...Terrorism History The history of terrorism goes back to Sicarii Zealots — Jewish extremist group active in Iudaea Province at the beginning of the 1st century AD. After Zealotry rebellion in the 1st century AD, when some prominent collaborators with Roman rule were killed,[126][127] according to contemporary historian Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii.[128] Their terror also was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites. Origin of Term "Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme,[12] and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the Reign of terror. The French word terrorisme in turn derives from the Latin verb terreō meaning “I frighten”.[13] The terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC. Definition * Studies have found over 100 definitions of “terrorism”. * Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, often violent, especially as a means of coercion. In the international community * violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or, ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians) * "terror" by opponents of the state Where is it practiced? * Terrorism has been practiced...
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...September 3, 2014 Global Issues Midterm Essay Terrorism is commonly known in the world today and has been an issue for many years. It is indeed the greatest problem in the world. Terrorism consists of five categories. Those five categories are: Domestic, Nationalist, State, Global and Religious terrorism. I strongly believe that this world cannot survive with terrorism on the rise. It is actually one of the huge dangers to world peace. There’s only a matter of time before suitable measures are taken to preclude this issue at hand. Before we talk about Domestic Terrorism, let’s find out what’s the meaning of Terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. That definition simply means that individuals are involved in violent acts and is extremely dangerous to human life. In society today when the word terrorism is mentioned people automatically think of September 11, 2001 event. Domestic Terrorism is when a situation arises within the borders of a state and is then associated with a terrorist group. There are three categories that deals with domestic terrorism and that is: right and left wing and special interest terrorism. Right-wing terrorist is driven by ideas of white national independence, conflicting governments and administrative beliefs. The anti-government is those who may or may not embrace racism. Left-wing and special-interest terrorism are those who are supposed to protect general public against the...
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...Terrorism in Africa Introduction This essay looks at the part of terrorism in Africa; naturally the region has endured the most terrorist assaults on the planet. This paper will clarify what terrorism means and a brief history of the first indications of terrorism to have surfaced. The different kinds of terrorism will likewise be disclosed with samples to better explain them. Also, a portion of the strategies adopted by terrorist will be analyzed. The reasons and solutions will likewise be disclosed in other to comprehend why these assaults happen. A conclusion will finally be introduced to summarize the essay. The scope The first known association that showed qualities of a present day terrorist affiliation was the Zealots of Judea. Referred...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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...Terrorism is a Political Term 'States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil...' President G. W. Bush, 29th January 2002 State of the Union Address Abstract: As can be seen from the above quote, ‘terrorism’ is a political, derogatory term with no real, inherently meaningful definition and, with the war being waged against it in its tenth year, one that has divided the world. One reason for the division stems not from the nature of its ambiguity or any fundamental change in its manifestation, but in the West’s difficulty in conceptualizing the motivations behind its many faces. ‘Terrorism’ does not define the motives behind an act of terror. It characterizes them, and this is what has led to its increasing use as a political term, particularly since 9/11. The reasons go beyond mere semantics however and, in the context of the Global War on Terror, have fueled not just the conflict but the surge in recruitment and sympathy that has taken place for terrorist causes across the world. It needs to be recognized that the use of terrorism as a political term has actually had more of a negative impact on the world than any terrorist attack to date. Introduction: Since the coinage of the term ‘terrorism’, its characteristics have always been synonymous with organized violence and a political end-goal. Until recently, however, its employment had been more of a vernacular convenience than a political expression. Over the last...
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...Running head: STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM 1 PAGE 2 STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM State-Sponsored Terrorism YourFirstName YourLastName University title ? ????????????????????????????????? State Sponsored Terrorism: A Case of ISIS The term terrorism has elicited various definitions across different jurisdictions and continuously evokes different emotional responses. To some terrorism is an inhumane and traumatizing act while to others it is a strategic move to achieve desired goals and others see it as a holy war against those they feel do not conform to their ideals. Perhaps the best example to illustrate this discord in the definition of terrorism is the phrase that one man?s terrorist is another man?s freedom fighter. Terrorism...
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...Terrorism Terrorism: A general definition Terrorism is the deliberate and organized use of violence against the state. The single important objective behind the act of terrorism is to create fear and spread insecurity among citizens of the state. By striking the unarmed and hapless citizens, terrorists aim to disrupt governance. Such attacks show the government in poor light. i.e. as one that cannot guarantee security of life and property, one of the most basic function of the state. In Angels & Demons, Dan Brown writes: “terrorism is not an expression of rage. Terrorism is the political weapon. Remove a government’s façade of infallibility, and you remove its people’s faith”. Types of Terrorism There are three types of terrorism. They are (a) State Sponsored Terrorism. (b) State Terrorism. (c) Organizational Terrorism. (a) State Sponsored Terrorism is always directed against another state, often by proxy, with the aim to destabilize it. A good example to drive home this idea is Pakistan sponsored terrorism against India. (b) State Terrorism is directed against a State’s own citizen. The reason could be numerous, chief among is the tussle between majority and minority group (both demographic and religious). A case in point is the 1994 Rawanda Genocide where majority ethnic Hutu tribe militia butchered nearly 8 lakhs Tutsis in 100 days of carnage. (c) Organizational Terrorism is used by groups to realize divergent aims including political, social, and economic...
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...TERRORISM AND GLOBALIZATION “Terrorism has rarely been absent from history, and over centuries has appeared in many guises”1. Referring to Walter Laqueur, no state or international system has been exempted from this form of non-state violence. However, the major shifts carried by globalization, that is to say the transformation from a state-centric world to a global system, seem to have perturbed the way violent non-state actors act, claim, interfere, and wage war in the new international system. If we follow the vision of Carpenter, we can talk about a “new world disorder”2 because of the multiplicity of new actors supported by international markets and transnational links. But, should we use the adjective “new” to describe nowadays’ terrorist organizations and attacks? Since 9/11 attacks, world seem to have toggled in major insecurity and fear of those modern organization that can act wherever and whenever they want at any place in the world. Undeniably, terrorists’ forms of violence have evolved by taking advantage of criminal organizations’ and illegal trades’ favourable trends. But this method, more than a political doctrine, represents a non-state use of violence or threat of violence to spread fear and bring political reform or revolution. Therefore, it should be reconsidered with the former violent actors and the disintegration of states. Moreover, the subject comprehension have to be reinforced in order - for great power or American superpower - to prevent those...
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...Patrick H. O’Neil describes political violence as “politically motivated violence outside of state control.” Political violence is one of the prevalent forms of violence throughout the world today. In many cases, it is used to exhibit some type of political stance or supposed to oppose another political stance. There are different types of political violence and each type has its own purpose and outcome. There are many explanations that are given as to why political violence has been used over the years. One explanation is because of the institutions or organizations and the impact that they have on the country and/or region that the political violence occurs. There are many different types of institutions including political, economic, and social institutions. These institutions can also have a lot of impact on how political violence unfolds. The institutions can either create or abolish...
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...not forcing it. Japan, for example, took a cue from the United States in taking majority stakes in major banks; while in Russia, the Kremlin was exploiting the economic crisis to establish more control over industries that it had long coveted, such as energy. 2- Discuss examples of recent macro political risk events and the effect they have or might have on a foreign subsidiary. What are micro political risk events? Give some examples and explain how they affect international business. Answer: An event that affects all foreign firms doing business in a country or region is called a macro political risk event. In many regions, terrorism poses a severe and random political risk to company personnel and assets and can obviously interrupt the conduct of business. The increasing incidence of terrorism around the world concerns MNCs. In particular, the kidnapping of business executives has become quite common. In addition, the random acts of violence around the world have a downward effect on global expansion, not the least because of the difficulty in attracting and retaining good managers in high-risk areas, as well as the expense of maintaining security to protect people and assets and the cost of insurance to cover them. Companies that go ahead and invest in those high-risk areas do so with the expectation of a higher profit premium to offset risk. An event that affects one industry or company or only a few companies is called a micro political risk event. Such events have...
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...Justifiable Terrorism in Total Wars Molly Thomson 201311503 Political Science 1000-03 March 18th, 2014 The word ‘terrorism’ instantly makes people shudder; the negative connotations and controversies surrounding terrorism in modern society are enough to spark a discussion of whether it is justifiable or not. In order to determine whether or not terrorism can be justified, a clear definition must be decided upon. Decades before the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, the definition of the word terrorism was hard to define. Political figures around the globe argued and disagreed on what they thought should have determined the act of terrorism. Now, there are multiple different definitions originating from distinct cultures and societies, suggesting that terrorism is in the eye of the victim. One definition of terrorism is “any violent or criminal act planned for a political or ideological purpose”; while another claims that terrorism is understood to be a direct attack on innocents. Since both of these definitions have important components to them, it can be assumed that both traits are essential to defining terrorism. For the purpose of this paper, the definition of terrorism will be understood as ‘a violent attack on innocents for the purpose of political change’. It can be hard for most people to understand the act of injuring and/or killing hundreds, or maybe even tens of thousands of people, as justifiable. However, if the innocents are...
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...TERRORISM Terrorism is just a word in English, but it is a hazard for mankind. India faces the problems of poverty, population, hunger and literacy. But spread of terrorism is the most frightening of all. Be it in the small countries like Ireland and Israel, or in the big ones life Russia and USA, terrorism has become the main challenge to most of the governments today. Terrorism has been described as ‘the use of international violence by group or individuals to achieve political goals’, by the experts in U.S.A. In simple words, it is the spread of terror. It has to be remembered that if destruction of people is taken by the behalf of an established government against another country, then it is known as war, not terrorism.Terrorism is more accurately defined as act(s) of violence by an organization directed towards civilians, rather than against the military done to achieve an objective.It consists of a series of act planned to spread pressure, panic and destruction in a population. Terrorists aim at achieving political power by overthrowing and destroying the democratic and lawful governments. They try to create disturbance and unstable conditions on a vast scale to achieve their own political ends. They are trained, inspired and financed by very powerful national and international vested interests. They receive deadly weapons and ammunition from these powers and create havoc. This ugly and dangerous socio-political phenomenon called terrorism knows no limits of land, time...
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...EGERTON UNIVERSITY NAIROBI CITY CAMPUS FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PEACE, SECURITY & SOC. STUDIES M.A SECURITY MANAGEMENT NAME : MWITI GITONGA MBERIA ADM NO : AM21/0425/13 ASSIGNMENT : TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM COURSE CODE : SECU. 715 COURSE TITLE: TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM SUPERVISOR : MADAM LOUISE MACHARIA DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16TH NOVEMBER, 2014 ACRONYMS CJM – Criminal Justice Model WM – War Model ECJM – Expanded Criminal Justice Model MACP – Military Aid to Civilian Power SIGNT – Signal acquired Intelligence HUMINT – Human acquired Intelligence ELINT - Electronic Communications Intelligence 1.0 INTRODUCTION Terrorists commit acts of great atrocity and inhumanity, and many affected by such acts may be tempted to take “an eye for an eye” approach, but it is important that any response or emergency powers follow democratic principles. By retaliating harshly, the state runs the risk not only of looking like an oppressive bullying regime but also of alienating the public, thus perhaps causing sympathy for the terrorists and making it harder for the state to refuse their demands. The counterterrorist approach/capability needs to have a preventive (before), responsive (during), and “post” or “after” approach to deal with incidents and eventualities afterward. If conflict...
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...There is no universal definition of terrorism but in what case does it really matters? Do we need a universal definition of terrorism? During the last two century, many definition of terrorism have been elaborated. As today there are several different kinds of terrorism and also different point of view on terrorism nobody can clearly understand what is terrorism. The description of terrorism varies between cultures. Moreover one of the current problems with the word terrorism is that it is easier to define this term by what it is not than define it by what it is. A Universal definition is needed, In order to clearly understand this notion. However, even scholars or governments are not agreeing on the fact that we need a universal definition of terrorism. According to Lutz, “what will be useful is to provide a working definition, as neutral as possible. What is also necessary is to read and evaluate with cares how others use the word. A clear and workable definition of terrorism should cover both groups that individuals agree with and group that they disagree with” . Sebastian Wojciechowski offers several...
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...Terrorism has been the bane of human society. People following different religious, social and ethnic ideologies tend to enforce their view points on others. This intolerance in society gives birth to various segments of likeminded people who try to change the social norms with the use of force and coercion according to their wishes and beliefs. Terrorism has evolved through various stages referred to as Waves of Terrorism. The terrorists have not only improved their tactics but also their reach and impact. The present wave of terrorism can be likened to a “Spider and Starfish” analogy wherein the spider is the human society and government while the starfish is the terrorist organization. The former is conventional, hierarchically organization...
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