...analysis of the evolution of the criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in the criminal justice system. To understand these changes, it is important to recognize the various areas and elements of the criminal justice system. Changes take place within the areas of policing, the courts and corrections. While discussing each division of the justice system and conduct a comparative analysis of each. This is important to discuss and determine how these systems have changed from 50 years ago to today. The history of criminal justice policy in regards to policing has experienced tremendous changes over the past 50 years. Between 1900 and 1970, an organized movement known as the Reform Era took place in policing around the country (Marion, 2006). Instead of hiring individuals based on political reasons, officers were hired based upon their qualifications and ability to perform the required duties of a police officer. Formal training developed in many areas around the United States in the form of Police Academies. Technological advances such as telephones, two-way radios, and 911-emergency systems developed during this era. The Civil Rights Movement and the Antiwar Movement brought about new issues for police to address (Marion, 2006). The community era began in the 1980's and switched focus from simply arresting offenders to achieving community relationships with the individuals that made up each jurisdiction. Community policing has followed...
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...Community-Oriented Policing Analysis This analysis confirms the issue of community-oriented policing began in the early years of a growing country. Building the first organized police forces in America become complicated by the influx of immigration from other countries. The ethnic, racial, and cultural backgrounds of immigrants, and citizens of this nation provided a continual reshaping, and growing of police organizations. The role of the police organizations became multi-faceted and complex for law enforcement agencies. Early Years As the country began to increase with the influx of immigrants, the government had to take control, and build police departments to help in control of the criminal element. As the first American city, Boston, MA, incorporated the first paid police force, New York, and Philadelphia followed. The American police departments slowed in the failure of contemporary policing because of official and political interference. The city counselors look for newer ways of incorporating law enforcement principles into the infrastructure of the new country. Sir Robert Peel’s and August Vollner’s principles caused many failed, or false starts in the evolution of early American law enforcement into modern day policing. The core principles of these concepts attributed to community-oriented policing. The main criteria created to prevent crime and provide the means to control disorder. This reorganization of respect secured the appreciation of the community to work...
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...influence on society. The factors can be both negative and positive on society. The police are in the community to protect and serve. The main purpose of law enforcement is to maintain order and to investigate criminal activity in the United States. The history of American policing was learned from Great Britain and adapted by America. The first ideal people to do the policing were healthy young boys and men that had come over with the Europeans on the first ships to venture to America (Trojanowicz, R. C., 1991). The main reason was to protect themselves from the natives who did not want to share their land. The natives, in time, became more settled and the two groups were able to live more successfully together. Policing became one of the primary duties of the Justices of the Peace. Evolution soon took hold of the colonies and they became cities and towns. This made it more of a priority to organize forms of law enforcement. In 1636, “The Night Watch” was born and it was to be a productive way to control the actions and criminal activities of the area of Boston. New York took the idea in 1651 and created the “Shout and Rattle Watch.” There was success and failures in both cities but Philadelphia felt that policing could be more productive is the area was divided and assigned to small teams per area (Trojanowicz, R. C., 1991). Once cities started to grow then municipal police departments were developed, and soon police stations were open 24 hours a day, and the concept moved...
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...History of Police The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of those changes. As new issues in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based on the British model. Law enforcement was not organized until 1200 A.D. offenders were pursued by an organized posse. If offenders were caught they were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely did they have trials and instead of innocent until proven guilty it was the other way around, citizens were usually guilty before any evidence or testimony. “An early form of police patrol in English cities and towns” (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153), is called a night watch. The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thieves. Next became the day watch their job was the same as night watch, but in the day. Followed by the Statute of Winchester which is a “law, written in 1285, that created a watch and ward system in English cities and towns and that codified early police practices” (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153). This law had four main components, which were specified the watch in towns, mandated...
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...of history that relate to the evolution of community policing, these lessons should be considered within the context of two somewhat more generally applicable principles. First, the crime problem appears to have changed little since the Industrial Revolution drove the urbanization of Western culture in the early 1800s. Objective measures of the true prevalence of criminal activity in our cities remain as elusive today as they were when the British Parliament began debating the "Act for Improving the Police In and Near the Metropolis" in the late 1820s. Similarly, modern surveys of public opinion, like 18th century accounts, still have difficulty "separating fear of crime from disapproval of conduct deemed immoral or alarm at public disorder."6 Nevertheless, descriptions of London's problems early in the last century would sound strikingly familiar to residents of American cities near the end of the 20th century. Second, organizational change in police agencies has been a constant theme of academicians, policymakers, and practitioners from the very beginning_perhaps only because it is one factor among the many complex issues facing the police over which these groups can exercise some control. However, changes in policing strategies are not always determined through rigorous testing.7 Every new movement in law enforcement--from the establishment of the first organized police forces, to the reforms of the Progressive era, to community policing-- has been touted, with little...
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...Police Influence on Society CJA 344- Cultural Diversity Issues in Criminal Justice John France September 16, 2012 In history the system of American police was something learned from Great Britain and adapted by America. In the past the first ideals of policing were controlled by the able-bodied men and young boys who were part of the first Europeans to venture to our lands. This was mainly a defensive motion as it was used to defend themselves from the natives to the lands that did not wish to share their home. As time went on and the natives became more settled and peace was more successful, policing became one of the primary duties of the Justices of the Peace. As evolution took hold of the colonies, they became cities and towns making it necessary to create a more organized form of law enforcement. Then “The Night Watch was born, in 1636 as a productive way to control the actions and criminal activities of the area in Boston. New York later took on the same idea creating the Shout and Rattle Watch in 1651. Through the success in some areas of these teams and the weaknesses in other areas, Philadelphia felt that policing could be more productive if the area was divided and assigned small teams per area. Once the population grew extensively and industrialism had a firm grasp on America, it was mandated that the municipal police departments be developed, Philadelphia started a independent police force that would be on duty...
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...Aspects of Policing ROBERT COLOMBO INTRODUCTION TO POLICE THEORY AND PRACTICES/ CJA 214 05282011 MR. ALAN HAZEN Policing is a diverse and prestige way of life. Policing is a subculture within society that is held to a higher standard due to a job that requires one make decisions in reference to taking away free individuals constitutional rights. Within the cultures of the policing society there are rules, policies, and regulations that have to be followed in order to ensure the citizens are being treated fairly but also making sure the law is being enforced correctly and without “Color of Law” violations. Issues such as use of force, utilizing weapons in certain manners at certain times, using technology and resources to best of the abilities of the department and officers within them, and other issues in policing, especially dealing with homeland security. A lot of issues encompass the policing community. Policing or law enforcement is a dangerous way of life. An officer faces the unknown at all times and the results of the wrong technique performed or practiced could result in a disastrous outcome. No matter what the dangers an officer faces there are more and more citizens becoming police officers daily. “Amazingly, though, despite the dangers of the job and the mounting challenges they must face, more than 800,000 sworn law-enforcement officers across our nation put their lives at risk each and every day to keep America safe.” (Floyd, 2007) When an officer...
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...Law Enforcement Agencies and Systems Law Enforcement Agencies and Systems Law enforcement agencies and systems have shown consistent changes over the centuries and is evolving over time. Even though “modern policing in the U.S. is still based on the nineteenth-century British model of the Metropolitan Police of London, a tremendous amount of specialization has evolved in today’s sphere of policing, especially among federal, state, and local agencies” (Peak, 2015, p.277). In this assignment, I will discuss similarities and differences between the modern law enforcement agencies and systems in the northeast, southeast, and western regions; as well as the urban and rural areas. Northeast, southeast, and western regions The criminal justice agencies over time were developed to respond locally to each regions particular social problems. In earlier times, a place such as New England, who had a sheriff that provided law enforcement, was an unskilled worker who was appointed the job (Conser, 2005). This was due to the lack of social problems because it was the norm to be obedient to authority figures and containing public order was not an issue. Churches and families; as well as the community, was all that was necessary I order to maintain social order and “there was little need for the formal agencies of social control that we know today” (Conser, 2005, p.53). Pennsylvania was also similar with New England with their religious beliefs and influences...
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...Criminal justice system is forever changing to protect and server society. Relationships between the United States government, state, and local policing looking at programs from the past, need changes for the future. State and local law enforcement responsibilities, and functions in fighting crime by enforcing laws, apprehending offenders, preventing crime, and preserving the peace, has changed since September 11, 2001. State law enforcement is expanding their responsibilities, changed from acts of terrorisms, new laws, and procedures of new types of crimes. Cyber-crime, new technology, terrorism, immigration, drug, and human trafficking contributing for changes in laws nationally and international. Need to identify and assess recent and future trends that affect the criminal justice system (Homeland Security and Law Enforcement” 2009) Western law combines contributions from ancient laws and Common law. The structure of laws came from England, their Bobbies (police officers), statutory, and case law. Sheriffs were the town’s authority, received taxes, and gave out punishment and banishing citizens. Common law highlighted in 1811 when English prison reformer and jurist, Jeremy Bentham wrote to President James Madison offering to codify the law of the United States. The bases of the nation’s laws are from the Constitutions, peruses as a constraint on police power the government can enact, guarding personal liberties. The Bill of Rights and the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth...
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...Predictive Policing Mitchell S. Zellner Dr. Kimberly Anthony, Ph.D. CIS 500 April 15, 2012 In the half past century, four policing models of law enforcement have been employed in order to prevent and reduce crime rates. The four policing models are called professional-policing era model, community policing model, intelligence-led policing (ILP), and predictive-policing model. Professional era model started in the 1960s where the strategy focus was on random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation. The highest priority was on rapid response time. Although this model was considered successful, there were major drawbacks. The social interaction between law officials and citizens was non-existent. Law enforcement agents had become totally dependent on technology rather than involving citizens to assist with problem solving. This model was replaced with the community policing model. This model began around the 1990s where it focused on partnership, problem solving, and prevention. The goal was to reestablish ties between law enforcement agencies and their respective communities. Together the two parties could implement strategies that would examine and resolve any major issues or concerns in the community, but most importantly regain the trust between the two entities. The 9/11 terrorist attack on the United States led to the emergence of the ILP. The Patriot Act in combination with the forming of the Homeland Security Agency was a direct result of the attacks....
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...Policing Function Susan Kinkead CJA 394 April 20, 2013 Michael S. Hudson Policing Function The policing functions vary between the levels, in law enforcement. The levels include the local, state, and federal police functions. Local, state, and federal vary because each observes a variety of functions in their jurisdiction that has been assigned to them. Discussion of police functions as well their viewpoint and the possibility of future changes in laws that will influence law enforcements. The police function in various attributes to protect, and serve the people; the policing functions existent through various organizations to continue protecting, and serving the people, and the nation. The employment of racial and ethnic minority officers increased slowly but steadily as well as hiring women for the force, they are on the frontline not just handling juveniles and woman prisoners. The law enforcement functions are better with the increase of officers, this give them the help they all need. The law enforcement agencies are starting to recruit college students; this includes all the law enforcement agencies. There are many roles in which local law enforcement agencies take part in everyday (Gil, 2009). The local law enforcement agencies are in place to provide routine patrol of the communities within their jurisdictions provide emergency services, maintain records, uphold traffic enforcement laws, conduct criminal investigations, planning and analysis, maintain...
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...profile that suits not only the necessities of the force but the necessities of the people. This paper will talk about the issues when becoming a police, and how the police faces these issues to ensure the stability, and order of the community is established. Among these issues the paper will discuss the dangers of being in the police, management of weapons, national security and law enforcement and other related topics on the issues of policing. Police Agencies The Police play a really important part on modern society, this part try to maintain the order and peace for the American people. There are many dangers that police officers face every day, not only dangers while in turn, but dangers within the internal part of the organization. The USA have currently employed more than 15,000 Police Agencies, (Walker & Katz,2011). This agencies are responsible for their units, and their management as well as to instruct them on how to avoid, and in case of face the many dangerous situations that police officers can face. Dangers of Policing Police Officers face many dangers while they are working, it is a risk that maybe all working men have, but being a police multiplies that danger. Police officers are supposed to serve the community for which they work, and many times serving the community can lead to many potential dangers, such as confrontations of many types, car chases, and dealing with people with many kind of problems, like drugs, or alcoholic influence, between...
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...Central Ohio Technical College Institute for Public Safety Law Enforcement Technology Autumn Semester, 2013 August 21 through December 11, 2013 Class Syllabus Course Title: Introduction to Criminal Justice Course Number: LET-100 Instructor: Bob Cromwell, MS BBA C: (740)258-0800 Office hours by appointment only. email: rcromwel@cotc.edu Required Materials: Textbook(s): Frank Schmalleger. (2014) Criminal justice: a brief introduction (10th edition). NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-13-300979-8 Packets: Not required Supplies: Any materials students may need to record information in face to face classroom setting AND access to internet for research projects. Additional Materials: None. Closed Reserve: None. ITS Resources: http://www.cotc.edu/faculty-and-staff/it-support/Pages/index.aspx Student Services: http://www.cotc.edu/student-life/Pages/default.aspx Library: http://www.cotc.edu/libraries/Pages/default.aspx College-Wide Policies: 1. Assessment -- As part of COTC’s campus-wide assessment initiatives (quality assurance program), samples of student performance such as test results, projects, papers, etc. may be used. The data gathered will not identify individual students and are not related to the student’s grade for the course, but will be used to improve student learning at COTC. 2. Disability -- Any student who...
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...and the time separating the crimes was minor, then the crime highest in the hierarchy is the only crime reported. This seems like a very inaccurate method of recording data, one would assume that all records of offenses were taken into consideration for reporting purposes. The NCVS program collects information on crimes by individuals and households while also providing information on victims such as age, sex, race, marital status. The difference in the two programs is that each serves a different purpose in reporting. The UCR reports information for law enforcement, operations and management. The NCVS provides information about each crime, its victims and the offenders. 2 Running Head: Midterm Essay 3 Summarize the evolution of the criminal justice system in America. Identify and discuss at least three (3) key U.S Supreme Court cases that have had a significant...
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...CIS 500 Complete ClasCIS 500 Complete Class Assignments and Term Paper Click link Below To Download Entire Class: http://strtutorials.com/CIS-500-Complete-Class-Assignments-and-Term-Paper-CIS5006.htm CIS 500 Complete Class Assignments and Term Paper CIS 500 Assignment 1 Predictive Policing CIS 500 Assignment 2: 4G Wireless Networks CIS 500 Assignment 3 Mobile Computing and Social Networking CIS 500 Assignment 4 Data Mining CIS 500 Term Paper Mobile Computing and Social Networks CIS 500 Assignment 1 Predictive Policing Click link Below To Download: http://strtutorials.com/CIS-500-Assignment-1-Predictive-Policing-CIS5001.htm In 1994, the New York City Police Department adopted a law enforcement crime fighting strategy known as COMPSTAT (COMPuter STATistics). COMPSTAT uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the locations of where crimes occur, identify “hotspots”, and map problem areas. COMPSTAT has amassed a wealth of historical crime data. Mathematicians have designed and developed algorithms that run against the historical data to predict future crimes for police departments. This is known as predictive policing. Predictive policing has led to a drop in burglaries, automobile thefts, and other crimes in some cities. Write a four to five (45) page paper in which you Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets...
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