...4G Fourth-Generation Cellular Communication System AGENDA y y y y y Introduction Evolution of Data Standards WiMAX The Road Ahead Closing Thoughts 4G DEFINITION 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Fourth Generation Cellular Communication (4G) 4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies and protocols aimed at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G Zero Generation Mobile Systems (0G) The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G). The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels. Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases. EVOLUTION OF DATA STANDARDS 4G 3G 2G 1G 0G First Generation Cellular Communication (1G) The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously. 1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued...
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...Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 29, No. 2 (December 2009), pp. 377-386 Adoption of Cellular Phone Technology in Urban Pakistan: A Diffusion of Innovation Approach Muhammad Ashraf Khan Chairman, Department of Mass Communication, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Email : ashraf_1963@yahoo.com Aqsa Iram Shahzadi Khan Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Email : mrsaqsairam@yahoo.com Abstract This paper focuses on the theory of adoption of cellular phone as an innovation and its diffusion and penetration in the Pakistani society and to confirm Roger’s theory of diffusion of innovation. More specifically, the study aims to test if five categories of adopters and five stages of adoption [as suggested by Roger (1976)] adequately explain the behavior of cellular phone users in Pakistan. The study also aims to evaluate the role played by advertising in the process of diffusion of innovation. An attempt is also made to study relationships among other variables of interest. To achieve its objectives, this study formulates the diffusion of innovation theory using survey research method from population of Pakistan(a sample of200 respondents are approached) and various statistical techniques are applied on the information gathered before drawing any conclusions. Our results support the theory of diffusion of innovation. We do not find an evidence to believe that advertising plays a statistically...
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... Today, people have those same reactions but, with digital friends they may have never met. You may hear people say they have a few hundred Facebook friends, Twitter followers, or Youtube views of videos they put online. Is interacting with digital friends online considered human interaction? Where does this interaction take place? When you sit behind a computer screen, a tablet, or your Smartphone and update your status or read someone’s updates is it considered human interaction? This author thinks it is not. SMARTPHONE AND NETWORK TECHNOLOGY The first mobile phone call was made in 1973. Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer called his competitor at AT&T. Although, it took some time after that first mobile call; almost every person has a Smartphone today. Martin Coopers dream has become a reality in that everyone has a mobile phone in their pocket or on their hip. As with the evolution of the mobile phone into a Smartphone so to the network speeds of those systems have evolved. When Martin Cooper made that first mobile call forty-one years ago there were no mobile networks per se. The first network was an analog first generation (1G) that provided speeds of about 14.4K...
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... Introduction The first generation of cellular networks or 1G was first build in Chicago in 1977. It uses multiple cell towers sites, each connected through a network, allowed users to travel and even switch cell towers during a call. It was known as the Analog Mobile System (AMPS) and operates on the 824-894MHz range. A Japanese telecommunications company NTT builds their own network in 1979, which became the first 1G network to cover an entire country. In 1981, the Nordic Mobile Telephone network was the first to feature international roaming. It operates in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Mobile phones start becoming popular in the United States in the late 80’s and early 90’s when phones were small enough to carry without been in a car or suit case. Strategic Business Assessment United States Cellular goal is to provide quality wireless communications services to their customers and to rapidly grow their customer base, revenue, and profits. They are committed to professional growth to their associates and good corporate citizenship in the communities that they serve. U.S. Cellular ® Corporation is the 6th largest wireless telephone company in the United States. They own cellular...
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...The ground breaking technological advancements of today is allowing the average consumer to watch streaming videos; the technologies have come to the front from companies such as Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent. These technologies will continue to amaze and amuse us like rides at an amusement park. Compare and Contrast 3G Wireless Networks to 4G Networks The comparisons and contrasts are laid out on blueprint papers and networks architectural layers in terms of services and applications, data throughput, and the end users perceptions. The differences in network architectural layout has its contrasts between the 3G and 4G networks, 3G networks are compiled of 1xrtt networks, CDMA 2000, along with the edge network. This observation comparison of the 4G network contrasts itself above the 3G network by increased data speeds, based on the network architectural cable wiring of the 3G network, and the fiber optic glass like tubes of a 4G network carrying thousands more data packets a second. The 4G networks, LTE, and LTE-advanced, WiMax2, advance themselves beyond the 3G networks, it’s like comparing and contrasting dial up speeds to high internet speeds at this point. The services and applications entertainment would start with3G attractions, mobile applications, streaming video and data applications became main-stream. (Smartphone 3G and 4G technology, heading paragraph: 4G: Up to 1Gbps.) With this 3G attraction there were mobile applications, and video content that required quicker...
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...developments in the evolution of mass media. Developments such as the television, newspapers, radio, internet, and the cellular phone have all contributed to the evolution of mass media. This essay will discuss each development of mass media and how it has influenced American culture as we know it. Major Developments of Mass Media in the 20th Century The newspaper happens to be one of the pioneers of mass media. In its early stages the newspaper was handwritten during the 15th century. Newspapers has steadily increased since its earlier days, but a new form of mass media was on the horizon with the introduction of the radio. Radio was first introduced in the “early decades of the 20th century” (pg. 31). This allowed for millions of people to access anything from presidential elections to advertising. The next form of mass media to come was the television. Following the end of World War II the television revolutionized the way we communicated through mass media. With continual enhancements to the television like the VCR and cable television, this allowed individuals the freedom to record and view television whenever and however they wanted. It wasn’t until the creation of the personal computer sometime around the 1960’s that the world witnessed such an enormous breakthrough in mass media. The personal computer has also enhanced since its beginning stages. The internet and RAM has helped along in the evolution of the personal...
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...The Future of VoIP Document Three – The Future Joe Hallock joe@sitedifference.com December 8, 2004 Evolution and Trends in Digital Media Technologies – COM 538 Masters of Communication in Digital Media University of Washington The Future of VoIP Document Three – The Future Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 How the Internet will change............................................................................................ 3 Converging Technologies, Digital Media Integration & Wireless ......................................... 5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 8 Appendix – Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................ 10 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 11 2 of 11 Created by Joe Hallock – 12/08/2004 The Future of VoIP Document Three – The Future Introduction This paper is the third in a three part series that details the past, present and future of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). The use of VoIP by individual consumers was the beginning of a massive move from traditional telephone systems to a form of new media where voice and other forms of digital media could converge with an already established...
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...INDEX Executive summary Introduction: Indian Telecom sector-At a glance Evolution of the Indian telecom industry Cellular Circles Major Players in Indian Telecom Market National Telecom Policy-2012 Scope of the Project RESEARCH DESIGN Objectives Sample Profile Sources of Data EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The concept of “buying behavior” is of prime importance in marketing and has evolved over the years. It is important to understand consumer buying behavior as it plays a vital role in creating an impact on purchase of products. The human wants are unlimited and always expect more and more. Mobile connections are no exception to this behavior. The title of our study is “Purchase Drivers for Cellular Connections”, and it is the buying behavior of the consumers that determines a factor’s possibility to be a purchase driver. In this research study our findings gave us a thorough insight of the factors that affect the consumer buying decision towards cellular connections. Factors such as better connectivity, attractive tariff and low entry cost play an important role in influencing a customer for choosing a network INTRODUCTION INDIAN TELECOM SCENARIO - AT A GLANCE The telecommunication services have been recognized as an important tool for socio economic development of a nation. It is one of the prime support services needed for rapid growt and modernization of various sectors of the economy. India with a user base of 919.2 million as of March...
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... 1894 - Non-Bell companies enter the rural telephone market. 1919 - Rotary-dial service is introduced. Rotary-dial service permitted the installation of switching systems which rendered the calling process a little more automatic.2 1963 - Touch-tone service is introduced.3 Touch-tone service permitted the use of now infamous automated phone menus. "Touch 1 for Sales, touch 2 for Customer Service, and touch 3 for ..." 1967 - Toll-free (800) service is introduced. 1984 - The AT&T monopoly is dissolved. 1988 - Commercial voicemail service is introduced. Until 1988, telephone companies were legally barred from offering voicemail to their subscribers as part of an effort by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to protect telephone answering businesses.4 1992 - The first smartphone is introduced. 1993 - Digital cellular service is introduced. 1995 - The first Internet (VoIP) phone is introduced. 1996 - The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is enacted. 2002 - 3G (Third Generation) cellular service is introduced. 2008 - 4G (Fourth Generation) cellular service is introduced. 2010 - 4G LTE (Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution) cellular service is introduced. 2012 - The 4G Apple iPhone 5 is introduced 1 The telephone system that was to evolve into today's multi-faceted telecommunications system began with Bell's invention. Without bell going forward with this we would never of had the telephone just the light bulb 2 For the majority of its history, AT&T, the parent...
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...machines. Gadgets aid us in almost everything we do and it has really impacted the way we live our lives. Everything from cooking to studying uses electronics in some way. We cannot deny the fact that we are now more dependent on machines and technology to make our lives easier, especially in this time and age. But one of the most universally-used gadget in this age is the cellular-phones or simply known as cellphones. A cellphone is a portable device whose primary purpose is to make and receive calls for easier and more convenient communication. In today’s time, it’s very hard to find a person who does not own a cellphone. According to Yopie (2011) in her article “Cellphones in our Daily Life”; Cellphones, formerly regarded as a luxury, are now one of the basic needs of our lives. Currently, almost all people carry cellphones, including young children. The mobile phones were barely portable compared to how we see cellphones today. Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone, made by Martin Cooper in April 1973. The first ever mobile phone used to make a call was known as a brick phone because of its brick-like shape and size. In 2000, Nokia released their globally-successful Nokia 3310, packaged with more features such as a simple calculator, a stop watch, a reminder function and it also had four games. The 3310 was popular for SMS text messaging because it allowed long messages with 459 characters. In 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the first ever iPhone...
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...telecommunication handheld devices - Nokia and Samsung electronics. It is a known fact that the two companies are known all over world with their uniqueness in the production of mobiles phones even though Samsung electronics has it named well rooted amongst the giants of home electrical and electronics home appliances manufacture while Nokia was known to be one the world leading manufacturer of mobile phones. In the recent year about two decade ago, the discovery of the innovative transformation of the telecommunication sector led to ever increasing opportunity that is abound with new technological revolution. The course project will focus or lay emphasis on the trend of organizational changes, with the view to analyze the effect they have on the overall developmental progress of the two companies. Samsung electronics founded in 1967 but took it turn into telecommunication business with the establishment of Samsung mobile in 1983 and as for Nokia, it became incorporated in 1967 with its core business focus in wireless technology and the early 70s' during the inception of cellular phone, with it incomparable innovative services and products, Nokia became the world leader of mobile phones. In the recent times, Samsung mobile took up the market and build up it market strength that unseat Nokia as a leader in mobile phone market....
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...4G Wireless Networks Compare and contrast 3G wireless networks to 4G networks in terms of: 3G and 4G wireless networks can be compared and contrasted by four areas of capabilities: Service and application, network architecture, data throughput and user perception. “Some examples of services offered by 3G wireless networks are CDMA2000 (also known as IMT MultiCarrier (IMTMC), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and EDGE as well as a long list of others while 4G offer Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax2) and Long-Term Evolution (LTE- Advance).” (Jamia Yant, 2012, April 26) 3G applications allows users the ability to stream video and audio, video conferencing as well as other multi-media applications within a mobile environment. 4G applications on the other hand offer gaming services, amended mobile web access, high definition mobile television, video conferencing, IP telephony and 3D television. The architecture between 3G and 4G are very different,3G mobile network uses a Wide Area Cell Based network with a circuit-switched subsystem and “3G networks rely on large satellite connections that are connected to telecommunications towers”. (Turban, E. and Volonino, L, 2011) 3G allows users to make calls or open the internet, through signals which are sent to 3G tower antennas or cell sites. The data travels from the cell site to a central switching office by a wire-fiber optic network. The central switching office then connects...
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... but, the driver’s seat – an unequivocally genuine statement. Time bears the testimony to the varied advances made in this area with a consistent flow of remarkable concepts and cutting-edge technology. And there were these huge entries of microphones, phonographs, gramophones, wired tele-links, T.V, computers, APRANET, cellular phones, etc. ‘Simplicity’ was invaded by ‘intricacy-with-minute-detailing’ and it thus became the ‘go-go-word’ of the techno geeks who were brainstorming in their hi-tech state-of-the-art research labs in churning out technologies and devices that are twice and thrice and may be even more smarter than their prototypes. ‘Electromagnetism’, a fundamental natural force was exploited in data transfer through wireless modes. This principle found application in the cellular domain and this along with other tools and features are being incorporated in our present ‘smart-phone kit’ to give its users a thrilling experience. The mobile domain is rapidly getting impregnated with distinctive key features and specialties. When the bygone generation insisted just on passing an information through a mere telephonic conversation via simple phones, the new-fangled present day generation had this huge propensity to use networking technology to stay connected to whomever they wished to. Thus ushered in an era where common telephone related words were replaced by more hi-tech words like GPS navigation, Android Operating System, 2 G, 3G, GSM,GPRS,WCDMA(Wide band Code Division...
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...Communication Providers During the latter half of the 20th century to the early years of the 21st century, cellular phones have become a massive trend in our culture. Cell phones originally were seen as novelties that weren’t necessary and were items that only the wealthy wasted their money on. The majority of people have incorporated cellular phones into their everyday life. From 2006-2010 subscriber numbers increased an estimated 5.9% per year, resulting in increases in industry revenue at an average annualized rate of 3.9% (Brumley). Cell phone would be nothing without a cellular service provider. In order for you and I to have teleconferences, talk with family and friends, or hold any type of conversation while on the go without being tied down by wires cellular service providers offer transmission services to us through radio frequency signals rather than through end-to-end wire communication like land lines. These services can sometimes be complemented with data, messaging, and GPS packages and even more. Due to our constant need to be connected with each other cellular service providers are continuing to grow in the domestic market. For an industry that started less than 30 years ago it had revenues of about $138 billion in 2007 and currently has an estimate of 238.2 million subscribers. Wireless services were based on cellular technology in the beginning. Cellular technology divided geographic regions in cells and sent analog signals to customers using a wave through...
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...regardless of the consumer’s device and salary range. Technology is becoming an integral part of everyday life and being connected to everything 24 hours a day seven days a week is a necessity. In order to assist with this consumer desire this marketing plan is designed to provide viable solutions for rolling out a nationwide public wireless service that will connect everyone without the need of public hotspots or cellular coverage. Today, while there have been advancements in cellular technology into 4G and LTE coverage, there are still areas of the country that still do not have cellular service at all. By providing nationwide wireless internet, these areas will no longer be complete dead zones. Consumers will be able to connect their smart phones and wireless devices to the internet and enjoy the same connectivity as if they were still on the cellular network. Executives will still have the option of being connected to their offices and projects while on vacation on remote areas of Montana, South Dakota or even Alaska without the high cost of satellite phones and services. This marketing plan includes the following information: * A one page plan that outlines the key categories and the strategy to drive results for the public wireless service proposed. This section provides a brief overview of the proposed market and roll-out strategy, as...
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