...eternal moral law. Some acts are moral, and other acts are immoral. An immoral act is a sinful act. Sin is a knowingly chosen immoral act. The morality of any act is based on three fonts (or sources): (1) The intention or purpose for which the act is done, (2) the inherent moral meaning of the act as determined by its moral object, (3) the circumstances of the act, especially the consequences. To be moral, each and every act must have three good fonts of morality. The intention must be good, the moral object must be good, and the good consequences must outweigh any bad consequences. If any one font is bad, the act is immoral. If an act is immoral due to a bad intention, the same type of act may be moral with a good intention. If an act is immoral due to the circumstances, the same type of act may be moral in different circumstances. But when an act has an evil moral object, the act is inherently immoral, in other words, the act is evil, in and of itself, apart from intention and circumstances. Every intrinsically evil act has an inherent moral meaning (the moral species) which is contrary to the moral law of God. Intrinsically evil acts are never justified by intention or circumstances because the moral species (the type of act in terms of morality) is inherently unjust. Pope John Paul II: "But the negative moral precepts, those prohibiting certain concrete actions or kinds of behavior as intrinsically evil, do not allow for any legitimate exception. They do not leave...
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...In Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Heathcliff has actions that can be viewed as evil and immoral. These actions cause a feeling of sympathy and can be seen through events such as Catherine’s death and even his own. Heathcliff took part in certain actions after Catherine's death that are described as evil and immoral. Catherine’s grave was dug up by Heathcliff because of his attachment to her. The reason from Heathcliff being, “I have a strong faith in ghosts: I have a conviction that they can, and do, exist among us!” (Brontë 29). Heathcliff explained why he dug up the casket, he held out the promise that their love doesn’t die. Digging up another person’s grave is an immoral action and deems Heathcliff evil. These actions cause a feeling...
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...UNDERSTANDING CHRISTIAN MORALITY • Fundamental Principle of Morality • The most basic principle of morality is deceptively simple: do good and avoid evil. • Jesus states his version of this adage which is found in the Sermon on the Mount. It is known as the Golden Rule – “Treat others the way you would have them treat you: this sums up the law and the prophets.” (Mt 7:12) • This is message is concerned with action, with positive effort on behalf of others. Contrast this with the teaching of a famous Jewish rabbi of Jesus’ day. When asked to sum up the teaching of the law and the prophets, the rabbi responded: “Avoid doing to others what you do not wish them to do to you.” Whereas the message of Jesus is to get involved as the Father has gotten involved with humanity, the rabbi cautions a more conservative approach. The rabbi wants us merely to keep from harming others. Jesus wants us to act, not just react. • Jesus further puts his own special seal on this maxim by stating the two greatest commandments: love God and love one another. To love someone is to seek to do good to them, and certainly, at the very least, to avoid doing them evil. • What is Christian Moral Life? • Misconceptions 1. Reduced to avoidance of sin 2. Reduced to a series of don’ts and dire punishment if we fail • What is Christian Moral Life? • Positive and Fuller Meaning 1. Moral theology should start with God and God’s love - JP II (Veritatis Splendor) : The moral life is a response...
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...to justify actions through the course of the novel. The publication proves that human nature is inadvertently evil due to humanity’s natural will to survive and to prosper in society and among fellow peers. Over the course of the novel, the main characters find themselves battling internal and external conflicts due to their characters and the environment in which they find themselves. More often than not, Gene succumbs to his desire of reaching a higher social standing among his peers, and his actions reflect on man's natural desire to flourish in social climates. However, even though the novel focuses on the evil tendencies of human nature, it also displays...
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...British Literature 29 October 2015 Unit 1 Essay: Evil in Literature Evil has taken over the world. It is a cynical type of way of expressing yourself. Evil is profoundly immoral. The concept is universal. It is one thing that most of the human society have in common. Evil can come from within a person’s soul, the hatred towards another, and the jealousy a person feels. One source of evil can come from a person’s soul. “By the pricking of my thumbs, something wicked this way comes.” (Macbeth, III, I, 44-45) When one of the witches says that something evil is coming then Macbeth enters the room is the witches feeling the evil in their soul. Jim Jones said “To me death is not a fearful thing, it’s living that’s cursed.” (Jones, p. 2) Basically if you have a bad feeling about something 9/10 it’s going to become true especially if it is a bad feeling. Another source of evil is the hatred people have towards another person. “Out damned spot! Out. I say!” (Macbeth, I, I. 25) That is a quote spoken by Lady Macbeth, she is mad because her guilt is taken over so she is mad at herself. Another quote spoken by Lady Macbeth “What’s done is done.”(Macbeth, III, II. 8-12) meaning that she wants Macbeth to be king so bad that she doesn’t want to look back on the past. Certain characters have so much hate towards another that their willing to do the most demented thing to show vile. The jealousy a person feels can also be a root of evil. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth was jealous of Banquo’s...
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...Nitya Iyer Mrs. Downey English 120 15 April 2014 The word evil can have several different meanings, such as morally bad or wrong, the act of causing others to reevaluate their beliefs and assuming a completely new persona, or abusing an immense amount of power. One can only vaguely grasp the term evil given the definition of it. It takes one’s own experiences to thoroughly understand evil. Evil is when one purposefully outcasts a mass of people as a result of a common attribute. It is proceeding to do something immoral while recognizing its potential risks. Through the voice of Elaine Aron, Zimbardo claims that such qualities are embodied among ordinary people put under various pressures to create an evil situation. These traits repeatedly appear among characters in both American literature and history in The Crucible by Arthur Miller, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson, and the events related to McCarthyism. Authority gives one the right the apparent right to demand obedience and expect the norm from “their people”. They are expected to use beneficial judgment and lead society forward and on the right path, but given power, leaders’ minds are tainted. People of authority are often given “responsible sounding roles such as “guardian,” “teacher,” [or] “defenders of the law” (Aron 4). This results in the manipulation of peoples’ minds as they tend to trust those with a name of great significance and respect. The society in “The Lottery”...
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...justice into your own hands and pay back the person that did you wrong. Also, people would think that it is logical to get revenge, because they figure the other person should hurt just as you have. I’m here to tell you that revenge is unrelated to logic and immoral. When revenge comes into your heart, it takes over the way you think and you’re no longer thinking logical. However, I do believe God has the right to take vengeance, because he is the ultimate judge. Revenge is immoral for humans, because either way someone gets hurt. It could be something as simple as hitting your sister and she hits you back harder. When revenge becomes serious, that’s when it can become deadly. Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” is one of the most famous plays of revenge. In the play, Hamlet sees the spirit of his father. The ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, who is now the king, is the one who murdered him. From this point on, the play becomes one big plot for revenge. More than a handful of people die. In the end Hamlet does succeed in taking revenge for his father’s murder, but unfortunately it results in his own death. This example proves my point that revenge is immoral and unrelated to logic, because everyone in the end dies. Hamlet wanted revenge so bad that it consumed his entire body, mind, soul, and it ultimately lead to his death. Most people like Hamlet, are convinced that taking revenge will make them...
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...problem of evil and analytically assess how it is that evil weakens the traditional characteristics of God. I will attempt to explain how the existence of evil challenges the traditional characteristics of God such as omniscience, omnipresence and omnipotence and Omni benevolence using Hume’s famous quote, “Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then is he impotent. Is he able but not willing? Then is he malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Whence then is evil?” (Hume) The theological and metaphysical problem of evil was formulated in 1779 by David Hume in his work “Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion” where he asked the question, if God is omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent and omnibenevolent then why does evil exist (Sherry)? The problem of evil causes us to look at the traditional characteristics of God and to analytically assess our suppositions about evil itself. If our God is a good, all powerful and just God as many people believe, then why would such a God allow evil to exist? This problem also brings to light questions about what is considered to be evil, whether it is moral evil committed by man or natural evil such as earthquakes, hurricanes and famine (Sherry). There are several arguments that have developed in reaction to the problem of evil that was suggested by David Hume. One such argument which is known as the free will defense claims that evil is solely caused by human beings, who must have the opportunity to choose to do evil if they are...
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...The Pardoner’s Tale provides a moral story told by a corrupt and greedy Pardoner. His tale sends the message that greed is the root of all evil, and that it would only bring death upon anyone who is guilty of that sin. However, the Pardoner tells the pilgrims that he only preaches for his own gain, and that he would take money from anybody. Although his story is morally sound, the Pardoner’s immoral views and tactics of earning money deny any possibility of the tale sending a moral message. The Pardoner’s Tale cannot send a moral message, as the Pardoner himself is guilty of being corrupt and greedy. The Pardoner preaches about the evils of avarice, yet he himself partakes in the sin. His greed shows no bounds, as the Pardoner said, “I...
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...Wilson, Myrtle’s husband, evokes sympathy from the audience while Myrtle is portrayed as evil and deserving of punishment. It is evident that females face greater scrutiny and punishment in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. Equal participation in an affair, unequal repercussions. Tom Buchanan, a married man, begins an affair with Myrtle Wilson, a married woman. Both enter the relationship willingly and with selfish intentions. However, Myrtle is the only participant punished for her extracurricular activities. After seeing Tom drive into the city in Gatsby’s car, when she sees the car...
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...In the story, “Hop-Frog” by Edgar Allan Poe, Hop-Frog’s actions are justified. First of all, the king is unethical and evil. He valued humor over everything else and found it funny to make fun of other people’s flaws or disabilities, even if they couldn’t help it. One of the king’s last actions was the thing that pushed Hop-Frog over the edge: “without uttering a syllable, he pushed her (Trippetta) violently from him, and threw the contents of the brimming goblet in her face” (Poe 3). Trippetta was only trying to ask the king to leave Hop-Frog alone, but the king responded with violence. Trippetta was Hop-Frog’s only friend, so when the king pushed her and threw wine in her face it made Hop-Frog furious. A reader could tell that Hop-Frog was...
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...PHL 101 11 March 2012 A Summary of the problem of evil and a critical evaluation of how it is said to undermine the traditional characteristics of God. This paper will attempt to review the philosophical quandary of the existence of evil and if evil exists can God exist and if so can this God still be declared perfect? The epistemological issue that arises is One’s knowledge of God and the validity of God’s existence. What is good and what is evil? The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines evil as: 1. a : morally reprehensible : sinful, wicked <an evil impulse> b : arising from actual or imputed bad character or conduct <a person of evil reputation> 2 a: archaic : inferior b : causing discomfort or repulsion : offensive <an evil odor> c : disagreeable <woke late and in an evil temper> 3 a : causing harm : pernicious <the evil institution of slavery> b : marked by misfortune : unlucky For the purpose of this paper, we will use the first definition. Evil is a trait that we as human beings possess. Whether we choose to use it is up to the individual. But what is evil? Do we as humans consciously choose to be good or evil? What plays a role in bringing out that evil? We next need to look at what is God and does he exist? God as defined by Merriam-Webster is: 1. capitalized : the supreme or ultimate reality: as a : the Being perfect in power, wisdom, and goodness who is worshipped as creator...
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...Can one be moral and not believe in God? Student’s Name Title of Course Instructor’s Name Date Can one be moral and not believe in God? The question as to whether one can have moral values and still believe there is no God is seemingly a puzzling query. In essence, it is proficient to commence with defining what moral values are. Morals are simply defined as the principles of wrong and right behaviors. An individual with high moral values knows the right things, and literally does and says the right things at the right time, with the right person, and utilizing the right materials. Believing in God or spiritual being is when an individual devotes their commitment to God or supernatural being in faith, expressions, worship, and conscientiousness. When one believes in God or a spiritual being, such could potentially play a great role on their moral behaviors. On the other hand, many people suppose that if one does not believe in a spiritual being or God, it is very hard for them to have moral values. However, there are also other people that suppose that having moral values do not necessarily require one to believe in God or spiritual beings[1]. What’s more, there also other people that suppose that believing in God or spiritual beings is not necessarily required for one to have moral values, but all they require is to belief in oneself, practice good ethics, as well as the knowledge of knowing and distinguishing the...
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...AS Religious Studies Revision: Miracles. AO1 Material: i.e. ‘what goes in part a)?’ Definitions of what a miracle is: Aquinas: ‘Those things…which are done by divine power apart from the order generally followed in things.’ Plus his threefold understanding of miracles. Hume: ‘a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the deity.’ John Mackie: ‘a violation of a natural law…by divine or supernatural intervention. The laws of nature describe the ways in which the world – including of course, human beings – works when left to itself, when not interfered with. A miracle occurs when the world is not left to itself, when something distinct from the natural order as a whole intrudes into it.’ Richard Swinburne: ‘a miracle is a violation of the laws of nature, that is, a non-repeatable exception to the operation of these laws, brought about by God. Laws of nature have the form of universal statements “all As are B,” and state how bodies behave of physical necessity.’ Examples of miracles: miracles of Jesus, choir in Beatrice Nebraska. What the scholars say in favour of miracles: Aquinas: it is possible for God to bring about a miracle, providing it is not logically impossible (e.g. God could not square a circle). Keith Ward: laws of nature are probabilistic not fixed: it is possible for laws of nature to be bent. Miracles are likely to happen in the presence of deeply religious people. What scholars say against miracles: David Hume:...
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...Late in the play, he comes to his senses and comes to the realization that what Goneril is doing and has done to her father is completely wrong and immoral. In an argument with his wife Goneril, Albany says: “If that the heavens do not their visible spirit. Send quickly down to tame these vile offenses, it will come” (Shakespeare IV. II. 47-49). What Albany is saying is that if the heavens don’t punish these crimes, a vicious domino effect of iniquitous actions will take place. Only through punishment will there be change in the evil...
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