in less than 60 years. Historically, a period of war in Europe has ended with one or more treaty (e.g. 30 years war → Westfalia, Napoleonic war → Vienna Congress, WW1 → Versailles) The end of WW2 produced a series of treaties which, among other things (UN), laid down the founding pillars of the modern European Union The First 40 years (1950 – 89) Its acknowledged that the start of the European integration can be identified in the “Schuman declaration” a speech by French foreign minister in 1950. He proposed that France and Germany and other nations wishing to join, pool their coal and steel resources. It was an opening of credit to Germany (only 5 years after the first tank left Paris) and it implicitly recognized the new world order with france and germany allied with the US. It was also a security measure for France with respect to Germany...
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...Regional Economic Integration and the Impact of the Single European Market Regional Economic Integration is an agreement between countries to reduce or remove trade barriers so that counties within the agreement will benefit by joining the integration. Without this Regional Economic Integration it was difficult for countries to trade because exporting goods from one country to another always had tariffs and nontariff barriers, making it harder for countries to ultimately benefit from trade between one another. This can be done by forming a Free Trade Area, Custom Union, Common Market, Economic Union, or Political union. A Free Trade Area is where counties in the group try and remove tariffs and quotas on the goods and services being traded between the countries. By choosing Free Trade Areas they are allowed to trade freely among member but have an independent policy for non-members. The European Free Trade Association is an example of a free trade area. A Custom Union is similar to free trade areas but members must conduct and pursue common external tariff. Custom unions help increase efficiency by bring the countries involved closer. The European Union is an example of a custom union. A common market is basically custom unions that along with increase efficiency, allow for free factor mobility across members. It makes it easy for capital and labor to be traded between members of the common market. An economic union is a union just like a common market but wants...
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...various company policies were putting International Oil at a competitive disadvantage, especially in developing countries. Background: • IO was a fairly new conglomerate that grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC) • IO purpose: to provide a united European competitive front against other major international producers and distributors, especially those from the US and the Arabian peninsula • IO’s job was not to drill – it was to identify opportunities and distribute them fairly among the major European oil companies such as British Petroleum and Dutch Shell so that EEC members didn’t directly compete with each other. • Claus Schwaneger, head of field operations for IO realized that the company was stretched thin – it cast a wide net and often had to send inexperienced managers into relatively uncharted territories. • IO also faced international competition: o English became the company’s main language, and employees from France and southern Europe didn’t appreciate it o Various nationals pushed the interests and retained the practices of their own countries o Managers often put people in countries outside of their realm of comfort, which upset the member oil companies that entered the consortium reluctantly and under political pressure. o Leadership tended to be European, while support staff was local employees. Political and social pressures on IO: Due to the Iraqi war, new opportunities for contracts opened up for IO in the Middle East. However, much of...
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...EEA(PR) Version 04/2015 Application for a document certifying permanent residence or permanent residence card under the EEA Regulations This form is to be used for applications made on or after 6 April 2015 Who this form is for Use this application form if you wish to apply for a document certifying permanent residence (if you’re an EEA national) or permanent residence card (if you’re a non-EEA national) as confirmation of a right of permanent residence under the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006 (‘the EEA Regulations’). Any reference on this form to EEA nationals includes Swiss nationals. Eligibility You must normally have lived in the UK for a continuous period of five years as: • n EEA national ‘qualified person’ (worker, self-employed, self-sufficient, student or a jobseeker), • family member or extended family member* of an EEA national qualified person or a permanent resident, • former family member of an EEA national if you’ve retained your right of residence after a the EEA national died or left the UK, or your/their marriage or civil partnership ended in divorce, annulment or dissolution, or • family member of a British citizen who worked or was self-employed in another EEA state a before returning to the UK (‘Surinder Singh’ cases). You can also qualify if you are: • n EEA national former worker or self-employed person who has ceased activity in the UK a because you have retired, are permanently incapacitated...
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...the European Community This paper considers the original aims of the European Economic Community on its formation under the Treaty of Rome 1957 as a background to the transformation of the EEC into the European Community. A discussion of the subsequent development of the EC thereafter forms the main body of this work and the staged development of the EC through subsequent amending treaties provides the focus of the analysis offered. A brief historical survey of the European Economic Community The European Community of 2008 sees its origins in the six member European Economic Community formed by the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The signatory member states were France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux states. It is submitted at the outset that the EEC was founded largely on fear. It is hard to appreciate from the perspective of 2008, exactly what motivated the founding fathers of the Treaty of Rome to pursue integration because the world has moved on, but in the 1950s the base motivation was manifest and pressing. The continent of Europe had endured two catastrophic World Wars in the space of one generation. War had ravaged each and every country of Europe, and in particular the founding member states. The architects of the Treaty of Rome, including Italian Prime Minister Antonio Segni, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and French civil servant Jean Monnet, while undoubtedly harbouring in the back of their minds lofty notions of improving the economic and...
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...The New Financial System The basis for a new financial system for the general budget of the European Community was laid by the European Council held in Brussels, on 15th and 16th December 2005. This system was finalised in 2007 in the Council Decision and the sources of finance were reserved for the EC general budget as a consequence. In the Article 311 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU) it is stated that arrangements to the Union’s own resources must be taken by unamious Council decisions. This means that it is the member states that make the decisions and each member state has a veto over any proposed modification of the system. The historical basis of this system was the Luxembourg agreement of 1970. Customs and Agricultural Levies Customs duties are taxes on imports which are levied at the external borders of the Union. The first common customs rates were already determined 2 years earlier than planned, in 1968. In the Treaty of Rome customs duties were considered as the primary source of finance for the expenditure of the European Economic Community. Agricultural levies were instituted in 1962 and then transferred to the Community on 21 April 1970. These taxes used to vary according to the price on the global and European markets. Since the multilateral trade agreements of the Uruguay Round have become part of the Community law, there is no distinction made between agricultural levies and customs duties. Levies on sugar are a little bit different...
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...The European Economic Area (EEA) Model The European Economic Area (EEA) was formed in 1994 in order to extend the European Union’s provisions on its internal market to countries in the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). EU legislation relating to the internal market becomes part of the legislation of the EEA countries once they have agreed to incorporate it. Implementation and enforcement are then monitored by specific EFTA bodies and a Joint Parliamentary Committee. The EU and two of its EEA partners — Norway and Iceland — are also linked by various ‘northern policies’ and forums which focus on the rapidly evolving northern reaches of Europe and the Arctic region as a whole. While Switzerland is not part of the EEA, it remains a member of EFTA. More than 120 sectoral bilateral treaties linking the country with the EU incorporate largely the same provisions as those adopted by the other EEA countries in the fields of the free movement of people, goods, services and capital. What does the EEA agreement include? The EEA agreement includes: Free movement of goods, capital, services and persons. Agriculture and fisheries are not covered by the EEA agreement. Common competition regulations (cooperation on the regulation of competition, state aid and monopolies) and harmonizing company law. Cooperation on transport policies. Common veterinary regulations (but as a main rule tariffs on trade in agricultural goods still applies). Cooperation...
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...Western Europe, Sir Winston 1 Churchill remarked that Europeans needed a “United States of Europe” to facilitate rebuilding and prevent future conflict. Starting in 1951, six nations, less Churchill’s England, began the process of creating a union: a union that would reject Churchill’s idea in part. The founding states would join together, but not as a federation subsuming state sovereignty under a supranational organization; rather, they formed a union of sovereign states. Since 1993, when the Treaty of Maastricht (also known as the Treaty of the European Union (EU)) came into effect, the question over how far the EU will integrate remains. This paper will evaluate the EU integration process in the postMaastricht era with a focus on the failure to pass a constitution in 2005 even though ideas contained in the draft constitution were accepted four years later in the Treaty of Lisbon. It will be argued that the EU members have chosen to curtail supranational organization in favor of protecting state sovereignty. Moving together: the Maastricht Treaty, 1993 The formation of the European Coal and Steel Committee in 1951 preserved each of the six-member state’s ability to have control over its laws and people, or sovereignty. Integrationists, politicians who wanted a federal form of government lost out to nationalists, those who wanted to protect their own states from a federal union. Thus, integration was limited to economic issues for which the states could “achieve limited and...
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...Q.1.) Relate this story to the concept of SWOT analysis. Can you find any examples of leverage, problems, constraints, and vulnerabilities? Government officials envision the EU as a single market, an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, person, services, and capital is assured. This is a tall order in the current European Market as huge benefits are plentiful for some and lacking for others. The countries that are members of the EU house an regulatory environment with which local and multinational firms operate. What is the cost of the current situation for the European Union? The EU is one of the world’s biggest investors in promoting economic and social growth to the European markets. The European Union considers Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as one of the key solutions to promoting development, economic and social growth to the European Markets. It is within the scope of framework that the EU follows a pro-development approach of long-term investments that will generate stable employment and growth for the European marketplace. The European banking industry has been slow in converting into a modern means of investment opportunities and lacks standardization of banking rules and regulations such as Germany. The German banking system slows the economy by poor management decisions regulated by adverse government policies and a unwillingness to modernize the way it promotes business within its borders. Having a standardized...
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...The court case of Bennelong. Why were Bennelong and Colby captured? Bennelong and Colby were captured because the European Australians wanted to see how the Indigenous Australians lived. They also wanted to capture Bennelong & Colby, so that they could have them with them and they were hoping that by the presence of Bennelong & Colby living with them the rest of the native population warm up towards them, and not be so aggressive or hostile. They were not intending to kill them as the natives thought; they just wanted to bring peace between the native people and the European settlers. The reason that Bennelong and Colby were ‘taken by force’ ( pg-11.) was because previous efforts to communicate with them freely had failed. Governor Phillip wanted to take Bennelong & Colby so that they could teach them English without losing their native tongue, the reason for teaching them English is to help their own countrymen converse with the colony. (PG-13) How did Bennelong feel throughout the ordeal? Bennelong was being taken away from his friends, so he was feeling anxious and very upset. While they were lashed to the boat they were extremely terrified (pg-13). Once they had moved far enough away from their countrymen on the shore, the captive’s hands were untied which made them more relaxed. Bennelong and Colby would have been more relaxed after they had settled in and got used to their new surroundings. Even the family was feeling distressed as one of their own was taken...
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...The native Americans are usually looked at like savages, slaves, uncivilized people. But nobody ever proved that to be true. Everything written about the Indians from the time before the Europeans came was written by Europeans themselves. As Europeans saw nothing in Indians other then slaves, land owner and savages, they were regarded for only the bad qualities of their civilization and often exaggerated by the hating Europeans Defining civilization in both the art of living in cities, and being able to satisfy the needs of the culture and tribe of the native Americans, in both prospects native Americans were “civilized”. So were Europeans- they needed gadgets, and they made gadgets, and it was a need of their culture and most of them would be pretty useless for native Americans Indians were judged for being civilized against their clothes and was behavior. The European culture was to wear clothes covering near the entire body. But Indians didn't need that. They were hunting and it would make their moves tighter if they had to wear everything the Europeans did. Also the climate was very different which also made an impact of the native American clothing. The environment was different-and the civilization was different too – not the stages but the type. We know that Indians were sorted by different tribes. Each tribe commonly had its permanent house, but the Indians traveled a lot within the continent during the year. The tribes were structured too. There was a chief, who together...
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...1992 that was projected to resolves the disputes over subsidies and unfair practices. The U.S. felt the agreement was fair and that it provided a more level playing field for the two companies. The commercial aircraft industry also was keenly aware that the international business of a complex one and that both companies utilized similar suppliers. Making too much stink over the trade disputes... Boeing versus Airbus: Two Decades of Trade Disputes (2010); the main issue is whether fair competition is available in the commercial aircraft industry, and if Europe and the U.S. are providing subsidies to the commercial aircraft industry providing a disadvantage to the other. The U.S. opening criticizes the European governments for directly subsidizing Airbus; the European governments claim that the U.S. government is providing support to Boeing through their defense programs that are almost certain to spill over into the commercial side. This paper will analyze both sides of the story and provide answers to questions that will help to explain reasons for the trade disputes (Gregory, 2010). Prior to 1980, the U.S. held a monopoly over the commercial aircraft industry with Boeing as the largest exporter. Airbus was formed II. The key...
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...dedicated to weeds defines the term in modern botanical use as “any plant that spreads rapidly and outcompetes others on disturbed soil” [Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 149]. Crosby reasons that weeds aren’t necessarily good or bad, however they are the plants that botanist use terms as aggressive. A vast majority of the weeds introduced by the Europeans were accidental, as Crosby suggests it as an unintentional imperial victory. Crosby suggests multiple views on how chance led to the spread of weeds throughout the lands, proposing that European horses may have even accidently picked up biota and dragged it across the land (Ecological Imperialism, 156). Weeds were drawn to repair topsoil which in turn provided food and redistribution of stability; According to Crosby, since weeds deal with ecological stability, they were drawn to “thrive on radical change, that supports the reason for the triumph of European weeds in the Neo-Europe’s” (Ecological Imperialism, 170). It may be considered luck, coincidence, or chance that weeds shadowed the movements of European populations, as it is believed that the spread of...
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