...correctional design reflected punitive patterns reproducing ideals of enforced solitude and intimidation. Prison reform movements at the end of the century and beginning of the 19th century were also followed by reform-oriented design concepts, with the “separate and silent systems” (Pennsylvania and Auburn models respectively), being two of the first architectural manifestations in which the design of the prison building and the availability of space became a factor impacting the reformative potential of the offenders through isolation and labor, therefore including separate cells and larger spatial configurations where prisoners could work together. Although today’s goals of incarceration have little in common with those of centuries ago, with few exceptions, the architecture of incarceration has remained largely standardized...
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses...
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...The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a lifelong disease that involves both biological and environmental sources of origin. The disease model originates from the traditional medical model of disease which states that an individual suffering from a disease has an illness or sickness that causes interruption, cessation, or disorder of bodily functions, systems or organs and must have identifiable signs and symptoms (Gorski, 2001). The contemporary medical model attributes addiction to changes in the brains mesolimbic system and also takes into consideration that the disease may be a result of other biological, psychological, or social entities (Disease model of addiction, 2011). Within the disease model of addiction, it is believed that a genetic predisposition to addiction exists, in addition to the occurrence of some environmental events that increase the likelihood that this predisposition will be sparked. Within the overall concept of the disease model of addiction, there are various specific disease models that concentrate on the specific areas of the disease concept. For example, the medical consequences model focuses on the many biomedical consequences of alcohol and drug use. This model simply focuses on the biological etiology and consequences of drug and alcohol consumption. The bio-psycho-social-spiritual consequences maintenance disease model is much richer than the biomedical consequences model because the concentration is on biological, psychological...
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...since the evidence shows that family treatment dramatically improves recovery rates for many illnesses. When family therapy had its first wave of popularity, the charismatic leaders were out front wowing the crowds. Dr. Sal Minuchin's sessions were heavily focused on structure and boundary making, and involved much chair rearranging and pulling family members, especially children, out from between the couple dyad and into their own space and chairs One of his most famous tapes involved putting an ashtray between the chairs of two family members to literally increase the distance between them! Jay Haley, Ph.D., delivered strategic barbed arrows that pierced the hearts of the family members. Virginia Satir demonstrated the theater of families, sculpting organic shapes that pulsed with the gestalt of the family. There was much smoking of cigarettes during the sessions, by both the family psychiatrists and the family members. Psychiatry was exciting. The possibilities for change were endless. It was the 1960s. Unfortunately, in those early days, family therapy was oversold as the sole treatment for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. As a result, families have felt blamed by the negative attention and are still hesitant to engage in traditional family therapy. Nevertheless, quiet pioneers, like Carol M. Anderson, Ph.D., continue to research and practice a measured educational and collaborative approach aimed at involving families in mental health treatment....
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...Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be described as a goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that typically takes a practical approach to problem-solving. Its short term nature and overarching goal is to adjust patterns of thinking or behaviour that may be contributing to an individual’s worries, and so change the way they feel. CBT is one of the major orientations of psychotherapy (Roth & Fonagy, 2005) and represents a unique category of psychological intervention because it derives from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour. Just as some knowledge of a client’s background can be helpful in understanding their current state, an appreciation of how CBT developed can help us to understand its modern form. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy has its modern origins in the mid 1950’s with the work of Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologist who...
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...interfere with accomplishing goal oriented activities and vocational needs (Richards, Stewart, Woodbury, Senesac, & Cauraugh, 2008a). Knowing the best methods to promote motor recovery in arm and hand functioning is therefore critical in stroke rehabilitation. Lori Gage Richards, (PhD, OTR/L) is an active researcher and educator seeking to uncover which therapies drive neural reorganization after a stroke, and what are the most effective strategies leading to improvements is UE function. Richards is currently Associate Professor and Chair of the Occupational Therapy Department at the University of Utah. She was recently appointed editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and serves as Chair of the Nursing and Rehabilitation Committee-Stroke Council, of the American Heart Association. Additionally at the American Heart Association, she is a member of both the Leadership Council - Stroke Council and the Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery Committee - Stroke Council. Her current professional affiliations include the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), Society for Neuroscience, and the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Motor rehabilitation is premised on the belief that behavior (e.g., practice and motor-based intervention) forces neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) which lead to better motor function. According to Richards, Hanson, Wellborn, & Sethi (2008b) the current evidence supports that "repetitive behavior...
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...workers use cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in their practice. This article analyzes how CBT fits with social work values and in particular with social justice. We propose that CBT is a good fit with the values of the profession and make suggestions for areas of improvement. Keywords: cognitive-behavioral therapy, social work values, social justice, social work practice 1. Introduction In a day when evidence-based practice has become so important to the social work profession, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has become one of the most frequently used forms of psychotherapeutic intervention. Extensive research supports the effectiveness of CBT approaches for a wide range of psychosocial issues (Dobson & Dobson, 2009; Granvold, 2011). It is one of the most widely researched and published models of therapy, with more than 325 published outcome studies that validate its efficacy (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & A. Beck, 2006). This empirical validation has made CBT a popular choice for social work practitioners seeking evidence-based treatments. For the purpose of this paper we use CBT as a generic term that encompasses theoretical and practice approaches that emphasize that a person’s thinking is the prime determinant of emotional and behavioral responses to life events (A. Beck,...
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...3 examples of external motivation. | pay, benefits bonuses, promotion | list 3 examples of internal motivation | challenge skills, sheer interest, accomplishment | Terminology/ Question | Definition/ Answer | Need for affiliation | A strong desire to establish and maintain friendly, compatible interpersonal relationships | Need for power | A strong desire to influence others, making a significant impact or impression | Skill variety | The opportunity to do a variety of job activities using various skills and talents | Task identity | The extent to which a job involves doing a complete piece of work, from beginning to end. | Task significance | The impact that a job has on other people | Autonomy (in job characteristic model) | The freedom to schedule one’s own work activities and decide work procedures. | Job feedback | Information about the effectiveness of one’s work performance. | List three psychological states of employees that job characteristics will affect | * Knowledge of results * Meaningfulness of work * Personal feelings of responsibility for results | Terminology/ Question | Definition/ Answer | Perception | A process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide meaning to our environment | Attribution | The process of assigning causes or...
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...Postmodern Approach to Social Constructivism Laura Romine Liberty University Abstract As the world looks at the reality of communal exchange, thumbing back to historical debates of empirical and rational schools of thought, delineations from dualism to social interchange and collaboration refine hypothesis’ of undisputable truth. Reminiscent of the psychoanalytic movement with greats such as Freud, Jung and Adler, therapy, more of an art than science, and current day philosophies drive which models influence today’s truth. Reality is fashioned by language, how we feel, act and think, revealing “stories” we tell the self as contextual meanings. These beliefs now evolve one’s creation and truth. The therapist, joining in recognition of new perspectives, empowers and helps the client see that forward progress is strength within oneself. In a social constructivist point of view, the therapist detaches from the expert status of defining the problem. From family therapy and the multicultural lens, therapists now challenge cultural factors that, in turn, shape the client’s perceptions in the format of brief therapies. Keywords: brief therapies, collaborative, family therapy, social constructionism Postmodern Approach to Social Constructivism In the 21st century a paradigm shift motivated the field of psychology to unlock a fresh world view revealing the objet d'art of collective exchange. Referring to the modernistic creation of self, it is said that the anthropological...
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...Personal Impact Paper: Lyme Disease Eric Bickhart University of Phoenix student NUR/427 August 4, 2014 Amy Highland Personal Impact Paper: Lyme Disease “Since its identification nearly 30 years ago, Lyme disease has continued to spread, and there have been increasing numbers of cases in the northeastern and north central US. The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes infection by migration through tissues, adhesion to host cells and evasion of immune clearance” (Steere, 2004). This disease is transmitted to humans from the bite of the Blacklegged (deer) tick. It usually produces a bulls-eye rash, but not in all cases. According to National Library of Medicine (2013), "Stage 3 or late disseminated Lyme disease can cause long-term joint inflammation (Lyme arthritis and heart problems. Brain and nervous system problems are also possible" (Outlook (Prognosis)). Lyme disease has afflicted a high school basketball coach and gym teacher of a small school in Liberty, Pa at age 36. He is the father of two children and a member of a local sportsman's club. He has been dealing with the ongoing symptoms related to chronic Lyme disease for about seven years. It has been a life altering disease for a previously active young man. He reports symptoms as severe pain and swelling in all of his joints that inhibit full rotation similar to rheumatoid arthritis. Also, he has persistent severe back pain which keeps him on the sidelines during most of his career and...
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...Introduction: The first Part of this paper will review the literature to define Classification. Briefly Discuss DSM IV and ICD 10 and list the main categories of clinical disorders. The paper will discuss the main dangers of classification identified as labelling and Stigma which have lifelong implications for those diagnosed with a mental illness. The main advantages of classification such as most appropriate treatment and community education Definition of the Classification system used to Diagnosis Mental illness. As Social workers it important to try and grasp the concepts of how classification of mental illness is arrived at and to have a basic knowledge of the types of mental disorders people can be classified as having so we can understand the basis of a diagnosis. According Mendelson (2001) “Classification refers to ordering of objects into groups on the basis of their relationship. The result is a classificatory system. Nomenclature related to agreed names that have been assigned to disease or syndromes. Taxonomy covers principles and methods underlying the practice of classification. Finally, nosology denotes the conceptual system that supports the strategy of classifying.” ( Mendelson 2001 p. 63) Golightley (2004) text states that classification is an important step towards the diagnosis of a mental disorder. Mental disorder is broken down into various classifications that represent groups or syndromes of symptoms. Thus if a series of symptoms fits into...
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...Opportunities for psychoeducation in clinical settings Role of the nurse/therapist in providing psychoeducation Effectiveness of psychoeducation in enhancing mental health outcomes for people with mental disorders The current therapeutic model for the treatment of mental health disorders embraces a combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions. Psychoeducational methods are employed in clinical procedures for all mental health disorders and are critical to integrated health care (Bedell, Hunter & Corrigan, 2009). Creamer and O'Donnell (2008) refer to psychoeducation as education, which is specially targeted to psychological health and aims to produce changes in an individual’s knowledge, attitudes, and skills to improve health outcomes. This study is aimed at discussing what psychoeducation is, its role in clinical settings, its efficacy and how nurses figure in employing techniques attributed to psychoeducation. The study draws from evidence-based literature, including meta-analyses and research papers in the field. It is common practice to inform patients with any chronic disorder to be informed about their illness, prognosis and treatment. For instance, patients with diabetes will be educated on their treatment and how they can help manage the situation and not aggravate their condition. This concept is psychoeducation and is similarly rendered to patients dealing with mental health problems, albeit in different modes or techniques. Any type of intervention...
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...and the defining elements and operations of the earliest MHCs, which are best, viewed as evolving models of practice. Finally, the paper reviews studies of MHC operations and effectiveness and suggests future directions for MHCs. Rehabilitating the Court System In 2000, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reported there were an estimated 283,000 prison and jail inmates who suffered from mental health problems. That number is now estimated to be 1.25 million. The rate of reported mental health disorders in the state prison population is five times greater (56.2 percent) than in the general adult population (11 percent). MHCs were developed in an attempt to solve the problem of criminalizing the mentally ill; this phenomenon occurs when the mentally ill are arrested and prosecuted for minor offenses rather than being treated by the mental health system. A greater focus on this may foresee a decrease in the rate of reported mental health disorders within the prison system. The basis for the above approach was founded on the concept of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ), the notion that the law can play a role as a potential means of therapeutic influence and this could be achieved by making court proceedings more therapeutic to mentally ill prosecutors through involvement in treatment, MHCs hope to produce better outcomes for their defendants. The underlying belief of this approach is that...
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...eventually returned to Harvard after teaching in several universities. • He had two daughters, one of whom is an educational psychologist and the other an artist. • Skinner was a prominent spokesperson for behaviorism and can be considered the FATHER OF THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY. • Skinner championed radical behaviorism, which places primary emphasis on the effects of environment on behavior. • Skinner was also a determinist; he did not believe that humans had free choice. He acknowledged that feelings and thoughts exist, but he denied that they caused our actions. Instead, he stressed the cause-and-effect links between objective, observable environmental conditions and behavior. • Most of Skinner’s work was of an experimental nature in the laboratory, but others have applied his ideas to teaching, managing human problems, and social planning. Science and Human Behavior best illustrates how Skinner thought behavioral concepts could be applied to every domain of human behavior. • In Walden II (1948) Skinner describes a utopian community in which his ideas, derived from the laboratory, are applied to social issues. • His 1971 book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, addressed the need for drastic changes if our society was to survive. Skinner believed that science and technology held the promise for a better future. ALBERT BANDURA • (1925) Bandura was born near Alberta, Canada; he was the youngest of six children in a family of Eastern European descent. • He earned...
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...JOURNAL ON EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT JOURNAL ON EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT DR. ELSA E. GUMIRAN PROFESSOR DR. ELSA E. GUMIRAN PROFESSOR MELISSA F. PANAGA M.A ED. STUDENT MELISSA F. PANAGA M.A ED. STUDENT THEORIES OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION: Education is the key to change the traditional way of living and to open the gate of modern way of life. As a result, the management of educational organization is regarded as one of the most important management angles in the society. Educational management, according to researcher Tony Bush argues that education management has to be concerned with the purpose or aims of education. These objectives or aims serve to provide a crucial sense of direction in managing educational institutions. At the heart of education management is the process of deciding on the goals and objectives of the educational institution. In some schools, universities and colleges, it is the principal or the president, whichever is the title of the organization’s highest official that decides these goals and objectives. Often, this is done with the help of the principal or president’s senior colleagues and even the school board or its stakeholders, in the case of a private corporation. However, in many educational institutions, education management with respect to goal setting is a corporate activity done by formal bodies or informal groups or individuals. The other...
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