...THE EFFECT OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION ON THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIAN STUDENT BY GODWIN EIGBE A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE INSTITUTE OF OPENCAST MINING AND TECHNOLOGY BENIN CITY 23RD AUGUST, 2013 Introduction The poor performance of Nigerian students in both internal and external examinations have been decried in many quarters across the country and many have blamed the society, the schools and parents for their role in the deteriorating level of academic performances. Not many have questioned the role of the students themselves in the dilemma that has befallen them. The search for a permanent cure to this menace has been on for decades. However with every new dawn the case seems to go worse. There are many who blame the poor economy as a result of high level corruption being perpetrated in government and political circles. Others believe that the school system is failing and is not doing enough to ensure that students get the maximum attention necessary for excellence. And there are others who believe that neglect on the part of parents is responsible for poor performances in schools. However true these factors are, no independent factor can be singled out to be more responsible for the problem of poor performance by students in schools. More recently, many researchers have identified lack of seriousness, laziness which leads to procrastination and corruption and examination malpractices in schools...
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...combination of exercises to achieve optimal improvement in functioning. Retraining attention and concentration Attention is the ability to focus on certain aspect of the environment that one considered important or interesting and to flexible manipulate this information (Solhlberg & Mateer, 1987; Wood, 1988). It is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating...
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...Scantron form at the University Bookstore (50¢) and bring a No. 2 pencil & your student ID. There will be a penalty if you do not bring a Scantron form and a pencil. The test will consist of 25-30 multiple choice items and will cover lecture through April 18. Some items will focus on recall of concepts and definitions, while others will tell you a brief story or describe a scenario and then ask you to identify properly an idea or concept within it. All of the materials on the test are mentioned in one way or another on this study guide. If it’s not in the study guide, it will not be on the test. BE ABLE TO DEFINE AND RECOGNIZE EXAMPLES OF THESE TERMS: Source Message Channel Receiver Feedback Encoding Decoding “Multicoders” Verbal codes Nonverbal codes Noise Selective exposure Selective attention Selective perception Selective retention (memory) Denotative meaning Connotative meaning Symbol Referent Semiosis Sapir-Whorf hypothesis mneumonics as memory aids “Wysiati” Linguistic determinism Fallible memory Transactive memory Transactive encoding Transactive retrieval Contested memory System 1 vs. System 2 Semantic differential Halo effect Priming Framing Language Paraphrasing Dating (language) Indexing (language) BE ABLE TO RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING ITEMS: 1. According to the opening lecture, what is main thing that the study of communication about? 2. In the Floyd study discussed the first day, how did kissing their romantic...
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...protect your limited attention resources? Our mechanisms that we use to control attention are unconscious processes. An example would be a person can ignore many aspects of stimuli that aren’t important (this is selective attention). People also learn to divide (this is divided attention) between tasks that are being done at the same time such as listening to music and talking on the phone. How do you solve problems with limited attention? When a person is trying to solve a problem his or her attention will be given to reaching a solution or a goal. During problem solving a person’s attention will be focused on the representation of the problem at hand (Sternberg, 2003). According to Sternberg, problems are represented in a number of ways that include spatial, mathematical, as well as verbal. If the problem is mathematical, it might me in the form of flowcharts, facts, equations, graphs, number and so on. People will solve problems by selective heuristics (this is mental shortcut) by basing the likelihood of the event being similar to another event. What role do schemas play in attention? A schema is a cognitive framework that helps a person to organize and interpret information (Sternberg, 2003). When there is a mental activity, schema relates to attention that is associated to the way a person perceives, thinks, interprets, and focuses on information. An example of this would be Brown & Dittmar (2005) studied the results of varied attention to media imagines that...
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...from rising early in the morning, coffee also helps improve alertness as well. The caffeine in coffee has proven successful at improving both selective and sustained attention. A study done by the ISIC gathered two test groups. One group was habitual coffee drinkers; those who consume coffee on a regular basis as a part of their daily diet. The latter group, the non-coffee drinkers, was those who do not utilize coffee in a consistent diet. In those who habitually consumed coffee, the dosage of caffeine needed to increase performance levels was 400mg. In the non-habitual consumers, the dose was 200mg. These test subjects proved that caffeine consumption helped deter sleep inertia, therefore decreasing the amount of mistakes or accidents in the workplace. Sleep inertia is characterized by grogginess and lack of motor dexterity and is the usual cause of one desiring to return to sleep upon awakening (ISIC, 2004). Furthermore, the positive effects of caffeine can be found in attentive performance. ESFA, a selective group of scientists, reviewed case studies done on the effects of coffee on sustained attention and selective attention. Sustained attention is attention held over a period of time. Selective attention is attention directed solely at relevant material. These two factors combined with memory retention provide great examples as to the progressive effect of caffeine and its positive repercussions (McDowell, M.). Along...
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...Fiske, Lin, & Neuberg suggest that attention manipulates various impression formations; specifically, selective...
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...In today’s society, attention is very much needed while driving a car. Attention is the functioning of your brain which involves cognitive processing that focus on incoming stimuli. It is also a mental process to specific information from your surrounding environment. It is the ability to keep the mind focused by carefully observing and hearing. Technology and social medias are considerably dominant and driven in this generation, and accomplish to make individuals not pay attention to what actually is going on in front of us in the real world. “According to the research, the mental activity of conversation, whether in person or over the phone, is what takes one's mind off the road” (Strayer, 2009). Drivers have a difficult task, which requires rigorous attention on the road....
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...Intro Many factors go into the process a consumer has to deal with when negotiating through the process of buying goods and services. There are psychological and social processes that may have an influence consumer behavior. Some of those influences come from the process developed by the marketing communications. There is also a relationship between the consumer traits and their purchasing behaviors that will be evaluated in this paper. Culture also is important to consumer behavior and can affect regional and social needs. Finally, consumers are analytical and can interpret marketing messages to benefit their needs. All these points will be evaluated and explored in this paper on consumer traits and behaviors. Psychological and Social Processes that Influence Consumer Behavior Consumers are driven by the desire to satisfy needs when they decide to make a purchase. Many of these needs are considered to be our Innate or primary needs. These needs are the physiological needs that we, as humans, require to help keep us alive, things such as food, air, water, shelter and sex. The satisfying of these physical needs are only a part, although a major one, of what drives us to buy the things we need. The problem with humans is that we are not completely satisfied with meeting our physical needs, but we also have to satisfy our Acquired needs or secondary needs. Just like the satisfaction of our innate needs helps us to feel good about our physical self. The...
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...Handout # 8 Introduction to Phychology BBA-1 Consciousness Instructed By Ms. Ghazala Danish Consciousness: Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment. Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. It is prosperity of particular parts of the brain, not of the brain as a whole. The awareness of various cognitive processes and making decision. For example, in one moment you may be focused on reading this article. Your consciousness may then shift to the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a co-worker. Next, you might notice how uncomfortable your chair is or maybe you are mentally planning dinner. Cognitive Process: | Cognitive processes are very important for human behavior. It is about knowledge and the way people use their knowledge. For example, sleep, looks dream are count in cognitive process. Consciousness as a social phenomenon: Consciousness is that we aware of ourselves of our thoughts, our perceptions, our actions, our memories and our feelings. Historically, people have taken three philosophical positions about the nature of consciousness. The first and earliest position is that consciousness is not a natural phenomenon, (natural phenomenon is that subject to the laws of nature that all scientists attempt to discover: laws involving matter and purely physical forces. This position says that consciousness is something supernatural and...
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...that which you sense B. Subjective perception: i. Your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli 1. You interpret what you sense and make it your own (add and subtract key details to remember it) 2. Subjective: If you are having a rough day, you may perceive someone’s constructive criticism as offensive and annoying. II. Differences in Perception—Why do we perceive the world differently from others? A. Physiological factors i. Ranges from sex, height, weight, body type, and senses ii. Example: Headaches—may not see a stop sign as you are driving B. Past experiences (perceptual constancy) i. The idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perception exists ii. Example: Bad burrito—if you had food poisoning after eating a burrito, then you may no longer want to order a burrito the next time you go out to eat Mexican food. C. Roles i. The part an individual plays in a group; an individual’s function or expected behavior ii. Affects the way you talk to someone (i.e., parents always treating you like a small child may affect how you communicate with your parents) D. Culture i. A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with one another and with...
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...Environmental Forces BUYER’S BLACK BOX • Buyer’s decision process • Buyer’s characterist ics Buyer Responses • Buying attitude and preference • Purchase behavior (what, when, where, and how much) • Relationship behavior with brand and company Five Stages in the Consumer Decision Process Need recognition Information search Evaluation of alternatives Purchase decision Class Discussion: Customer Needs • What do parents-to-be need? • How can a company meet their important needs? Identify and Evaluate Alternatives Example: Brand Choice of Your Computer Purchased Recently Company: What can you do? Dear Company, We’re sorry to let you know your brand is not in our evoked set. To: The Company Yours sincerely, Your target customers Question: • What can a company do if its brand is NOT in the evoked set of the target consumers? – Inept set (avoided alternatives) – Inert set (backup alternatives) – Unawareness set Example: A customer’s evaluation of 3 computer brands • Which brand would this consumer most likely choose to purchase? • Which brand would this consumer least likely choose to purchase? Attributes (Criteria) Importance Weight (Sum = 1.0) Evaluation on the Performance of Alternative Computer Brands (Score: 1-7) Evaluation of Alternatives Brand A Price Speed Warranty Size Brand B 6 3 5 6 Brand C 2 7 4 7 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 4 6 5 4 Purchase Decision Stage: In-Store Influences that Affect Brand Choice Point-ofPurchase Displays...
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...Rebecca Zellner Professor Joseph Ben-Ur MKGT 4311-Buyer Behavior Exercise in Consumer Psychology 1. Describe, define and explain all relationships between all the systems in Freud’s theory. According to Sigmund Frued analyses, human personality consists of three interacting systems: the id, suger ego, and the ego. These elements of personality work together to create complex human behaviors. The id consist of primitive and impulsive drives impelled by the pleasure principle consisting of basic physiological needs such as thirst, hunger, and sex which the individual seeks immediate satisfaction without concern for the specific means. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is established in early life such as an infant that is hungry, he or she will cry until the demands of the id is met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or logical. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle we might find ourselves indulging or participating in wrongful behaviors not thinking of the outcome. In comparison the super ego is conceptualized as the individual’s expression of society’s moral and ethical codes of conduct. The super ego’s role is to ensure the individual’s needs are met in a socially acceptable fashion. Lastly the ego is the individual’s conscious control. The ego’s role is to monitor and balance the impulsive demands of the id and the sociocultural constraints of...
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...1. Consumer behavior- reflects the totality of consumers’ decisions with respect to the acquisition, consumption, and disposition of goods, services, activities, experiences, and ideas by human decision-making units over time. 2. Offering- a product, service, activity, experience, or idea offered by a marketing organization to consumers. 3. Segmenting the market: is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who have common needs and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. 4. Demographics--statistics that measure observable aspects of a population, such as Age, Gender, Family structure, Social class, Income, Race/ethnicity, geography 5. Psychographics The way we feel about ourselves, the things we value and the things we do in our spare time. 6. Behavioral segmentation: Heavy, Infrequent, New, Would never try, How used, Where and When used. 7. Target Market: a particular group of consumers at which a product or service is aimed. 8. Database marketing: is a form of direct marketing using databases of customers or potential customers to generate personalized communications in order to promote a product or service for marketing purposes. The method of communication can be any addressable medium, as in direct marketing. 9. Data mining: the practice of examining large databases in order to generate new information. 10. Exchange Processes: Exchange is the process that involves...
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...of Phoenix Material Attention Worksheet Using the text, Cognition: The Thinking Animal, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 150 words in length. 1. How do you define the concept of attention? Attention occurs when a person is mentally focused on someone or something and channels other distractions out. In my opinion, a person pays attention by active listening and intensively observing. For instance a couple on a date in a crowded restaurant gives one another their undivided attention by keeping eye contact and intently listening to everything the other one says to them. I believe it is imperative to show someone you are giving him or her undivided attention when they are speaking to you and that shows them you respect their thoughts and feelings. Moreover, there are two types of attention, one being divided attention and selective attention. Divided attention occurs when a person tries to multi-task and dividing their attention to more than one person or task. Selective attention occurs when person selects one particular person or thing to focus on and they block everything else surrounding them out. This allows them concentrate on one thing so they can better understand and process the information being conveyed. 2. What is the relationship between attention and cognition? • I believe attention can be allocated to tasks...
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...Marketing is the process of promoting a product or service to be sold to the consumer and keep it selling indefinitely. This assignment will cover the different aspects of marketing from the purchase decision making process that consumers go through, to the theories and factors that influence the consumer’s behaviour when making a purchase. It will also evaluate the relationship between brand loyalty, corporate image and repeat purchasing and how they are all related. When it comes to marketing, the most important factor that any business will need to consider is itself. When selling a product or service, the business will need to ensure its viable, otherwise it could lose the company money. To ensure this doesn’t happen, any business will have to analyse their markets and the different buyer behaviour of different consumers during the purchase decision making process. This is the process that a consumer goes through when purchasing a product or service. It consists of five stages, need recognition; information search; alternative evaluation; purchase decision and post purchase decision. Need recognition or problem identification is the first stage in the purchase decision making process. The consumer has identified that there is a need that needs to be fulfilled. This need has either been triggered by internal or external stimuli. Internal stimuli are the physiological needs felt by the consumer, such as hunger, tiredness or thirst. External stimuli are the advertisements...
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