...European History After 1500 there were many signs that a new age of world history was beginning, for example the discovery of America and the first European enterprises in Asia. This new age was dominated by the astonishing success of one civilization among many, that of Europe. There has certainly been “progress” in Western history since 1500. Europeans eventually became masters of the globe and they used their mastery to make the world one. That resulted in a unity of world history that can be detected until today. Politics, empire building, and military expansion were only a tiny part of what was going on. Besides the economic integration of the globe there was a much more important process underway: The spreading of assumptions and ideas. The result was to be one World. The age of independent civilizations has come to a close. The history of the centuries since 1500 can be described as a series of wars and violent struggles. Obviously men in different countries did not like another much more than their predecessors did. One could also say that the world was Europeanized, for the period of modernization was a matter of ideas and techniques that have a European origin. A great change in Europe was the starting-point of modern By the eighteenth century there were already present an oceanic economy and an international trading community which does business around the globe. In this economy an important and growing part was played by slaves, most of them black Africans...
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...1. Neoclassism -Oath of the Horatii This painting by Jacques-Louise David portrays the power and dominance of imperial figures that was often seen in the late 1700s. It shows the apparent surrender of one man holding multiple swords to three men, while women cower in the background. The painting shows an understanding of its time period by the women that hide crying in fear and appearing weak behind the men. It expresses control and fear. It appears to be somewhere in Greece or Rome, where the now classical ideas of art originated. As a neoclassic piece, this is an appropriate setting. I feel that this painting does a fine job of showing the common feelings of many during the late 18th century, and that the artist made a good point with showing the helpless women behind the men. 2. Romanticism-The Third of May This well-known painting by Francisco Goya shows one well organized army taking control of a smaller, less organized military. They appear to have already shot a few men and are not afraid to do so again. The scene is taking place on the outskirts of town. This painting really captures the Romantic Movement by showing many common themes in romantic art, such as emotion, passion, and revolution. It also has many of its characteristics, including dramatic scenes, expressive use of color in the blood of the men, and images of death. In my opinion, the painting is frightening. It shows ruthless men and it seems to be a message that revolution will end in bloody...
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...Germany’s economy has always played a prominent role in its rich history. It has come along way to rebuild its shattered economy, losing two world wars and the carrying out of a horrific genocide. Today, Germany dominates Europe on many levels. Participating in two world wars caused havoc on Germany’s economy and for many years, their future seemed bleak. They rebuilt their economy with great success. While most of Europe entered recession in late 2008, Germany was going from strength to strength economically. These topics are very relevant to our personal lives, not a day goes by without the economic state or fiscal crises being mentioned in the various forms of media. These issues affect us directly. Germany as a whole has developed greatly in recent years, in it’s society, it’s economy and other important areas. In my speech I will address many points that discuss Germany’s evolvement into a European economic superpower. I will discuss most importantly the history of Germany in the European Union and how it’s connected to the role of the economy in German history, exploring how Germany has developed in areas such as foreign policy, Gross Domestic Product and Inflation figures, the great divide between East Germany and West Germany after World War II and then Reunification. I will explore and refer to journals, books and popular press sources in Germany throughout my speech. After the First World War, Germany was left in a vulnerable state. Germany was economically devastated...
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...Tertullian the author of The Prescriptions Against the Heretics is in no way apprehensive in his characterization of the heretics that were speaking against the Holy word of the Lord. In his prescriptions he contends that the heretics, specifically the Gnostics who believed the pathway to salvation is through intellectual seeking which allows them to be closer to their God, are amiss in their justification. He then goes one step further and attempts to identify the root of the heretics motivation, that being the study of philosophy. “… we ought not to be surprised ether at the occurrence of the heresies, since they were foretold”, states Tertullian in Chapter 1 which embodies the thinking of the Christian writers of the time. Given the fact that heretics and naysayers were prophesied in the religious texts these Christian scholars were always on the defense and ready to repudiate any claims made against the church, no matter how much validity there was to the argument. To begin Tertullian asserts that the prevailing heretics would in fact be those that call themselves Christians as well, “ The Lord teaches that many ravening wolves will come in sheep’s clothing. What is this sheep’s clothing but the outward profession of the name “Christian””. He then claims that the heretic is “self- condemned”, that being because “he chooses for himself the cause of his condemnation”. Yet his essential argument is that the nucleus of the heresy is philosophy, “It is philosophy that supplies...
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...Essay Four Antiquarians frequently separate European history into periods prior and then afterward the infection. There are a few enticing explanations behind doing so. To begin with, the populace declined pointedly and afterward bounced back. Both the misfortune and the recharging of the populace had huge consequences for all parts of society, from horticulture to family structure to military adventuring. Overpopulation delivers it cure through scourge, starvation, and different means. A few zones of Europe may have been viewed as ready for mass demise on the grounds that agrarian generation had not stayed aware of populace development. The overpopulation hypothesis has been condemned as lacking to clarify the disastrous impacts of the Black Death. But worries about overpopulation in later times were foreshadowed by examines of the disease years. Third, feudalism—the political and social structure then common in Europe—may have been the underlying reason for the mass mortality. A couple of individuals had everything; most individuals had practically nothing. Those naturally introduced to the lower classes had little open door for headway. This circumstance propagated a substantial underclass of generally uneducated individuals with restricted abilities, subsequently additionally restricting mechanical and social advancement. Moreover, the primitive framework was hinting at caving in from inside in the years going before the Black Death. The fundamental unit of creation...
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...Max Mayer HIS 102 Prof. McGowen GTF Nick O’Neill Feb 25, 2013 Absolutism Most historians would argue that the years 1660 to 1789 could be summarized as an Age of Absolutism, the period from the Restoration in England and the personal rule of Louis XIV up to the beginning of the French Revolution. Our textbook defines absolutism as “a political arrangement in which one ruler possesses unrivaled power (Western Civilization pg 184). Rulers received their power directly from God – theory of divine right – claiming they were above the law. As a result, absolute monarchs were viewed differently among the individual’s social class; the Noble’s view differed from the every day commoner’s view. Due to the divine right kingship beliefs monarchs receive an endless amount of power. Subjects believed God would only invest the ruler he appointed with powers that resembled his own, therefore any resistant to their monarch was forbidden. In Richard II, subjects look upon the Monarch of England as a godly figure. Throughout the play, King Richard and the Duchess make several references to “sacred blood;” a clear reference to Richard II being appointed by God (divinely appointed). An important nobleman, John of Gaunt, describes Richard II, “God’s is the quarrel; for God’s substitute/ His deputy anointed in his sight”(Shakespeare 13). Richard II is understood to be God’s presence on earth, once again supporting the theory of divine right. Subjects viewed god having two bodies, one present...
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...AP European History Objectives: Students will be able to 1. explain why the basic structure of society in eastern Europe became different from that of western Europe in the early modern period 2. describe how eastern absolutism worked and why it came about 3. examine who ruled the absolutist states in Austria and Prussia and how they maintained that power 4. discuss the significance of the Turkish invasion and the world of peasants Opener: Pass up your review questions you completed for homework Active Learning: • Student lead discussions on status of peasants and absolutism in Austria and Prussia Direct Instruction: o Powerpoint “Absolutism in Central Europe” Assessment: • Based on class discussion and your note packet answer the questions on Chapter 17 Homework: • Finish answering the review questions Name:______________________ Block:_____________ Chapter 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe 1. What were the reasons for the re-emergence of serfdom in eastern Europe in the early modern period? 2. Why would the reign of the Great Elector be regarded as “the most crucial constitutional struggle in Prussian history for hundreds of years?” What did he do to increase royal authority? Who were the losers? 3. Prussia has traditionally been considered one of the most militaristic states in Europe. How do you explain this development? Who or...
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...Questions to Consider: Europe 1. How is the history of European and Arabic cultural contact reveal through musical characteristics in places such as Spain and Bulgaria? In Spain, the authentic flamenco had just a singer. It had a strained type of timbre and melisma was used a lot. It shows that there was Arabic influence because they also had that type of style. And because they also used a guitar as accompaniment, it showed there was European influence because they liked harmony. Bulgarian music also had harmonies but with voices. This was a European characteristic. Their music is very colorful and lively and I think that was Arabic influence. 2. What defines a music as "classical" as opposed to "folk" in the European context? How has "classical" music influenced "folk" music style and performance and vice versa? In the European context, classical music is the highest class of music. Folk is a position relative to classical music. Folk music was meant for the common people. It was the opposite of classical music. Folk played classical music and folk music started to interest higher class people. They wanted to become part of a tradition. Classical music started using some folk themes. 3. Drone is especially prominent in many European music traditions. What are some specific manifestations and how does drone relate to the overall sound? Drone is used in many countries in Europe. For example: Scotland, Ireland, and Hungary. In Scotland and Ireland they use bagpipes...
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...Berlin is Impact on European History The city of Berlin is central to twentieth century European History. It has been the grounds for many historic events that have shaped the way things are in Europe today both for good and bad reasons. Berlin played a significant role in European history though the sequence of events from 1945 to the late 1990`s that were end of World War Two, through the rise and fall of the Berlin wall, and the birth of the Eurozone. The events covered during this time all interlinked with each other and where the cause for what Europe looks like today. At the end of World War two the USA, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union gathered together to see how Europe should be divided after the war. After it was all divided it came out that the Soviet Union should get most of the countries that Nazi Germany controlled, which were the eastern part of Europe. The division gave East Germany to the capitalist states, and West Germany to the socialist, with Berlin also divided into the two sides. Berlin was on the western side claimed by the USSR, but the city was divided into east and west just like the country had. This division of the capital happened pretty much over night and many were separated from their families and friends. The USSR built the Berlin Wall that would separate all contact with the east side. This forced a Socialist way of living that in the long run created many conflicts of Socialism against Capitalism. The Berlin Wall was eventually torn...
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...Throughout history, diseases and disasters have shaped people’s beliefs and concerns. During the 13th century, the Bubonic Plague was no exception to this theory. Authors, physicians, and European travelers expressed their beliefs regarding the plague, how their lifestyles had changed because of it and how they believed it spread throughout the great continent of Europe. These groups of authors, physicians and travelers all formed their own beliefs and concerns about the plague such as Erasmus of Rotterdam who believed that “the plague and sickness in England is due to the filth on the streets…” (Doc 2) At the time, physicians were believed to have more informed beliefs and concerns than other members of society due to their advanced educations. In fact, Johann Weyer, a German physician, claimed that townspeople smeared the bolts of the town with an ointment directly intended to spread the plague to anyone who touched it. In turn, many people died, including members of the royal family. Weyer even believed that heirs of the dead paid people to spread the cream so that they could inherit their fortunes more quickly. (Doc 4). On the other hand, Giovan Fillipo pronounced in 1576 his motto of, “Gold, fire, the gallows: gold for the expense of the pest houses to quarantine the diseased, the gallows to punish those who violate the heath regulations and to frighten the others, and bonfires to eliminate infected things.” (Doc 6) The motto of Fillipo was well respected by his fellow...
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...Trade played a more central role in the mercantilist period of European history from 1500-1750. This era was often referred to as early capitalism or trade capitalism. Within Europe, trade was always constituted while being seen as a significant portion of the global trade network. In the year 1500, there were five cities that had populations greater than 100,000 people. These cities were Venice, Genoa, Naples, Milan, and the only example that was north of the Alps - Paris. As these cities expanded the point of trade increased in these areas. One of the reasons Europe did so well with global trade was because of the location and amount of land that came with it. It was not seen as uncommon if land was used as a sort of bond to secure loyalty...
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...17A Exam1 Over time, many things have shaped history. Natural disasters have influenced our health and how we live, such as the plague, during which people were sick for many years. Another great influence is humans, or political figures. Political figures have rocked history with decisions they have made and the way they live their life in the public eye. In addition, people have made history by leading strikes, wars that have touched countries all over the world. The most common reason for war is religious differences. The effect of religion all through history is very visible, even in today's society: religion has had the most influence on wars, and is the bases on which America was formed. I will be discussing the role that religion has played in the reshuffling of an American colonization process. When the Europeans explored America, their religious beliefs were major influences on how they approached the natives, treated the land, and fulfilled their exploration. Spain and Portugal were devout Roman Catholic countries. Unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, the English Colonists wanted religious freedom from the Church of England. Europeans felt that the Native Americans were savages and barbaric people referring to them as Devils. The Natives all held a belief of animism, which meant that a spirit was present in everything. The world was contentious and the Native Americans believed that the development of a relationship with the spirits helped keep the...
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...dedicated to weeds defines the term in modern botanical use as “any plant that spreads rapidly and outcompetes others on disturbed soil” [Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 149]. Crosby reasons that weeds aren’t necessarily good or bad, however they are the plants that botanist use terms as aggressive. A vast majority of the weeds introduced by the Europeans were accidental, as Crosby suggests it as an unintentional imperial victory. Crosby suggests multiple views on how chance led to the spread of weeds throughout the lands, proposing that European horses may have even accidently picked up biota and dragged it across the land (Ecological Imperialism, 156). Weeds were drawn to repair topsoil which in turn provided food and redistribution of stability; According to Crosby, since weeds deal with ecological stability, they were drawn to “thrive on radical change, that supports the reason for the triumph of European weeds in the Neo-Europe’s” (Ecological Imperialism, 170). It may be considered luck, coincidence, or chance that weeds shadowed the movements of European populations, as it is believed that the spread of...
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...A turning point in European history occurs between the period of time when the Thirty Years War ends and Europe recovers from the War. The Peace of Westphalia extended the recognition of Lutheranism and also legalized Calvinism, not only taking away reason to fight over religion, but also taking away the Holy Roman Empire’s ability to dictate religious beliefs throughout Europe. Politically, the Catholic Church loses a lot of influence, likewise to the Holy Roman Empire losing a lot of power when other countries started to take over, especially as France started to emerge. When the treaties of the Peace of Westphalia were signed, Europe brought back the religious peace between Europe. This allowed German princes to govern their territory, and...
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...Analyse the way in which history and memory generate compelling and unexpected insights. – Jake Cronin The interaction between history and memory is a complex and dialectic process through which perceptions of the past are negotiated, reinforced or challenged. Despite official history’s dependency on validating its claims through documented evidence, it must be acknowledged that it is not objective and remains vulnerable to distortion of those with political power or hegemony. Similarly, the subjective nature of memory allows for official history to be vulnerable to the bias of personal experience and differing perspectives. Furthermore, although official history and subjective memory both provide adequate insights into the past, it is through the consideration and combination of the two that compelling and unexpected insights into the past are generated. Paul Keating’s ‘The Redfern Address’ offers a reasonable challenge to the dominant historical narrative surrounding the European colonisation of Australia and their acts of social injustice in regards to Indigenous Australians. Similarly, Shaun Tan’s ‘Memorial’ explores Australia’s wartime history through the medium of a community’s personal experiences, perspectives and memories converging to form history, and illuminates the way in which history is dictated by those with political power. Through the dialectic interplay of history and meaning, compelling and unanticipated comprehensions of the past are generated and are...
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