Echinoderms are one of the most highly derived groups of animals with many species as significant components of several marine communities. They’re classified by three fundamental shared characteristics: 1) pentaradial symmetry, 2) skeleton made of three-dimensional calcitic elements, and 3) the presence of a water vascular system with an external opening. This water-vascular system (WVS), in particular, remains a unique application of a hydraulic system, generating pressure gradients that are able to command hundreds of tiny, adorable tube feet to crawl over uneven surfaces and feeding on tough shelled prey like mussels.
The basic components of the WVS in non-crinoid echinoderms (below) include a circumoral ring canal with five radial canals extending from off of it. Also attached to the ring canal is the madreporite, which acts as a door between the external environment of the sea and the internal environment of the echinoderm. The madreporite, named after its resemblance to the Madreporaria coral (meaning “mother of the pores”), is lined with cells that beat tail-like flagella in a variety of directions.The fluid inside the WVS is similar to seawater in composition but contains up to 60% more potassium ions, slightly higher concentrations of chloride ions, and freely floating albuminous protein. Sea cucumbers have also been found to have red blood cells in their WVS.
Each radial canal has serially repeating pairs of shorter canals that attach to the tube feet, which are operated by muscle contraction of the ampullae located directly over them. Think turkey baster: when you squeeze the bulb it pushes fluid out the baster end, let go of the pressure and it sucks fluid back in toward the bulb. Crinoids differ because they lack both these shorter canals and ampullae and their tube feet occur in groups of three coming directly from a canal similar to the radial canal.
The evolutionary history of the echinoderm dates back to the early Cambrian and they rapidly diversified. Today, only the five classes are present (represented in the graphic at top). Their radial symmetry is only slightly misleading. Genetic studies suggest that echinoderm evolution occurred by means of extensive mutation in regulatory genes inherited from bilateral ancestors. Early theories about the origin of this group included the ‘pentacula’ and ‘dipleurula’ ideas. The former was postulated first and assumes pentaradial symmetry evolved before the formation of the WVS while the latter is based on the earliest recognizable larval stage common to the modern classes of echinoderms.
Crinoids retain the most primitive form of the WVS. Tube feet were believed to originally been used entirely for respiration as well as feeding structures, but fossil eocrinoids have distinct pores between skeletal plates that led Nichols (1972) to conclude that the tube feet system was not very extensive in early in crinoid evolution. But he doesn’t give consideration to other interpretations of the structures, such as openings for internal parts related to locomotion or feeding and unrelated to respiration. Carpoids, such as Gyrocystis and Dendrocystites, found in middle Cambrian sediments are considered basal to the echinoderm lineage due to similarity in skeletal elements and are hypothesized to have soft, protractible internal tentacular structures. The existence of a primitive WVS is inconclusive in the fossil record of carpoids, yet the it is considered to have evolved prior to other echinoderm characteristics. The earliest suggestion of anything like a WVS comes from the Helicoplacoidea found in lower Cambrian deposits (noted by the presence of highly organized rows of ambulacral pores). According to Paul (1977) no modern class has diverged from the carpoids, which has been extinct since the Mesozoic. Helicoplacoids, withtriradial symmetry, diverged very early from the carpoids and the rest of the echinoderm lineage evolved upon the Helicoplacoid bauplan.
While the echinoderm family tree is not entirely worked out, they experienced a short diversification event during the Cambrian and Ordivician and the basic bauplan has since remained little changed. The four non-crinoid classes have similar structure and function in their WVS. Holothuroids are likely the most derived at the class level, because their bucchal feeding tentacles are extended from the circumoral ring canal and contain no skeletal elements. The recently discovered Xyloplax (left), a strange sort of sea star, has a more unique WVS arrangement: a novel system with double ring canals containing inter-radial connections and mono-serial set of tube feet. Janies and McEdward (1994) suggest that the unique geometry of the its WVS evolved via a modification in the developmental mechanism of a juvenile velatid Asteroid. This case represents the most modern and derived evolution of the WVS.
The echinoderm’s rapid diversification, lack of good preservation and the absence of more than one type specimen for comparing obscure fossil classes presents problems when attempting to explain their evolutionary history. The WVS is not, strictly speaking, only an unique echinoderm characteristic. There are similarities to structures in thehemichordates and the hydraulically-operated lophophore. Not mention that embryological characteristics of echinoderms are also shared among chordates, hemichordates, and the lophophorates. Additionally, the ring canal developed from a U-shaped precursor that eventually fuses together during ontogeny to form the ring we see in echinoderms today. This seems to fit with Nichols’ (1967, 1972) theory that echinoderms shared an ancestry with a lophophorate-like predecessor, which also have U-shaped guts in both larval and adult forms.
The WVS is a unique and, in today’s echinoderms, successful innovation. It seems plausible that the intricate network of canals could have been built upon pre-existing anatomical structures, such as the lophophore and U-shaped gut of a lophophate-like common ancestor, but the evidence is unclear. What is striking to me is that such an innovation is not present in other phyla. The WVS probably arose as a feeding structure in early sessile echinoderms, as evidenced by fossil interpretations, and secondarily became used for locomotion. Another interpretation may be that the WVS evolved more than once among extinct and extant echinoderms for different purposes (i.e. respiration, feeding, locomotion). Either way, the WVS is an amazing adaptation among the Echinodermata.
Some of the larger species of tropical sea cucumbers, known commercially as trepang or bêche-de-mer, are dried and used in soups, particularly in Asia. Raw or cooked mature sex organs, or gonads, of sea urchins are regarded as a delicacy in some parts of the world, including parts of Europe, the Mediterranean region, Japan, and Chile. Some tropical holothurians produce a toxin, known asholothurin, which is lethal to many kinds of animals; Pacific islanders kill fish by poisoning waters with holothurian body tissues that release the toxin. Holothurin does not appear to harm human beings; ... (100 of 9,066 words) Medusiform Sea Daisy (xyloplax Medusiformis) Class Concentricycloidea
Description of Concentricycloidea (sea star relatives)

These are tiny echinoderms are disc-shaped and were discovered from samples of wood collected from great depths in the ocean. The animals were only 2-9mm across and covered with plate-like ossicles. Marginal spines exist around the periphery.
The first universally accepted echinoderms appear in the Lower Cambrian period (Paul and Smith 1984). Echinoderms left behind an extensive fossil record. Despite this, there are numerous conflicting hypotheses on their phylogeny. Based on their bilateral larvae, many zoologists argue that echinoderm ancestors were bilateral and that their coelom had three pairs of spaces (trimeric).
Some have proposed that radial symmetry arose in a free-moving echinoderm ancestor and that sessile groups were derived several times independently from free-moving ancestors. Unfortunately, this view does not address the significance of radial symmetry as an adaptation for a sessile existence.
The more traditional view is that the first echinoderms were sessile, became radial as an adaptation to that existence, and then gave rise to free-moving groups. This view perceives the evolution of endoskeletal plates with stereom[22] structure and of external ciliary grooves for feeding as early echinoderm developments.
The extinct members of paraphyletic Homalozoa, commonly referred to as carpoids, hadstereom ossicles but were not radially symmetrical, and the status of their water-vascular system is not known. Further, extinct members of the Class Helicoplacoidea possessed three, true ambulacral grooves, and their mouth was on the side of their body.
Attachment to a substratum would have selected for radial symmetry and may have marked the origin of the Class Crinoidea. Members of Crinoidea, along with the extinct members of Class Cystoidea, were primitively attached to a substratum by an aboral stalk. An ancestor that became free-moving might have given rise to Asteroidea, Ophiuroidia, Holothuroidea, and Echinoidea.