...Journal Article Analysis Week eight: Chapters 26 - 29 Use of force Article in text: How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man?: Police and Excessive Force Author(s): Geoffrey P. Alpert and William C. Smith. Source: The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973), Vol. 85, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 481-501 Published by: Northwestern University Notable Points I want to discuss / Point of View Observed from each reading: 1. What is excessive force is the main issue or topic being discussed in this article. The author clearly shares the same concern policemen and citizens have. There is really no clear set definition on how to describe when certain force is appropriate. The author takes a side in that officers and citizens need to educate themselves in knowing both roles of each other; so they can better understand the extremely different situations police officers are in. By understanding the civilian and the civilian understanding the role of an officer it helps with defining the reasonable person. It is a totality of situational circumstances and ethical acceptability which must be evaluated to determine if force used by a police officer is reasonable. My assessment: For my personal opinion on this point I would agree with the author partially, being a police officer you do not know when a regular situation...
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...Constitutional Issues Excessive Force Excessive force used by Law enforcers around the country has been something that has been a problem and does not have a precise definition. Excessive force is any force that is used by an officer that has been deemed unreasonable or unnecessary. Excessive force is a violation of a person’s rights and only the minimum amount of force should be used to achieve a legitimate purpose. Even though officers face danger on a daily basis, it is still required for the officer to uphold the law adequately even in dangerous situations. This is part of making a commitment to a police department; there are much higher expectations and requirements when one chooses to become a law enforcer. If one is supposed to be upholding the law and enforcing it, it only makes sense that one does his/her job by the book. The problem that seems to arise and make police officers seem like the bad guys is the media. The media gives people that have no idea about law enforcement and how difficult it is into thinking that every time something results in a death or a injury to a civilian that it is the officers fault. It is very possible that it was or was not, but that is why there are severe liabilities and consequences for officers who use excessive force and break their code of ethics. Officers have to be proven to have deprived one of the 4th, 8th, and 14th amendment in...
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...The AbcNews Article titled “What is Excessive Force” talks about what exactly excessive force and whether or not it is actually something that can be measured or not? Within the article there are different subcategories like “Judgment Call” “Heat of the Chase”. The conclusion of whether or not the force of a police officer can be measured and or evaluated was that ultimately that it couldn’t be measured, just imply because it is the officer discretion. This article demonstrates ethos by appealing to Logos by providing you with stats, numbers, and direct quotes and pathos by implying that the reader should care about the issues behind the article. To start the article off the writer believes that it would be more effective to mention two recent...
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...Use of Excessive Force by Police Use of Excessive Force by Police Police officers are given a significant amount of discretion simply due to the nature of the job. Officers are faced with many threatening situations forcing them to react quickly, yet appropriately. They have the power to infringe upon any citizen’s rights to freedom and therefore they must use this power effectively. One major concern with the amount of discretion officers have is their power to decide when to use force or when to use lethal force. Manning (1997) argues that it is generally accepted that police should be allowed to use force. He also explains that there are an uncertain amount people who agree on as to what constitutes excessive force. The line between what is necessary and what is extreme is very thin and hard to see. Use of force is no doubt one of the most important aspects in policing; however, force should also be used with great discretion. The community policing style is defined by David Allender (2004) as a philosophy of full-service, personalized policing where the same officer patrols and works in the same are on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems. The most important factors to community policing include personalization, partnership and problem solving (Allender, 2004). The idea is to create a relationship with citizens that are both trustworthy and honest. When officers begin to use force...
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...Are police officers allowed to use force when arresting or restraining an individual? What is the reason behind police officers using extreme and lethal force? Why are officers not held accountable for the actions they make? Will there ever be a reasonable answer for using police brutality? How can one define police brutality and the effect it has on the African American community? Why are African Americans receiving the wrong end of the stick in many situations? Police brutality is becoming a frequent topic of discussion and the possible solution are better training and communication skills developed. Police brutality is the process of exerting excessive force, and it can be determined as the abuse from higher authority. The brutality from...
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...Media. News and social media has shown police officials using excessive force. This kind of media is nothing new to the public. The media is everywhere and never gives the full story. The media displays exciting titles to grab people’s attention and posts to social media articles to get people talking. How much of the media is actually true? Why do we hear so many negative events but when something positive happens the media is nowhere to be found? The news sources have given law enforcement a bad name. “Now is the time that not many people want to be police officers because of media” (Scott Jackson, personal interview, May 9, 2016). There are so many examples of how the media have made a bad situation even worse. Smith (2016) describes one example that occurred on August 9, 2014, when Michael...
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...In the modern day media, the debate of police abusing their power comes up quite often. A recent example of that would be the shooting of Michael Brown which occurred in Ferguson, Missouri just 2 months ago. This was an example of a police officer using excessive force. Throughout time the idea of Police using excessive force has been recognized more and more. A pretty interesting statistic I found was from More (1972), which basically says since the early 1970s, police murdered a person a day since the statistics were conducted. According to Hickman and Piquero(2009), the question of trusting police to cooperate with citizens has been recognized since the 1960s when America was split because of race. Of course many of you know the 1960s were a time where blacks were beaten because of the Civil Rights Act. Because of incidents and statistics like these, excessive use of police force should be limited more than it currently is. Excessive of use of police force a lot of times can cause many outrages throughout a society. Things like rallies as well as riots can occur. Take for example the Rodney King case. The whole entire city of Los Angeles literally went into chaos because of the verdict on the trial....
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...In March of 1991, a plumber named George Holliday taped four LAPD officers kicking, beating, and stomping on Rodney King, a man they had just pulled over for speeding. The tape, later referred to as ‘The George Holliday Tape’, showed three of the four officers beating King fifty-two times with metal batons, on his body and head, while also kicking him several times (Linder). One officer even stomped on his shoulder, causing his head to slam against the ground. While the officers involved did not claim qualified immunity and were prosecuted, all were acquitted of their charges, despite mass agreement in media and the populace that use of excessive force was present. Unfortunately, cases like the beating of Rodney King are not isolated, and very...
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...How Is Organizational Health Measured? The Organizational Health Instrument is a diagnostic tool for assessing the internal workings of organizations. These ten dimensions were conceptualized by Matthew Miles and operationally defined by Fairman, Holmes, Hardage, and Lucas-Renne during a three-year, three-phase project that culminated in a valid and reliable instrument that was copyrighted in 1979. Educators in 23 states have used the Organizational Health Instrument as a diagnostic tool for improving leadership and organizational effectiveness. The Organizational Health Instruments (OHI) consists of 80 item statements, eight for each of the ten dimensions. All members of a work unit respond to these questions. (To provide confidentiality of responses, data are collected in a group setting using a set of standardized data collection procedures.) Individuals respond to each question based upon their perceptions. Response choices are: Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. Based upon these collective responses, raw scores are established for each of these ten dimensions. A line graph is created for each administrative unit, which contrasts the leader's perception with the composite view held by the work unit. The raw scores are converted into percentile scores. All certified staff completes the organizational health instrument, which assesses an organization's internal workings. The ten dimensions used are as shown below: ...
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...American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Pipelines Conference 2005, Houston, TX Longitudinal Mechanics of Buried Thermoplastic Pipe: Analysis of PVC Pipes of Various Joint Types Shah Rahman1, Reynold K. Watkins2 ABSTRACT The analysis of longitudinal deformations compared to performance limits of deformation in buried pipes is referred to as longitudinal mechanics. Principal causes of longitudinal stress and strain within a pipe system include changes in temperature, internal pressure or vacuum, and beam bending. The widespread use of thermoplastic pipes, namely polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in municipal applications throughout North America in the past four decades has made it necessary to re-visit the topic of longitudinal mechanics for pipes that incorporate various types of joining systems. Typical North American PVC pipe joints are either bell-and-spigot gasket-joint or welded (heat-fused Fusible PVC and solvent-cement joints). Analysis herein focuses on the three main causes of longitudinal stresses and strains in bell-and-spigot gasket joints and welded joints, and includes discussion of theoretical concepts such as the Poisson effect and the Reissner effect. Topics which have raised issues in the field such as ponding due to sags in a PVC gravity line and the occasional cracking of PVC pipe bells during or after installation are also discussed. Current industry and manufacturer recommendations of various design parameters are provided in conjunction with the analysis...
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...Questionnaire STRESS AND WORKLIFE BALANCE AMONG INDIAN WORKING WOMEN WITH RESPECT TO I.T AND BANKING INDUSTRY. I am Tasnim S. Vohra, doing MBA at S. K Patel Institute of Management studies. As a part of my curriculum, I am doing a project on Stress and Work Life Balance among Indian working women with respect to I.T and Banking industry. For the completion of my project, I would like to gather some information from you. I would be obliged if you co-operate me in filling the questionnaire. Since the questionnaire is being used for academic purpose, the information gathered will be strictly confidential. Personal Information A. Name of company: ________________________________________ B. Age: 20 - 25 yrs [ ] 25-40 yrs [ ] 40 – 60yrs [ ] C. Education: _____________________ D. Marital Status: I) Married ii) Unmarried iii) Widow IV) Divorcee E. If married, Do you have children? Yes / No F. If Yes, Number of children: ______ G. Family type: Joint / Nuclear H. Professional information 1. Number of years of work experience: _________yrs 2. Number of years in present organization: _________yrs I. Level in Management: Junior level ( ) Middle level ( ) Senior level ( ) Please read the following statements and give any one of the scores mentioned below: 1...
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...ASSAM EARTHQUAKE AND OUR BUILDINGS Md Ali Akbar MOLLICK* Introduction An earthquake of magnitude 8.7 on the Richter Scale (8.1 on the Moment Magnitude Scale) occurred on 12th June 1897 at 5.11pm in the Assam Basin, some 250 kilometers (km) north from Dhaka, 130 km north-west from Sylhet and 70 km north from today's Bangladesh and Indian border. The epicenter was 26o (N) and 91o (E) and focal depth was 32 km. The shaking was felt over an area of 650,000 square-kilometer (sq-km) and destruction was taking place over an area of 390,000 sq-km. Many masonry buildings including temples, over the destructive area such as Dhubri, Goalpara, Guwahati, Kuch Bihar, Agortola, Kolkata and other cities inside India, either totally or partially damaged due to this earthquake. The earthquake created general panic in Dhaka and other areas of today's Bangladesh including Rangpur, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Natore, Mymensing, Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Noakhali, Jamalpur etc. A total number of 1542 persons were killed due to this earthquake out of which five were from Dhaka including two foreigners. Three buildings such as Shaheen Medical Hall, Temple Nazi's Shabagh Math and house occupied by Mrs Stansbury were totally damaged and the government houses for commissioner, collector, judge and civil surgeon were partially damaged in Dhaka, which were rebuilt. The total cost for the rehabilitation was 150,000 taka. The intensity of shaking in Dhaka was VIII+ on the Modified Mercili Intensity (MMI)...
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...frequency of the system is equal to one of the natural frequencies. Generally, vibration is a form of wasted energy and normally is undesirable is most cases. It generates noise, instability and will consequently lead to system break down which is a disastrous effect. This project studies a model vibration of a four-cylinder engine which is mounted on a cantilever. This system can be modeled as a mass spring system so that the vibration of the system can be studied. These vibrations are mainly due to the unbalance of primary or secondary forces and couples. 1. Background The model engine consists of four cylinders mounted of a crank shaft with different crank phase angles. A DC motor with a variable speed control drives the shaft and makes the four-cylinder to rotate. The shaft is rotating at a constant angular speed, however, producing an acceleration on the pistons. Hence there are some inertia forces acting on the crank shaft due to these accelerations. The relative crank phase angles of the four cylinders can be adjusted by loosen three Allan screws to each point of the adjustment. Each crank shaft is to be dynamically balanced with the usual conventional allowance for the effect of its connecting rod. This helps the assembled crank shaft to remains substantially balanced for rotating effects. The mass center G of the assembly is on the cantilever. There are two units of Linear Variable Displacement Transducer which are equipped...
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...Lab Assignment 4: Types of Force Instructor’s Overview In many physics problems involving Newton’s laws of motion, you’ll see statements like, “assume a frictionless surface” or “neglecting air resistance…” In this lab we will be exploring both friction and air resistance, two resistive forces that are critical in the design of real-world products and systems. Understanding the effects of these types of forces is essential in the design of such things as aircraft, automobiles, braking systems, and countless other objects. This activity is based on Lab 4 of the eScience Lab kit. Although you should read all of the content in Lab 4, we will be performing a targeted subset of the eScience experiments. Our lab consists of two main components. These components are described in detail in the eScience manual. Here is a quick overview: * In the first part of the lab, you will measure the force it takes to pull objects of different mass. This experiment focuses on the effects of frictional forces. (eScience Experiment 1) * In the second part of the lab, you will investigate the effects of air resistance by performing controlled drops of coffee filters. Notes: * Please follow the instructions in this document for the air resistance experiment. * Record all of your data in the tables that are provided in this document. Take detailed notes as you perform the experiment and fill out the sections below. This document serves as your lab report. Please...
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...nout Burnout Vanessa Freiboth BSHS461 August 28, 2013 Burnout The burnout concept was first described in the 1970s and originally referred to a reaction on interpersonal stressors on the job (e.g., Maslach, Schaufeli & Leiter, 2001; Schaufeli, Leiter & Maslach, 2008). The burnout term was originally practiced by human service workers in the field of social work, health care, psychotherapy and teaching. “Burnout is a state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress. It occurs when you feel overwhelmed and unable to meet constant demands. As the stress continues, you begin to lose the interest or motivation that led you to take on a certain role in the first place” (2007, p.67). There are many factors that come into play that cause burnout. In most cases burnout begins at the work place. If you have ever felt overworked or undervalued, you have been at risk for burnout. From a hardworking employee who feels they are being taken advantage of to a stay at home mother who is screaming out for just five minutes of alone time. Burnout is not only caused by stressful work or too many responsibilities. Other factors contribute to burnout, including your lifestyle and certain personality traits. What you do in your downtime and how you look at the world can play just as big of a role in causing burnout as work or home demands. Burnout brings down your...
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