...Emancipation Proclamation would play in an effective role in the intervention of foreign affairs in the American Civil War through enticing the European powers to intervene in the civil war. Although Britain and France had abolished slavery in their own perspective countries, as a rising industrial country, sustaining the textile industry through the cotton industry of the confederate states was as important as freeing the slaves (Mattstodayinhistory.blogspot.com). If the slaves were freed, then the southern plantations, who depended on the hands of the slaves to produce and collect the cotton, would go out of business, therefore affecting European textile markets. Great Britain and France would have to find other means to replenish that source, which would take up time, money and resources. Britain and France realized the Confederates were at a less advantage to the Union in the civil war. The confederates only had military prowess since most of the military schools are located in south such as West Point. The Confederates only had knowledge about military strategies and an agriculture based economy, particularly in cotton. The Union, on the other hand, had become an industrial based economy and had huge population. Although the war was fought...
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...country, where the American government avoided all treaties and alliances with foreign nations in order to evade being drawn into wars. From the end of the American Revolution to the early 20th century, the United States did not take part in any conflicts outside of itself and only fought in wars that were related to direct territorial self-defense. This 136 year-long era of isolation was broken when the First World War began. Initially, the United States was able to stay neutral from the conflict for two and a half years due to strong neutrality support among the people and government. But because of numerous attacks on American lives by...
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...SPICE Summaries Social During the maritime revolution, there were many conquerors and explorers that played a huge role in society. Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch who was sent out to voyage by the Ming emperor, Yongle. In the Atlantic Ocean the greatest mariners were the vikings. Arawak were Amerindians who settled in greater Antilles of the Caribbean. Henry the Navigator was the prince of Portugal who promoted navigation and led voyages across the African coast. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama were Portuguese explorers who led expeditions through the oceans. Christopher Colombus was the leader of the Spanish mission that took place overseas. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese navigator who led Spanish expeditions. Conquistadors were Spanish conquerors. Hernan Cortes was one of them and he led the Aztec Mexicans conquest for Spain. Moctezuma II was an Aztec emperor who was in custody of Cortes. Atahualpa was an...
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...COURSE ID :2101COURSE NAME : Development Histories, Theories and PracticesLECTURER :Andrew Fischer | TITLE OF PAPER: Is it Eurocentric view to explain the growth of capitalism solely on factors and conditions in Europe? STUDENT ID: 377170tm The term capitalism has been a center of a heated debate from many scholars in the discourses of politics, economy, law and academia for a long time. There is no straight forward definition of that term. However, in a context of this work, capitalism has four distinctive characteristics (Ellen, Wood: 2002).In the capitalist society, the economy is highly controlled by the market. By large the government is supposed to put no restriction in the markets and it lets an intense competition to drive the economy. The other characteristic of capitalism is that all the goods produced by capitalist are sold for profit. The primary purpose of capitalist society is to maximize profit by any means especially through exploitation of labour. Apart from that in capitalism, labour is considered to be a commodity like any other commodities and it can be sold and purchased in the market. In addition to that, all the means of production such as land, tools, machinery etc belong to the appropriators and not the producers. The producer can only render his expertise and labour power in exchange of the meager wages. Different approaches have been used by scholars to explain the reasons for the rise and growth of capitalism in Europe...
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...www.ccsenet.org/res Review of European Studies Vol. 4, No. 3; July 2012 Europe and the Middle East: From Imperialism to Liberal Peace? Raymond Hinnebusch1 1 School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK Correspondence: Raymond Hinnebusch, School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AX, Scotland, UK. Tel: 44-1334-462-861. E-mail: rh10@st-andrews.ac.uk Received: November 24, 2011 Accepted: April 26, 2012 Online Published: July 1, 2012 doi:10.5539/res.v4n3p18 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v4n3p18 Abstract Europe’s relation with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is discussed in the context of normative (International Society) and materialist approaches (World System’s Theory). First, European imperialism’s export of a flawed Westphalian state system is summarized. How Europe is “caught” between MENA and the US and co-opted into a division of labour toward the region is then surveyed. The gap between the normative rhetoric and actual inequitable outcomes and structures constructed under the Euro-Mediterranean partnership is examined, looking at the three “baskets” of economic developmental, political reform and cultural convergence. Four “hard cases,” EU policies toward Palestine, Iran, Syria and Turkey, illustrate the ambiguities of the EU’s approach to MENA. MENA public opinion’s ambivalence toward Europe reflects these realities. The conclusion is that the EU’sMENA policy...
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...Chapter 22 – Life in the Industrial Age. (1800-1914). (1) The Industrial Revolution Spreads. (2) The World of Cities. (3) Changing Attitudes and Values. (4) A New Culture. First Belgium. Factories. 1807. Daguerre Perfects. Photography. 1839. Darwin. Publishes. 1859. Wright Brothers. Fly. 1903. (1) The Industrial Revolution Spreads. Setting the Scene. The second Industrial Revolution is marked by the spread of industry, the development of new technologies, and the rise of big business. By 1880s, steel replaces steam as symbol. New Industrial Powers. In first Industrial Revolution Britain stands alone as world industrial giant. Britain tries to protect its lead through laws against export of inventions (or inventors). By mid-1880s, others challenge Britain dominance. In Europe. Elsewhere. 1807. Belgium becomes first European nation outside Britain to industrialize. British mechanic (William Cockerill) opens factories to make spinning, weaving machines. 1871. Germany unifies into powerful nation. Becomes Europe’s leading industrial power. 1900. USA emerges as world’s leading industrial power. Some nations in southern and eastern Europe (sans resources) are slower to industrialize. Japan industrializes rapidly after 1868 to become leading industrial power in Asia. Technology and Industry. In first Industrial Revolution inventions (like steam engine) are work of gifted tinkerers. In second Industrial Revolution professional chemists and engineers create new products. Early inventors...
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...Foreign Policy Essay American History Kyle Scott 2-16-16 In 1793, George Washington issued his proclamation of neutrality saying that the United States should pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers. He did not feel that the United States should put themselves in the affairs of Europe. The United States should try to remain neutral at all times. The United States did not always follow these ideas though and began to get involved in Europe's problems. By 1794, relations with England had began to worsen. Washington sent John Jay to London to try to solve some of the problem issues with England. Since the revolution tension had been building up over many issues including British occupation of western ports and the failure of England to honor clauses of the peace treaty of 1783 such as the interference with American neutral shipping and impressments of American seamen. The treaty John Jay came home with resolved almost none of the problems. England agreed to vacate the western posts, but not before the first day of June 1796. This was a year away, and England also demanded access to the fur trade on American Soil of the Great Lakes. The British would not offer guarantees against the future impressment of American seamen. Perhaps most importantly, England refused to compromise on the issue of neutral rights, declaring that it would decide what America's rights would be. The United States was outraged by the treaty that Jay brought...
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...Coercive Diplomacy: Otto von Bismarck and the Unification of Germany by Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth R. Kassner United States Marine Corps United States Army War College Class of 2012 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: A Approved for Public Release Distribution is Unlimited This manuscript is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Army War College is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606. The Commission on Higher Education is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information...
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...challenging deal with the EU to bolster trade, or join the Eurasian Union, for which Putin offered an appealing reward package instantaneously. The pro-Russian president of Ukraine at the time decided not to sign the agreement with the EU in the fall of 2013. This EU agreement wasn’t merely a trade agreement, but also a political agreement through which Ukraine would commit to adhering to certain European values and principles. Following this, widespread demonstrations broke out across Kiev, the city’s capital, in what is considered the Ukrainian Revolution. It is important to note, without overemphasizing, that Ukraine has a history of political and cultural divide, with the West (including the capital of Kiev), leaning more towards Europe, while the East having stronger ties with Russia. In the public’s eye, failure to sign the agreement from EU marked a move away from European principles and values. In the wake of the Ukrainian Revolution, then President Viktor Yanukovych fled the capital, which resulted in the Ukrainian parliament deposing him and appointing an interim President, Oleksandr Turchynov, followed by the formation of an interim government. The international community had mixed responses, with the EU and the USA recognizing the new government, while Russia and a few others condemning it illegitimate and the direct result of a coup d’etat. A few days later, pro-Russian forces gradually began to take over the Crimean peninsula. A number of media sources have reported...
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...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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...As Europe is our market for trade, we ought to form no partial connection with any part of it. It is in the true interest of America to steer clear of European contentions, which she never can do, while by her dependence on Britain, she is made the make-weight in the scale of British politics” (Bailey 1940, 4). The conflicting interests of the colonists and the European monarchy could not have been more evident. Mercantilism and economic gain was the driving force of North American colonization for the European monarchy, while fleeing unsavory conditions in Europe and building a new life in a free country was the motivation for the colonists. But the personal interests of the colonists came second to Great Britain, who...
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...Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Marxism & Hope for the Future The following are excerpts of an interview with Noam Chomsky published in Issue 2 of Red & Black Revolution. RBR can be contacted at Red & Black Revolution, PO Box 1528, Dublin 8, Ireland. The interview was conducted in May 1995 by Kevin Doyle. RBR:First off, Noam, for quite a time now you've been an advocate for the anarchist idea. Many people are familiar with the introduction you wrote in 1970 to Daniel Guerin's Anarchism, but more recently, for instance in the film Manufacturing Consent, you took the opportunity to highlight again the potential of anarchism and the anarchist idea. What is it that attracts you to anarchism? CHOMSKY: I was attracted to anarchism as a young teenager, as soon as I began to think about the world beyond a pretty narrow range, and haven't seen much reason to revise those early attitudes since. I think it only makes sense to seek out and identify structures of authority, hierarchy, and domination in every aspect of life, and to challenge them; unless a justification for them can be given, they are illegitimate, and should be dismantled, to increase the scope of human freedom. That includes political power, ownership and management, relations among men and women, parents and children, our control over the fate of future generations (the basic moral imperative behind the environmental movement, in my view), and much else. Naturally this means a challenge to the huge institutions of coercion...
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...Islam and science The road to renewal THE sleep has been long and deep. In 2005 Harvard University produced more scientific papers than 17 Arabic-speaking countries combined. The world’s 1.6 billion Muslims have produced only two Nobel laureates in chemistry and physics. Both moved to the West: the only living one, the chemist Ahmed Hassan Zewail, is at the California Institute of Technology. By contrast Jews, outnumbered 100 to one by Muslims, have won 79. The 57 countries in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference spend a puny 0.81% of GDP on research and development, about a third of the world average. America, which has the world’s biggest science budget, spends 2.9%; Israel lavishes 4.4%. Many blame Islam’s supposed innate hostility to science. Some universities seem keener on prayer than study. Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, for example, has three mosques on campus, with a fourth planned, but no bookshop. Rote learning rather than critical thinking is the hallmark of higher education in many countries. The Saudi government supports books for Islamic schools such as “The Unchallengeable Miracles of the Qur’an: The Facts That Can’t Be Denied By Science” suggesting an inherent conflict between belief and reason. Many universities are timid about courses that touch even tangentially on politics or look at religion from a non-devotional standpoint. Pervez Hoodbhoy, a renowned Pakistani nuclear scientist, introduced a course on science and world affairs, including...
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...Europe’s energy security: challenges and opportunities GAWDAT BAHGAT Several geopolitical and economic developments in the first decade of the twentyfirst century have heightened Europe’s sense of vulnerability in respect of its energy supplies. On the supply side of the energy equation, the continuous fighting and rising ethnic and sectarian tension in Iraq, and the diplomatic confrontation over Iran’s nuclear programme, have intensified concern over the stability of supplies from the Persian Gulf. On the demand side, China’s and India’s skyrocketing energy consumption and their efforts to secure supplies have intensified global competition over scarce hydrocarbon resources. These changes in the landscape of the global energy market, in conjunction with diminishing refinery capacity, shrinking spare capacity and a low level of investment, have driven oil and natural gas prices higher. Currently, the European Union’s oil bill (for imported and domestically produced oil) stands at around €250 billion a year, or roughly 2.3 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).1 These soaring prices have exerted tremendous pressure on European economies and underscored the need for a common European energy policy. The dispute between Russia and Ukraine over natural gas prices in January 2006 further highlighted the risks of dependence on a few energy suppliers. In early 2005 the Russian state monopoly, Gazprom, announced plans to start applying ‘market rules’ in its gas dealings with former Soviet...
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...made worse by heavy competition from both the Japanese imports as well as from vehicles produced in Japanese transplant factories within Europe as they focused on niche and hybrid models. Ford’s own specific difficulties were deep rooted and could be traced back to poor model development, excess capacity, failure in recognizing new market segments and inefficient cost control. As such recovery was slow and it was not until the late 1990s that Ford was again able to reach and surpass the level it had first hit 10 years previously. (Donnelly& Morris, 2003) [pic] 2. FORD 2000 These triggers of change brought about the change in Ford Europe’s strategy. With the ultimate goal to become “the best automaker in the world,” Alex Trottman, CEO of Ford Motor Company, announced a reorganization of the company on April 1, 1994. Trottman initiated the plan Ford 2000 in an attempt to turn Ford America and Ford Europe into an...
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