...FGE 1023 COURSE : FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION LECTURE : AZHAM BIN AHMAD NAME : MOHAMMAD FAISAL BIN OTHMAN MATRIC NUMBER :14C19007 COMPUTER HISTORY INTRODUCTION What is computer? In its most basic form a computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output. This is less obvious on a primitive device such as the abacus where input, output and processing are simply the act of moving the pebbles into new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting. Regardless, this is what computing is all about, in a nutshell. We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic logic or the program currently running, and outputs the results. Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time. Despite the fact that we currently use computers to process images, sound, text and other non-numerical forms of data, all of it depends on nothing more than basic numerical calculations. Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those. In other words every image, every sound, and...
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...Modelling Of Modern Microprocessors Siddhant (Author) Department of Computer Science Lovely Professional University Phagwara, India siddhant_s@outlook.com Abstract--Microprocessors are also known as a CPU or central processing unit is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. This paper covers the evolution in microprocessors and the changes in the architecture of the microprocessor, the details of the latest microprocessors and the machines using them. The paper also discusses how the number of transistors affects the performance of processor. A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another. A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions. The native language of a microprocessor is Assembly Language. The above mentioned are the three basic activities of a microprocessor. An extremely simple microprocessor capable of performing the above mentioned operations loos like: Index terms—Modern, architecture, Intel, PC, Apple. I. INTRODUCTION The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine , a server or a laptop . The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982).The microprocessor is made up of transistors. CHIPA chip...
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...Chapter 0 Notes * Windows 8: A multitasking operating system for personal computers, workstations, servers, and mobile devices. This operating system incorporates many of the latest developments in operating system technology. In addition, Windows is one of the first important commercial operating systems to rely heavily on object-oriented design principles. This book covers the technology used in the most recent versions of Windows, known as Windows 8. * Android: Android tailored for embedded devices, especially mobile phones. Focusing on the unique requirements of the embedded environment, the book provides details of Android internals. * UNIX: A multiuser operating system, originally intended for minicomputers, but implemented on a wide range of machines from powerful microcomputers to supercomputers. Several flavors of UNIX are included as examples. FreeBSD is a widely used system that incorporates many state-of-the-art features. Solaris is a widely used commercial version of UNIX. * Linux: An open-source version of UNIX that is now widely used. Web Sites for This Book Three Web sites provide additional resources for students and instructors. There is a Companion Web site for this book at http://williamstallings.com/OperatingSystems/. Chapter 1 Notes An operating system (OS) exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors to provide a set of services to system users. The OS also manages secondary memory and I/O (input/output)...
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...Evolution of Computer Technology Catherine L. Dean 2142CMIS3106380 March 9, 2014 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) 3 III. Pipelining 3 IV. Cache Memory 4 V. Virtual Memory 4 VI. Conclusion 5 VII. Works Cited 5 I. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to investigate the evolution of and current trends in improving system performance with respect to RISC, pipelining, cache memory, and virtual memory. II. Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) Reduced Instruction Set Computing also known as RISC is a type of microprocessor architecture. It is a CPU design strategy. The purpose of RISC was for design simplification. It increases the number of executed instructions thus increasing the CPU performance. (Joy) The RISC design was first proposed and implemented in the 1960s and has been constantly evolving. Since the late 1980’s, RISC has been more than doubling its performance every year and half. The RISC industry, which includes IBM and Sun Microsystems, is ever expanding with the focus on the speed of executing instructions per second along with the evolution of the computer industry. (Joy) III. Pipelining One characteristic of RISC processors is pipelining. With pipelining, instructions are able to be executed in a shorter period of time. The first step in pipelining is to find the instructions, then read the registers, decode the instructions, execute the instruction, access the data...
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...Firmware Interface specifications are meant to facilitate emerging technologies, services, security mechanisms, and user experiences that come into play prior to loading the device’s OS. It was designed to allow for cross functionality between devices, software, and systems, unified Extensible Firmware Interface specifications encourage innovation, and helping to drive the evolution of the next generation technologies, such as the expansion of embedded and non pc systems. The UEFI provides a plurality of services, including console, storage, and networking services. Hosted and implemented by the UEFI Forum, this technology enables firmware innovation by promoting a standardized, extensible, and interoperable firmware interface that extends far beyond the PC and into the future of computing and the realm of embedded systems. Systems were analog or simple state, machine based platforms using SSI, MSI, or PLDS. The microprocessor ushered in a wave of continual evolution, demonstrated by the embedded market shift from 8-bit, to 16-bit, to 32-bit, to 64-bit microprocessors. This reflects the progression from simple cell phones to smartphones,...
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...INTEL CASE - Explain Intel's strategies and their evolution in time. - Analyze critically Intel's strategies. Bob, Gordon and Andrew established in California in 1968 a world famous company: Intel. At the beginning, this company produced semiconductor memory chips; however, as we will explain during this paper Intel’s production shifted into other fields. The main strategy Intel had was innovation the design of the product and being the first ones to achieve the market with the newest devices. This strategy entailed that the company was positioned at the cutting-edge in investments and infrastructure. Therefore, Intel invested a large amount of money in R&D, and underwent a strong investment in manufacture equipment in the beginning of the firm. This strategy positioned Intel were differently than the rest of competitors, always trying to achieve the first position in the competition. However, the first two products (1101 and 3101), introduced in 1969, did not succeed. In 1971, Intel managed to produce the world best selling semiconductor memory chips. In the years that followed, Japanese companies achieved to overtake to Intel with DRAMS semiconductors, these being more efficient, fast and cheaper than Intel’s. Later on Intel created the second generation of microprocessors and IBM entered in the microcomputers market with the PCs. Within this framework , Intel had to compete with Motorola and establish an alliance with IBM. Then, Intel developed Project Crush...
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...Introduction to Microprocessor A microprocessor is a single chip integrating all the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It includes all the logical functions, data storage, timing functions and interaction with other peripheral devices. In some cases, the terms 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the same device. Like every genuine engineering marvel, the microprocessor too has evolved through a series of improvements throughout the 20th century. A brief history of the device along with its functioning is described below. Its Working It is the central processing unit which coordinates all the functions of a computer. It generates timing signals, sends and receives data to and from every peripheral used inside or outside the computer. The commands required to do this are fed into the device in the form of current variations which are converted into meaningful instructions by the use of a Boolean Logic System. It divides its functions in two categories, logical functions and processing functions. The arithmetic and logical unit and the control unit handle these functions respectively. The information is communicated through a bunch of wires called buses. The address bus carries the 'address' of the location with which communication is desired while the data bus carries the data that is being exchanged. Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) This part of the central processing unit deals with operations such as addition, subtraction...
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...capitalized on the doubt regarding HP’s commitment to UNIX-based machines. By summer 1998, Sun had shipped more UNIX servers than any other vendor, including HP and IBM. Also HP as well as IBM had not joined Sun’s Solaris camp. It was clear that HP, and in turn ESG, no longer held a dominant position in the UNIX market. Need for Evolution to Maintain and Increase Market Share WINTEL systems were emerging in the field of enterprise computing. The growth rate of UNIX based machines was expected to slow to a CAGR of 5% from 1997 to 2001, as WINTEL systems were expected to become more powerful and reliable. Additionally, many industry experts believed that RISC was approaching its limit of technology on its S-curve of technology performance (Figure 1). Additionally, as WINTEL captured increasing volumes at low end of the workstation/server market, the brunt of competitive disadvantage on RISC-Unix computers was felt since manufacturing of RISC chips in lesser volumes and the need to port software to each UNIX version proved more costly. It was clear that evolution was the need of the hour. Merced and IA-64 The answer to the need of evolution came in the form of a chip code named Merced and its associated architecture IA-64, both of which were joint developed by HP and Tntel. Intel expected that Merced would constitute a bridge between the historically separate worlds of RISC and CISC. ESG at Crossroads In summer 1998,...
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...THE ZERO MARGINAL COST SOCIETY "To live well, we must work well" - folk wisdom. The capitalist model is practically not working. The collapse does not occur in one day, but it happens on a daily basis with local and some periodically stepped collapse. The standard of living of citizens' continuously and steadily getting worse, this is the social significance of the global crisis. Why the number of dissatisfied with the life is growing? The authorities are accusing the people: “you are guilty and don’t work well”. People are accusing authorities: “all of you are stealing our national wealth”. Both sides are right. Why do people and authorities -"do not want" to change and what will stimulate them to start “wanting"? We are living in a dangerous time, when: • Outdated socio-economic norms and government institutions are losing legitimacy (dying), informal (including illegal ones) rules are accepted; • Authorities are stealing and squandering, lives with outdated economic dogmas, protects outdated socio-economic rules and loses trust "the people" (for example, the latest scandal with excessive tax benefits in Luxembourg for international corporations) • Implemented ideology of distracting entertainment and consumption; • Dissatisfaction with the level of people’s life and authority actions are turning people into apathy, "universal" values are washed out, the quality of labor is falling; • Strengthens sprouts (beginnings)...
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...Evolution of Computer Applications and Architecture By Ken Jacobi, Computer Architecture (IT-501) In discussing the evolution of computer architecture, we find that there are many angles on how people tend to view things. Some will take consideration in how things have changed over the last few years. Others will take a stronger look at the direction of where they believe technology is going. A third focus is in regards to the unexpected mistakes that people have made. In conjunction with the past, how can these mistakes be avoided in the coming future and evolution of technology; both for equal and competitive reasons. In part with this, we can turn to the very basic view about what makes a good design. Many architectural topics once began with the idea that if you build something and develop it correctly, change is not something one should expect. If it’s developed right the first time then you don’t have to change it. In this successful strive, people have come to the underlying conclusion that this is a very unrealistic position to be. A very good place to stress the relevance here is by dating back to the start of an exciting architectural turn of events that have gotten us to where we now are: the birth of modern computing. Many will say that this “landmark” of progress has lead to an evolutional launch that we constantly live within. It’s safe to say that these embarking events once began somewhere amongst the early 1970s. Coming out of the...
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...8086hasa20bitaddressbuscanaccessupto220memorylocations(1MB).Itcansupportupto64KI/Oports.Itprovides14,16-bitregisters.Wordsizeis16bits.IthasmultiplexedaddressanddatabusAD0-AD15andA16–A19.Itrequiressinglephaseclockwith33%dutycycletoprovideinternaltiming.2 «‹›» /30 * Related * More * 02 architecture121 views * 2009 Punjab Technical University B.C.A Microprocessor Question paper1277 views * Qoestion Bank Big Questions5341 views * MELJUN CORTES DATA FORMAT108 views * M I C R O P R O C E S S O R S A N D I N T E R F A C I N G J N T U M O D E L …630 views * M.sc I-sem-8086 notes796 views * M.sc I-sem-8086 notes1049 views * Unit 12899 views * Lect 51529 views * microprocessor & programming1835 views * Evolution Of Microprocessor34001 views * 1326 Introduction To 8086 Microprocessor9356 views * 8086 introduction159 views * Mc1702 micro processor317 views * Micro Lec 11859 views * Evolution Of Microprocessors13171 views * Microprocessors 1-8086168 views * Ei502microprocessorsmicrtocontrollerspart5 sixteen bit8086 1335 views * Course plan mp2067 views * Microprocessor laboratory1086 views * Microprocessor and microcontroller lab viva questions1325 views * CPU HISTORY MUKUND532 views * The x86 Family7890 views * 13402 lecture 1877 views * 14910 ece301 hw266 views * Al2ed chapter3219 views * Sistem mikroprosessor701 views * M1 l3132 views * 23145586 views * 231455 281 views * Microprocessors80852959 views ...
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...1. What would it take for AMD to see a significant increase in its market share for processors used in corporate desktops and notebooks? How can success of the Opteron in the server segment be leveraged to other segments? It would take a lot for AMD to catch up with Intel as the gap in terms of market share between the two companies is huge. Except in very specialized niche markets, Intel has kept a significant leadership in every segments, including the server microprocessor market where AMD best performed. Between Q12000-Q2006 , the domination of Intel over the market was undeniable with an average of 80% market share against less than 20% average share of AMD.(Exhibit 2c) Moreover as mentioned “Intel’s dominant market position could limit AMD’s ability to make inroads to key market segments beyond servers, such as corporate desktops and notebooks.” The product differentiation is one solution. By improving the quality and the number of features of its desktops and notebooks microprocessors, AMD can get a competitive advantage over Intel’s product. Though, since Intel’s R&D funds are much higher one good way to overtake Intel would be to perpetuate the “virtual Gorilla” Strategy. Technology partnership would indeed accelerate the improvement of AMD products and would create synergies with partners that, in the case of AMD, often are potential customers . Then the “customer centric approach” set by AMD to improve and develop its products in a way that serves the best end...
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...Professional Management Skills Assessment Word Count: 2600 This case analyzes the strategy of AMD, a microprocessor manufacturer which is a direct competitor of another microprocessor company, Intel. Between the two companies the competition has never been really balanced because of Intel’s much more Important Size and budget. AMD has found itself in a bad shape several times but has always success in overcoming difficulties resulting from its far smaller market shares and – over the years – has built a strategy to survive and strengthen its position against its giant competitor Intel. What would it take for AMD to see significant increase in its market share in processors used in corporate desktops and notebooks? How can the success of Opteron in the server segment be leveraged to other segments? It would take a lot for AMD to catch up with Intel as the gap in terms of market share between the two companies is huge. Except in very specialized niche markets, Intel has kept a significant leadership in every segments, including the server microprocessor market where AMD best performed. Still in the second quarter of 2010, the domination of Intel over the market was undeniable with 86.1% market share against 13.7% for AMD on the pc processor segment, 72.2% against 27.5% on the desktop microprocessor market and a 93.5% market share against 6.5% on the x 86 server microprocessor segment. (Michelle Maisto citing IDC, 2010). Moreover as mentioned by Ofek and Barley “Intel’s dominant...
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...Knowledge Management and Information Strategy Assessment Table of Contents 1. Introduction: 4 1.1. Organization (IBM) brief: 4 1.2. Services provided by the organization: 5 2. Employee management in the organization: 5 2.1. Technologies invented and business: 5 2.2. Various collaborations: 7 2.3. Implementation of knowledge management strategy: 7 2.4. Post implementation analysis: 8 3. Potential application: 8 3.1. Communities of practices within the company: 9 3.2. Organizational influences: 10 3.3. Community evolution in IBM Global Services: 10 3.4. Patterns followed: 11 4. Conclusion: 12 References: 13 1. Introduction: Knowledge management (KM) is group of processes that concerns the creation, distribution and consumption of knowledge. It’s a broad topic and is not only a technological strategy. It mainly governs the whole process of discovery and formation of knowledge. KM balances and increases other managerial initiatives such as total quality management (TQM), business process re engineer (BPR) and organizational learning providing a latest and urgent focus to continue competitive spot (Abrahamson, 2003). In order to serve the customers well and remain in the business knowledge management should be applied. But none of it would be possible without a continuous focus on formation, updating, accessibility, quality and the use of knowledge by all the staff and teams at work. 1.1. Organization (IBM) brief: The International Business Machines...
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...The evolution of technology changed drastically throughout the generations and the decade of 1970s brought upon many technologies that advanced the future. In today’s society, people continue to use the impressive technological inventions created from the 1970s and without these products, America’s future is not innovative. The start of the 70s was leading America into the future. In 1971, one of the most crucial inventions is Intel’s first microprocessor, intel 4004, conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Due to this, the production of computers and calculators commenced. With the microprocessor, the company Hewlett-Packard began to develop pocket calculators and launched the world’s first scientific calculator in 1972. As the need for pocket calculators increased, companies decided to make more since it was handy for making fast calculations. Furthermore, the first microcomputer was...
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