...Function of Punishment: * According to Durkheim the function of punishment is not to remove crime but to ‘heal the wounds done to collective sentiment’. * Without Punishment – collective sentiments would lose their force and strength * Crime and punishment are both inevitable and functional. Function of Punishment: * According to Durkheim the function of punishment is not to remove crime but to ‘heal the wounds done to collective sentiment’. * Without Punishment – collective sentiments would lose their force and strength * Crime and punishment are both inevitable and functional. Crime is Inevitable: * Durkheim argued that crime in an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. * Crime is present in all types of society; indeed the crime rate is higher in more advanced, industrialized countries. * It is inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments (shared values and beliefs). Crime is Inevitable: * Durkheim argued that crime in an inevitable and normal aspect of social life. * Crime is present in all types of society; indeed the crime rate is higher in more advanced, industrialized countries. * It is inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments (shared values and beliefs). Crime is Functional: * Durkheim argues that it only becomes dysfunctional when it is rate is unusually low or high. ...
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...Self-Control Theory of Crime Evaluation Jonathan Fowler AJS542 February 5, 2014 Chris Kowalski Self-Control Theory of Crime Evaluation The social control theory and the conflict theory have differences and various similarities. Both theories have been used to talk about the occurrence of from in contemporary American society, and it is important to discuss them both. The effects of both positive and negative reinforcement on crime must be considered in these theories and their structure. Criminality is a large part of any society within the United States, that the way we handle the criminals, and why they develop their criminal behavior are important considerations in an effort to reduce the amount of criminal activity in our society. There are many different theories that try and figure out how criminal behavior is learned and grown and creates itself inside a person. Some people believe that there are some people that are just born to be bad, but most theories have an idea that they are taught the behavior in which they act. When a person is born into a neighborhood and are raised in a community that promotes criminal behavior as a way to live, it becomes a part of them. An individual can choose a different path to live by, if they set their minds to doing something else, on something better, the individual can avoid criminal behavior Conflict Theory Conflict theories focus on the political nature of the crime and examine the creation and application of criminal law...
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...in the criminal justice system today. Effective research methods have the ability to open and close cases. Those interested in the criminal justice field have a wide range of research methods at their disposal. The terminology involved is also a very important aspect when used in the study of criminology and criminal justice. This paper will explore some of the various research methods that are applied to the criminal justice system and explain how the knowledge of the terminology involved can be a valuable tool within these methods of research. Empirical Research in Criminal Justice Although research in criminal justice varies considerably, there are five general steps that are followed in order to conduct research. The first step is called problem formulation. This is the selection and specification of the area that will be investigated. The next step is research design which is the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, with the use of control groups and studying group(s) at one time or over a period of time. The third step is data collection methods which give a choice of various methods to be used such as observation, questionnaires, or interviews. The fourth step is analysis and presentation of findings which is to summarize report and when necessary statistically analyze and present findings. The fifth step is conclusions, interpretations, and limitations which is what the researcher believes the study explains. Quantitative Research in criminal Justice ...
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...and sentencing). Analyze the psychological history or path that took the criminal to commit his or her crime(s). Describe the psychological, behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors that you believe led to the offender’s criminality. Consider the various theories we have discussed in class including the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory, the behaviorist/social learning theory, the cognitive/social cognitive theory, and the humanist and interactionist theories, and provide examples. The goal here is to provide an analysis of the psychological history or path that took the criminal to commit his or her crime(s). Explain the impact of social, psychological, and biological theories of aggression on your chosen criminal’s behavior. Describe the crime typology. Did the offender have a personality disorder that might have played a role in the criminal behavior? If so, explain and provide examples and supporting references. Discuss the laws that are in place for protecting individuals with mental disorders. Describe whether your case study was a homicide offender or sexual offender. Discuss the typology (i.e., single murderer, serial murderer, spree murderer, mass murderer, child molester, or rapist). If applicable, discuss whether your offender was given a competence to stand trial evaluation, or was found to be not guilty by reason of insanity. Examine the ethical issues concerning evaluation and treatment of competence to stand trial and not guilty by reason of insanity...
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...November 23, 2015 Deviant behavior is any behavior that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. There are many different theories on what causes a person to perform deviant behavior, including biological explanations, psychological explanations, and sociological explanations. Numerous theories have been established to explain criminal behavior. While some theories are not as common, others have evolved and are used in many criminal studies today. Up-to-date criminologists combine the most relevant characteristics of sociology, psychology, biological, and social-psychological to advance their understanding of criminal behavior. Professionals in this field study factors that contribute to criminal activities, make relevant policy recommendations and draw conclusions based on those assessments. (Varying Theories on Crime, 2015) Several theories attempt to explain criminal behavior. Most theories assume: * Crime is part of human nature. * Crime is based on biological, psychological, and/or economic aspects. One of the earliest approaches to explaining the causes of crime was the classical theory, which is defined as a product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are consequently completely responsible for their actions. In the classical theory, human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a self-indulgent wisdom, in which actors with the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated...
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...Explore, in depth, one well-known criminal case. You may select your own case, or select from one of the following: Jeffery McDonald, Andrea Yates, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Aileen Wournos, John Wayne Gacy, Philip Markoff (the Craigslist killer), Scott Peterson, Anthony Sowell, or Dennis Rader (BTK strangler). Your case study should focus on the following 1. Must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following: a. Title of paper b. Student’s name c. Course name and number d. Instructor’s name e. Date submitted 3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. 4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. 5. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. 6. Must use five to eight scholarly sources from the Ashford University Library. 7. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 8. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. a.Summarize the case, including a description of the offense(s), the investigation, and the outcome (such as the trial and sentencing). b.Analyze the psychological history or path that took the criminal to commit his or her crime(s). Describe the psychological, behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors that you believe led to the offender’s...
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...Social Learning Theory (Week 2: Assignment) The Social Learning Theory (Week 2 Assignment) There are several theories that have been developed in order for man to explain social development and the social concepts created by these developments. The many different theories that “explain how people become socialized, including the psychoanalytic theory, the functionalism theory, the conflict theory, and the symbolic interaction theory look at the individual learning process of man” (Vissing, 2011). They dive into the formation of one’s self, and they explain how the influence of society within socialization affects individuals. The social learning theory is one of these theories that attempt to explain the details of socialization and the effects of one’s own development. The social learning theory has been noted and acknowledged within the psychology community for some time now and was greatly shaped by psychologist, Albert Bandura. Overall, the social learning theory has several aspects and elements that make it a formidable and studied theory by many psychologists and it is used by many while attempting to explain how exactly people become socialized. To begin with, the social learning theory takes in to account the formation of one’s identity. The identity is considered to be a learned response to social encounters. The theory “emphasizes the societal context of socialization rather than the individual mind” (Anderson, 2009) and it “postulates that an individual’s identity...
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...inaccurate, confirmed or unconfirmed, relevant or irrelevant. Although the intelligence process requires that information be stored, organized, and retrieved, the production of intelligence requires much more. Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation and interpretation of information. Thus, intelligence can be viewed as information to which something has been added. The something added is the result of analysis—an explanation of what the information means. Intelligence may be general or specialized in nature. General intelligence focuses on a broad range of criminal activities, typically in smaller agencies or jurisdictions. Specialized intelligence focuses on a particular type of criminal activity or entity, such as narcotics, industrial espionage, or organized crime. Intelligence has both tactical and strategic applications. Tactical intelligence is directed towards a short term law enforcement objective or active case, with an immediate impact in mind—arrest, forfeiture, seizure. Strategic intelligence deals with larger, more long-term issues and goals, such as the identification of major criminal individuals or syndicates, projections of growth in types of criminal activity, and the establishment of enforcement priorities, Components of the Intelligence Process In understanding the intelligence process, it is helpful to describe its principal components, as separate and distinct phases or functions. But remember that the components...
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...Lauralee Candelario Professor Lawrie Criminology April 13, 2016 The social learning branch of social process theory suggests that people learn criminal behavior much as they learn conventional behavior. If an individual were to grow up in an environment that fostered the pursuit of academic interests, this intellect trait would have the ability for increased expression rather than if the individual were in an environment that placed little value on learning. This can in turn relate to criminal behavior and social deviance. Various developmental and sociological factors play a role in an individual’s inclination towards exhibiting criminal behavior. One of the most important environmental factors during childhood development is that of socialization or the way a child is taught how to act. Children learn to merely obey the rules of their society. Certain actions are repeated because of directly correlated consequences. A child does not intuitively know that stealing is wrong; they have to be taught through negative consequences that this behavior is not acceptable. They then internalize these rules and eventually believe them to be fundamentally correct. Socialization refers to the developmental period where the ideals of morality and socially acceptable behavior are instilled in a child. If a child is consistently taught how to act through both positive and negative reinforcement, the child will begin to exhibit certain characteristics because they...
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...firebug and would kill small animals. He would hit his siblings and would punch things to let out his anger. In school, Smith had a learning disability, speech problems and was left back. Smith often was the target of bullies, affecting his self-esteem. He had extremely low self-esteem. Smith’s mother while pregnant with him took tridione to control her epileptic seizures. Tridione can cause birth defects and may have caused physical and developmental defects in Eric. Smith’s attorney said he suffered from a mental disease called intermittent explosive disorder. The disease caused him to have uncontrollable rage episodes. After the episode, the person appears to be normal. Smith did not undergo a psychological evaluation prior to his trial. Smith did undergo medical tests that examined brain function and hormone levels. These tests could not explain his violent behavior. Smith was convicted of second degree...
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...Future of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offers solutions for the future. A justification of the system is also offered based on the histories, trends and causation theories. Community Involvement Community involvement is an important aspect of the juvenile justice system. Police form communities ties through their involvement and contact with those in the community. Juvenile attitudes and perceptions of police are based on several issues. Weakened community ties, fear of crime, and higher levels of strain contribute and create negative juvenile attitudes towards law enforcement. Individuals that do not have contact with the police tend to have the highest perception of law enforcement. In an analysis of juvenile attitudes, it was found that juveniles that had contact with police through prevention programs had similar attitudes towards the police as those that had no contact with law enforcement (Brick, Taylor, & Esbensen, 2009, p. 493). Adjudicated youth with disabilities transitioning back into the community are also...
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...Once a parent becomes incarcerated there are a vary of services and resources available. The Parenting Inside Out is an evidence-based parenting skills program that was developed for parents involved with the criminal justice system. It is a prison parenting program which suitable for both incarcerated mothers and fathers who are parenting from prison (Parenting Inside Out, 2018). This program has assisted thousands of parents reconstruct their relationship with their children and families. This program is based on the social learning and cognitive behavioral theories to create change with criminal justice involved persons. The program includes a complete curriculum manual with lesson plans, parenting coach manual, materials for participants, and a webinar-based training program. The topics covered are communication skills, problem-solving skills, emotion regulation (anger management), child development, nurturing children through reading and play, family dynamics, giving effective directions and using positive reinforcement, child guidance and non-violent discipline techniques, adult development and parenting role, and transition planning and family reintegration (Parenting Inside Out, 2018). Evaluation of the...
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...According to "Martin Luther King Jr Quotes" (1963), Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Choice theories are the choices to commend or abstain from wrong had an implement of free will based on the offender’s hard work to reduce pain and exploit pleasure. In this paper, I will look at choice theories and how they relate to crime and a little about common models in how society determines which acts are considered to be criminal, and how these are impacted by choice theories of crime. A choice theory is the evaluation on offenses caused by a criminal due to the consequences of conscious choices. It is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, criminals want to disobey the laws when he or she believes that the price of doing so does not overshadow the profit. In fact choice theory has an inner behavior to our life and that it is hereditarily motivated by five desires: freedom, ability, love, survival, and responsibility. The choice theory also has 10 Axioms that are based on a therapy method that is all about serving customers taught to formulate excellent choices. Some of the axioms are: behaviors that he or she choose but mainly those he or she act on, one that he or she can control, relationships long term and short term, behavior is made up of four mechanism- physiology, feeling, acting and thinking, and all behaviors are divided into verbs. Everyone as a choice in life whether if he or she decides...
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...Crime and Deviance exam questions Crime questions – Qu. 1 & 2 – both worth 21 marks.You should spend 30 minutes on each question and each should have a traditional essay structure (include an introduction and a conclusion, at least two sides of the argument, two or more theories, relevant studies and as much evaluation as you can cram in!). You also need to show ‘conceptual confidence’ – this just means that you should make it clear to the examiner that you know and understand the important concepts, e.g. anomie, relative deprivation.Make sure you make reference to the item – both essay questions will have their own item. You can often use the information in the item as a springboard into the essay in the introduction. However, you will be penalised for ‘overuse of the item’, so don’t just copy it out. You can use short quotes or statistics from the item though. | Question: | What to include: | Assess the view that ethnic differences in crime rates are the result of the ways in which the criminal justice system operates. | This question is essentially about the presence (or not) of institutional racism in the police, courts and penal system. You will need to compare the importance of this as opposed to explanations that argue that ethnic minorities do commit more crime - either as a result of relative deprivation (left realism) or poor upbringing, absent fathers, etc (new right). * Try to include some stats, reference to patterns of offending, stop and search...
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...A2 Sociology ASSESSMENT PACK 2015-16 A2 Level Sociology Student Tracking Sheet | |Current Grade |Target Grade |Lates |Attendance | |September | | | | | |November | | | | | |January | | | | | |March | | | | | |May | | | | | | |Families |Education | |UMS | | | |Grade | | | | |Handed in on |Mark |Grade |What is the target for my next piece of work? |Above/ On/ Under Target | |Assessment/Homework |time...
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