...2011). The next property is metabolism; this is when an organized chemical breaks down molecules to make energy and needed parts (Hopson, 2011). Motility is the third property; it allows the organism to move themselves or their body parts. Responsiveness allows the organism to react to the environment it is in. Reproduction allows the organism to make others like it, this is the fifth property. Development is when the organism makes progressive changes result in an individual acquiring increased complexity (Hopson, 2011). Heredity is the sixth property; this is when the parent organism passes genes to their off spring. Evolution is where organisms change over time, acquiring new ways to survive, to obtain and use energy, and to reproduce (Hopson, 2011). Adaptation is the ninth property it is where the organism adapts to their surroundings to be able to survive. Some of the nine properties do relate to viruses, prions, and viroids, they are not consider to be alive. We do not consider them to be a live because they are not responsive and passive. Their existence all depends on the cell that they encounter. Viruses, prions, and viroids are not considered alive yet the do evolve. Depending on the cell that they encounter depends on what they do. This also happens very fast. The “evolution” of the viruses, prions, and viroids all depending on how the cell they attach. Works Cited Hopson, J. H. (2011). Life What's Inside. Belmont:...
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...and through time. Typically, the amount and type of genetic diversity within a species vary across its natural range. Additionally, its genetic diversity changes over time. At least in the long-term, and sometimes even over shorter time frames such as a few generations of the species. These natural changes in the genetic diversity of a species create a dynamic landscape upon which any influences that we exert are superimposed. To better understand our impacts, and to decide if management actions are warranted, it is useful to understand the natural dynamics of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is affected by several ongoing natural processes. These processes are: mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection. Mutation is the origin of all new genetic diversity, occurring when there are occasional errors in the replication of DNA or other elements of the production and packaging of genetic information within the cells. Although implies something negative, mutations can have positive, neutral, or deleterious impacts Mutations occur rather slowly but continuously. Mutations at one level, for example, in the nucleotides that are the basis of DNA, May not all is expressed at other levels — such as protein differences or observable changes in the appearance of a plant. The rate of mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationships. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism, but mutations do not "try" to supply what the organism "needs." Factors...
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...LIFE IN THE WORLD 3.1. The nature of life according to Christianity Christianity teaches that the universe was created through love by an intelligent power, namely the God of the Bible. Creation was purposeful, not arbitrary, and therefore the universe is not morally neutral, but fundamentally good. In this purposeful creation, everything and everyone are intrinsically valuable. God's design or purpose for creation reflects God's intention that all creatures enjoy perfect love and justice. God works in human history to fulfil that purpose. God created human beings in the divine image, enabling humans to have some understanding of God and of God's vast and complex design. The purpose of life is to love and serve God in order to help bring about God's glorious plan for creation. Reason is a unique gift bestowed by God on humans and enables them to reflect on their own nature and conscience, and from that derive knowledge of God's will for creation. But a complete understanding is beyond human reach. To fulfil the goal of wholeness in an existence perfected by both justice and love, something more is needed. Humans are not expected to accomplish the divine plan alone. The fulfilment of God's purpose depends on God's grace. For Christians, grace is God's freely-given favour and love. Reason is a good gift, sometimes misused for selfish, wilful, or prideful purposes. The substitution of selfish ambition for God's will is a condition that Christians call sin, meaning separation...
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...Is Evolution True? Alden Vasquez EVOLUTION – Your Inner Fish Professor Michael Wilder 16 August 2015 Is Evolution True? I’m a raised catholic brought up in the faith that God created all heaven and earth, and on earth he placed us (humans) created perfect as His reflection. To add more skepticism about evolution, I’m pursuing a degree in finance/accounting subjects that have nothing to do with biology, science, or geology. Then why did I take this class you might ask? An easy answer will be that my student advisor recommended it and I didn’t think about it and just enrolled in it; but I look at things differently and always trying to find the positive side, I believe that it was meant for me to take this class, I needed to be exposed out of my comfort zone to a subject that if it wouldn’t have been this way I would have probably remained ignorant all my life. With that being said, I will venture on this essay to explain what I’ve learned about evolution, talk about evidence that we have found on the rocks including documented changes through the evolution of species like vestiges, embryos and bad designs. I will talk about the engine of evolution, given that some variations are heritable and that they can be passed from parents to offspring in the process of reproduction, including evolution by natural selection. While talking about reproduction, I’ll explain how sex drives evolution going back to the origin of species and ending in the present time with...
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...Evolution within the field of Physical Anthropology is the Idea that “species change over time and have a common ancestry”(Park 2009, p36). With this in mind, the field of Physical Anthropology, also known as Biological Anthropology, can be used to explore and investigate the evidence of the human evolution. Within Biological Anthropology, evolution is observed as the change of humans and human ancestors over time. These changes that occur do not take place over night, nor do they happen over a decade. It takes thousands of years to produce changes in an organism to the effect that it would be classified as evolution. Physical Anthropologists study the remains of Hominins and other ancestors of humans to discover the link that connects us all. They also study other creatures to compare them to humans in an effort to understand where humans come from and what makes us human (Gonder, 2013). One way that Physical Anthropologists have found links of evolution from early Humans and Neanderthals is through dental evidence found and investigated by Professor Alan Mann. He concluded that modern humans did in fact evolve from Neanderthals by finding links in the dental history of each species. Though his evidence is disputed by some, like any other scientific evidence, there have been some that support him and have come to the same conclusion of the relationship between Humans and Neanderthals. One piece of evidence that supports his theory is from a group of researchers from Germany...
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...History of Evolution The word "evolution" in its broadest sense refers to change or growth that occurs in a particular order. Although this broad version of the term would include astronomical evolution and the evolution of computer design, this article focuses on the evolution of biological organisms. That use of the term dates back to the ancient Greeks, but today the word is more often used to refer to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory is sometimes crudely referred to as the theory of "survival of the fittest." It was proposed by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species in 1859 and, independently, by Alfred Wallace in 1858—although Wallace, unlike Darwin, said the human soul is not the product of evolution. Greek and medieval references to "evolution" use it as a descriptive term for a state of nature, in which everything in nature has a certain order or purpose. This is a teleological view of nature. For example, Aristotle classified all living organisms hierarchically in his great scala naturae or Great Chain of Being, with plants at the bottom, moving through lesser animals, and on to humans at the pinnacle of creation, each becoming progressively more perfect in form. It was the medieval philosophers, such as Augustine, who began to incorporate teleological views of nature with religion: God is the designer of all creatures, and everything has a purpose and a place as ordained by Him. In current times, to some, the terms "evolution" and "God"...
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...Kirsten Iola Cusi,Anne Christine Bautista, Luis Fernando Ipinasa kay: G.Aaron A.Tolentino, Guro Proyekto Modernization Theory Background of the Theory The idea of modernization is relatively new. Its basic principles can be derived from the Idea of Progress, which emerged in the 18th-century, Age of Enlightenment, with the idea that people themselves could develop and change their society. French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet was involved in the origins of the theory with the concept that technological advancements and economic changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. Condorcet was the first to make the connection between economic and social development connection and that there can be continuous progress and improvement in human affairs. With that said, new advancements and improvements would need to keep pace with a constantly changing world. Furthermore, he encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition to social structure and the evolution of societies, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism, which stresses the interdependence of the institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most famous work is The Division of Labour in Society, which described how social order was to be maintained in a society and how primitive societies might...
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...Evolution is defined as “any process of progressive change”; and the theory is complex life forms from our time have descended from earlier ones that existed long ago (Hunt, p.29). The theory of evolution was first made popular by Charles Darwin an English Biologist, he spent a good amount of his time trying to find evidence to support his many ideas. It is believed that the human species has its origins in Africa. Scientists share the belief that a human like creature originated from the apes and over time, through many changes the final result was a group of hominids, they do however disagree on when and why the different characteristics begun begun to show themselves. It had been discovered that humans and the other primates do have some differences, for one humans have a larger brain, we walk on two legs, go through a longer periods childhood and juvenile life stages, we have the ability to speak and to form culture (Parker, p.3). Evolution occurs through a series of processes, including sexual reproduction and mutation, where some more desirable traits may be passed on to the next generation either by chance or natural selection. Natural selection played a major role in the understanding of evolution, it meant that individuals that have traits more favorable to adapting to its environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits to their offspring. This led to the notion of “survival of the fittest”. The trait selected to move on showed up in the next generation...
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...CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING(Neocentromere) Introduction: Functional centromere formation on ectopic loci in the absence of original centromere to maintain genomic stability has been demonstrated in several organisms ranging from yeast to human. This newly formed centromere with comparable mitotic and/or meiotic stability to the original centromere is known as neocentromere. First report of such de novo centromere formation came during 1993, when rearrangement of chromosome 10 to an acentric ring chromosome mardel-10 was identified from cytogenetic screening of clinical samples from patients with developmental abnormality. Stable inheritance of the acentric ring lacking alpha satellite repeat was completely unprecedented, challenging the then popular dogma of DNA sequence based genetic identity of centromere (1). Since then, more than hundreds of neocentromeres have been reported in the human...
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...This chapter is an introduction to the ideas, people, and events that have guided scientific activity in developmental psychology over the past century. Its preparation has been facilitated by several recent publications on the history of developmental psychology. The views of the past held by active researchers are reflected in chapters of the edited volume, A Century of Developmental Psychology (Parke, Ornstein, Rieser, & Zahn-Waxler, 1994). The contributors are, with few exceptions, currently involved in contemporary research. Secondary commentaries can provide useful guides and interpretations, but there is no substitute for consulting original sources. To that end, a reprint series containing historically significant original articles and volumes has been prepared by Wozniak (e.g., 1993, 1997). Other recent volumes include the contributions of professional historians and others who are not enmeshed in current empirical debates of the discipline (e.g., Broughton & Freeman-Moir, 1982; Elder, Modell, & Parke, 1993). In addition, the social relevance and the making of the discipline in American society have been told expertly by Sears (1975) and White (1995). Any single overview—including this one—can tell only part of the story.1 Adopting the convention used in the previous Handbook of Child Psychology, 20 years must lapse before a contribution or event qualifies as historical. Two decades constitute approximately one generation in the life of our science; therefore, 1976...
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...“Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space lies our freedom and power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and freedom.” Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph.D (Man's Search for Meaning; 1946 ) Everyone of us, Human or animal alike, have been living in this world since the primordial time. Coping with every change that had happened and developing new routine in everyday life. Routines that may soon be etch with in our system. That will eventually turn out to be a habit. A habit that will consume our senses until it will all become our Behavior. As to Psychologists, Behaviorism is more concerned with behavior than with thinking, feeling, or knowing. It focuses on the objective and observable components of behavior. Behaviorism focus on behaviors that can be observed only. Behaviorism deals with the consequences of behavior and those behaviors can be rewarded or punished. (Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2006). An overview of the behavioral perspective. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. ) HISTORY Behaviourism is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion. According to a pure behaviourist, ( John B. Watson (1878-1958)) human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive reinforcement whenever someone perform a desired behaviour, and soon they will learn to perform the behaviour...
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...Human Biology Week 1: Worksheet 1. Consider the organization of life. Identify the different levels of organization from the cell to the organism. -The cell is the smallest unit displaying the properties of life that is the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. -Tissues are a group of similar cells that performs similar functions. - Organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissues that work together for a common purpose. -Organ system is a group of organs arranged in such a way that they perform functions that they would not otherwise be able to perform if they were by themselves. -Organism is an individual being that contains all of the above mentioned. Without these an organism would not be able to function properly. 2. List and define the characteristics of life and provide an example in your life that demonstrates the characteristic. -There are 7 characteristics of life and they are as follows: Organization is when single cell organisms have a specific make up to be self sufficient. It starts with an organism which is complex. Humans are classified as multicellular because they are composed of many different types of cells. A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. An organ is made up of many tissues, and organ systems are a group of organs that perform a common function. One example of life is humans. When acquiring materials and energy, living things take in energy and use it...
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...component of plasma membranes. 10. The functional group -COOH has acidic properties and would release hydrogen ions in an aqueous (water) solution. 11. The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of amino acids. 12. Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only proteins inward and outward, but RNA only outward. 13. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain DNA. 14. The Golgi apparatus and ER are organelles that participate in the synthesis and modification of enzymes targeted to the plasma membrane. 15. The principles of cell theory or cell doctrine include the following: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of living organisms, and new cells form from pre-existing cells by cell division. 16. The most accurate...
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...Management and Decision Sciences Specialization: Leadership and Organizational Change KAM Assessor: Dr. Javier Fadul Javier.fadul@waldenu.edu Faculty Mentor: Dr. Javier Fadul Javier.fadul@waldenu.edu Walden University February 5, 2011 ABSTRACT Breadth This Knowledge Area Module (KAM) broadens common knowledge of societal and cultural development by looking beyond economic and conflict theories for understanding other positions regarding social advancement. The Breadth Component studies societal and cultural development in terms of evolutionary, cyclical, and fundamentalist theories and demonstrates why it is important to looking beyond the popularly accepted knowledge about social development represented by economic and conflict theory. This approach provides a more robust generalization that more adequately describes social advancement, and concludes that classical researchers did not consider leadership as a social segment to be studied, that influences societal and cultural development. Leadership understanding of societal and cultural development is critical for enabling them to lead positive social change. ABSTRACT Depth The Depth section compares modern research in societal and cultural development to the theories of classical researchers in order to further develop the findings of the classical study, and to determine if leadership consideration has been addressed in modern times. The study shows that the theories of classical researchers are sufficiently robust...
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...multifaceted system. Cross-cultural: discovering general patterns about cultural traits Two broad classification of anthropology Biological (Physical) Seeks the emergence of humans & their later evolution (called human paleontology) and how & why contemporary human populations vary biologically (human variation) Study the fossils of human, prehumans & related animals Human genetics, population biology & epidemiology Cultural How & why cultures vary or are similar in the past & present Archaeology: study of past cultures Anthropological linguistics: study of language Ethnology: study of existing & recent cultures Archaeology Seek to reconstruct the daily life & customs of peoples who lived in the past but also to trace cultural changes & to offer possible explanations for those changes Deal with prehistory (time before written records) Historical archaeology: studies the remains of recent peoples who left written records Must used info from present & recent past in trying to understand the distant past Linguistics Study of languages Had to construct a dictionary & grammar, then could study the structure & history of language Study changes that have taken place over time Historical linguistics: study of how languages change over time & how they may be related Descriptive: focus of linguistics Discovering & recording the principles that determine how sounds & words are put together in a speech Sociolinguistics:...
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