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Evaluate the Claim That Factors Outside the School Are the Main Cause of Working-Class Underachievement

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Underachievement in schools can be heavily linked to factors that are internalised within the school. Both internal and external factors can contribute to the underachievement of pupils who belong to a working class background, and they may be equally as effectual on the underachievement of the pupil.

One of the major causes of underachievement is the lack of economic capital, proposed by Pierre Bourdieu (1984), that a working class family possess. As item A states, ‘sociologists claim that factors outside the school, such as parental attitudes and parental income, are the main causes of working class underachievement.’ Children who belong to a working class background may not be able to afford the necessary equipment or meet the demands of the school that could lead to achieving higher. As well as this, children may not be able to attend educational trips and events organised by the school, so they may miss out on valuable schooling time. This external factor links directly to underachievement in schools because those living in poverty may not be as well equipped to achieve highly in school because they simply can’t afford it. As a result of this, children who don't have the necessary equipment or who don't go on trips with the school, may be subjected to bullying and stigmatisation by peer groups. This may leave them feeling secluded and uncomfortable at school, leading to an anti-school mindset which, ultimately, leads to truancy and failure.

Secondly, Basil Bernstein (1975) proposed there was a difference between middle class and working class people by the way they speak. The restricted code, used by working class people, is made up of simple sentences that are often grammatically lacking, and could be unfinished. By contrast, the elaborated code, used by the middle class, is based on longer more grammatically complex sentences. From this theory, it was

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