...ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Karen A. Horcher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Essentials Series The Essentials Series was created for busy business advisory and corporate professionals. The books in this series were designed so that these busy professionals can quickly acquire knowledge and skills in core business areas. Each book provides need-to-have fundamentals for those professionals who must: Get up to speed quickly, because they have been promoted to a new position or have broadened their responsibility scope • • Manage a new functional area • Brush up on new developments in their area of responsibility • Add more value to their company or clients Other books in this series include: Essentials of Accounts Payable, Mary S. Schaeffer Essentials of Balanced Scorecard, Mohan Nair Essentials of Capacity Management, Reginald Tomas Yu-Lee Essentials of Capital Budgeting, James Sagner Essentials of Cash Flow, H. A. Schaeffer, Jr. Essentials of Corporate Performance Measurement, George T. Friedlob, Lydia L. F. Schleifer, and Franklin J. Plewa, Jr. Essentials of Cost Management, Joe and Catherine Stenzel Essentials of Credit, Collections, and Accounts Receivable, Mary S. Schaeffer Essentials of CRM: A Guide to Customer Relationship Management, Bryan Bergeron Essentials of Financial Analysis, George T. Friedlob and Lydia L. F. Schleifer Essentials of Financial Risk Management, Karen A. Horcher Essentials...
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...DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN GHANA BY WISDOM KWASHIE AFORNORPE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN ECONOMIC POLICY MANAGEMENT OCTOBER, 2008 DECLARATION I, Wisdom Kwashie Afornorpe, author of this Master of Arts dissertation do hereby declare that, except for references to other people’s works which have been duly acknowledged, the work presented here titled “Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Mutual Funds in Ghana” was done entirely by me. This work has never been presented in whole or in part for any other degree in this University or elsewhere. …..…………………………… Wisdom Kwashie Afornorpe (Student) ……. ………………..…… Mr. Frank Agyire-Tettey (Supervisor) ...
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...TOOL FOR WEATHER RISK HEDGING Most of the industries in the world are directly or indirectly affected by weather changes. Due to the adversity of global warming and the burning of fossil fuels, the weather has become quite unpredictable. Every now and then occurrence of drought, heavy and scanty rainfall is seen. As a result agriculture output becomes very irregular and this entails heavy losses not only to the farming community but also to the related industries. Although there is no way to control weather, there exists a new solution to the financial effect that weather can have on the incomes of economic agents of developed and emerging economies. There are number of instruments and tools available for management of weather risk. Weather risk management is a definitive guide to the rapidly expanding WRM market. It is the most dynamic sector of the financial arena and is drawing the interest of the companies that are seeking to protect against the financial impact of non catastrophic weather. So for hedging weather risk weather derivatives have been developed. DERIVATIVE TRADING Like any other derivatives weather derivatives are structured as Future, Option or swaps based on different weather indices. Usually most weather derivative transactions are done on over the SInternational Financial Future Option Exchange (LIFFE) offer standardized weather contracts. In India derivative instruments are traded both on OTC market and derivative exchanges. OTC contracts...
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...among five years of the company; compare the capital strategy performance analysis among the company and also to identify best or worst performing measures on future development. Additionally, the essay will focus on the exchange rate risk and country and political risk and give any recommendations based on the risks. 2.0 Description on 3i plc 3i Group plc is one of the world’s leading investors and it is a United Kingdom-based company which belongs to financial services industry. The number of their employees is 492 and its turnover was ￡601 million in 2011(3i plc, 2012). Additionally, its products and services focused on private equity, infrastructure and debt management. Its subsidiaries include 3i Holdings plc, 3i International Holdings, 3i plc, 3i Investments plc, 3i Europe plc and 3i Nordic plc. The company was established in 1945, during 2005 and 2007, it started its business operation globally. Recently, 3i plc has invested in ambitious, operated its business through the world across 35 investment teams in 13 countries such as China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States across Asia, Europe and the Americas. Fatherly, it invests in a wide range of opportunities from start-ups to buy-outs and buy-ins, focusing on businesses with high growth potential and strong management. During 2011, 3i plc held investments across various sectors that include business services and financial services; consumer; healthcare; industrial...
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...Economics 2 (2006) 129-146 EXCHANGE RATE RISK MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR FIRMS MICHAEL G. PAPAIOANNOU, Ph.D. International Monetary Fund Abstract Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure is important for reducing a firm’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements, which could adversely affect profit margins and the value of assets. This paper reviews the traditional types of exchange rate risk faced by firms, namely transaction, translation and economic risks, presents the VaR approach as the currently predominant method of measuring a firm’s exchange rate risk exposure, and examines the main advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate risk management strategies, including tactical vs. strategical and passive vs. active hedging. In addition, it outlines a set of widely-accepted best practices in managing currency risk and presents some of the main hedging instruments in the OTC and exchange-traded markets. The paper also provides some data on the use of financial derivatives instruments, and hedging practices by US firms. JEL Classification: F31, G13, G15, G32, M21 Keywords: Financial Risk, Financial Management, Foreign Exchange Hedging, Corporate Hedging Practices Corresponding address: 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20431 e-mail: mpapaioannou@imf.org This paper draws heavily on various presentations on risk management while the author was the Director of Foreign Exchange Service of the WEFA Group...
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...Risk is an inevitable component of intermediation and trading activity. Given the fundamental trade-off between risks and returns, the objective of regulators is to determine when risk exposures either become excessive relative to the financial institution’s capital position and financial condition or have not been identified to the extent that the situation represents an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Determination of whether the institution’s risk-management system can measure and control its risks is of particular importance. The primary components of a sound risk-management process are a comprehensive risk-measurement approach; a detailed structure of limits, guidelines, and other parameters used to govern risk taking; and a strong management information system for monitoring and reporting risks. These components are fundamental to both trading and nontrading activities. Moreover, the underlying risks associated with these activities, such as market, credit, liquidity, operations, and legal risks, are not new to banking, although their measurement can be more complex for trading activities than for lending activities. Accordingly, the process of risk management for capitalmarkets and trading activities should be integrated into the institution’s overall riskmanagement system to the fullest extent possible using a conceptual framework common to the financial institution’s other business activities. Such a common framework enables the institution ...
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...MICROFINANCE STANDARDS RATIOS A maturing microfinance industry needs standardized methods to measure and analyze financial performance and risk management. The proposed Microfinance Financial Reporting Standards: Measuring Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions (the Standards) seeks to address this need. These Standards are designed for use by all microfinance institutions (MFIs): non-governmental organizations, non-bank financial institutions or companies, commercial banks, rural banks, credit unions, and cooperatives. Below are the detailed description of each ratio and table. 1. Profitability Ratios All MFIs, from non-profit NGOs, to for-profit banks, must be profitable over the long-term in order to be self-sustaining. Profitability allows an MFI to continue operating and to grow. Profitability ratio is any ratio that measures a company's ability to generate cash flow relative to some metric, often the amount invested in the company. Profitability ratios are useful in fundamental analysis which investigates the financial health of companies. An example of a profitability ratio is the return on investment which is the amount of revenue an investment generates as a percentage of the amount of capital invested over a given period of time. Other examples include return on sales, return on equity, and return on common stock equity. Operational Self-Sufficiency (originally called “Operating Self-Sufficiency” or OSS) and Financial Self-Sufficiency (FSS)...
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...derivatives on foreign exchange exposure 5 1.1.4 Commercial Banks in Kenya 6 1.2 Research Problem 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Value of the Study 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Theoretical review 10 2.3 Foreign Exchange Risk Management 13 2.6 Empirical Review 18 2.6 Summary of Literature review 19 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Research Design 20 3.3 Study Population 20 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 20 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 20 REFERENCES 22 APPENDICES 26 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBK – Central Bank of Kenya ERV - Exchange rate volatility FOREX – Foreign Exchange FX – Foreign Exchange IFE – International Fisher Effect IFX - Income from foreign currencies as a percentage of total income IRP – Interest Rate Parity MST – Market Segmentation Theory NA - Net Assets NFXNA - Net Foreign Currency Exposure Relative to Net Assets NFX - Net Foreign Currency Exposure NSE – Nairobi Securities Exchange OS - Ownership Status or Nature of Ownership PPP – Purchasing Power Parity CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The traditional role for commercial banks has been perceived to be the reduction of transactions costs and the provision of information. However, given the technological, information, and financial innovations of the last decade, risk sharing and risk management are increasingly being...
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...Volume–VI, Number–01, January-June, 2011 Risk Management Practices: A Critical Diagnosis of Some Selected Commercial Banks in Bangladesh MD. ZAHANGIR ALAM* MD. MASUKUJJAMAN** ABSTRACT The paper is about risk management practices of commercial banks in Bangladesh based on five commercial banks operating in Bangladesh. The number of respondents was 25, five from each bank. While collecting the requisite data, five points Likert Scale has been used. The objective of the study was to critically examine risk management practices of Bangladeshi banks i.e., types of risk facing a bank, procedure and techniques used to minimize the risk etc. The study also examines how far the banks follow the guidelines of Bangladesh Bank regarding risk management. The study reveals that credit risk, market risk and operational risk are the major risks to the bankers which are managed through three layers of management system. The Board of Directors performs the responsibility of the main risk oversight, the Executive Committee monitors risk and the Audit Committee oversees all the activities of banking operations. In the context of opinions regarding use of risk management techniques, it is found that internal rating system and risk adjusted rate of return on capital are relatively more important techniques used by banks. Key Words: Risk, Risk Management, Risk Management Techniques, Banking. 1. INTRODUCTION In the past two decades, the banking industry has evolved from...
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...Risk management In this section a summarized position of various risks facing DBBL while conducting its business and operations and steps taken by the Bank to effectively manage and mitigate such risks are discussed. RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Risk is defined by DBBL as risk of potential losses or foregone profits that can be triggered by internal and external factors. Therefore, the objectives of risk management are identification of potential risks in our operations and transactions, in our assets, liabilities, income, cost and off-balance sheet exposures and independent measurement and assessment of such risks and taking timely and adequate measures to manage and mitigate such risks within a risk-return framework. In DBBL, only calculated risks are taken while conducting banking business to strike a balance between risk and return. Risk is clearly identified, mitigated or minimized and if possible eliminated to protect capital and to maximize value for shareholders. It is also ensured that on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet risks taken by the Bank are consistent with risk appetite and short term as well as long term strategic objectives of the Bank. A wide range of tools and techniques are used to address & mitigate all kinds of inherent and potential risks in banking operations. The Bank attaches highest priority to establish, maintain and upgrade risk management infrastructure, systems and procedures. In this regard, sufficient resources are allocated to improve...
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...Business - Daniels and Radebouqh 2. International Business - Sundaram and Black 3. International Business — Roebuck and Simon 4. International Business – Charles Hill 5. International Business— Subba Rao 3.0.2 Strategic management 100 Marks Course Content 1. Strategic Management Process: Vision. Mission, Goal Philosophy. Policies of an Organization. 2. Strategy, Strategy as planned action, Its importance, Process and advantages of planning Strategic v/s Operational Planning. 3. Decision making and problem solving. Categories of problems, Problem solving skill, Group decision making. Phases indecision making, 4. Communication Commitment and performance, Role of the leader, Manager v/s Leaders Leadership styles 5. Conventional Strategic Management v[s Unconventional Strategic Management. The Differences, Changed Circumstance. 6. Growth Acce orators: Business Web, Market Power, learning based. 7. Management Control, Elements, Components of Management Information Sysstems 8. Mokena’s 7 8 Models : Strategy, style, structure, systems, staff, skill and Shared values 9. Group Project Reference Text 1. Strategic Management — Thompson & Striekland McGraw Hill 2. Competitive advantage – Michael...
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...risk management In this section a summarized position of various risks facing DBBL while conducting its business and operations and steps taken by the Bank to effectively manage and mitigate such risks are discussed. RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Risk is defined by DBBL as risk of potential losses or foregone profits that can be triggered by internal and external factors. Therefore, the objectives of risk management are identification of potential risks in our operations and transactions, in our assets, liabilities, income, cost and off-balance sheet exposures and independent measurement and assessment of such risks and taking timely and adequate measures to manage and mitigate such risks within a risk-return framework. In DBBL, only calculated risks are taken while conducting banking business to strike a balance between risk and return. Risk is clearly identified, mitigated or minimized and if possible eliminated to protect capital and to maximize value for shareholders. It is also ensured that on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet risks taken by the Bank are consistent with risk appetite and short term as well as long term strategic objectives of the Bank. A wide range of tools and techniques are used to address & mitigate all kinds of inherent and potential risks in banking operations. The Bank attaches highest priority to establish, maintain and upgrade risk management infrastructure, systems and procedures. In this regard, sufficient...
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...Literature review 5 2.1 Traditional Portfolio Measures …………………………………………………………….6 a. Sharpe ratio: 6 b. Treynor ratio: 7 c. Jensen Alpha: 8 d. Fama-French Model 10 2.2 Assumption to Models ……………………………………………………………………11 2.3 Possible Results ……………………………………………………………………………11 2.4 Limitations of the traditional models ……………………………………………………12 3.0 Academic Review 14 3.1 Types of Analysis Applied in Currency Markets ……………………………………14 3.2 Empirical Literature Review ……………………………………………………………17 3.2.1 Hedging in the Currency Market ……………………………………………………19 4.0 Individual Currency Index Returns ……………………………………………………20 4.1.1 The Factors ……………………………………………………………………………21 a. Trend 21 b. Value 22 c. Volatility 22 4.2 Individual Currency Manager Returns ……………………………………………………23 5.0 Limitation to study ……………………………………………………………………25 6.0 Critique of Data source ……………………………………………………………………26 7.0 Results From Previous studies ……………………………………………………………29 8.0 Conclusion 30 References List 31 Performance and Trading In Currency Markets 1.0 Introduction The financial money market or the currency market is one of the markets that reports high trading volume. Most investors are keen in the trends of financial markets both from a local and an international perspective (Fanchiotti, Canal, & Zúñiga,2002).Financial traders consider past information to establish the future movements of currency and the behavior of currency markets. Foreign exchange portfolios are some of the most viable...
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...Risk and risk management 1. Credit Risk – The risk of loss of principal or loss of a financial reward stemming from a borrower's failure to repay a loan or otherwise meet a contractual obligation. Credit risk arises whenever a borrower is expecting to use future cash flows to pay a current debt. Investors are compensated for assuming credit risk by way of interest payments from the borrower or issuer of a debt obligation. The higher the perceived credit risk, the higher the rate of interest that investors will demand for lending their capital. Credit risks are calculated based on the borrowers' overall ability to repay. This calculation includes the borrowers' collateral assets, revenue-generating ability and taxing authority (such as for government and municipal bonds). 1) Total loans to assets The loans to assets ratio measures the total loans outstanding as a percentage of total assets. The higher this ratio indicates a bank is loaned up and its liquidity is low. The higher the ratio, the more risky a bank may be to higher defaults. This figure is determined as follows: Loans to Assets = ( Loans / Total Assets ) 2) Nonperforming loans/total loans Nonperforming loans, or NPL, are loans that are no longer producing income for the bank that owns them. Loans become nonperforming when borrowers stop making payments and the loans enter default. The exact classification can vary from institution to institution, but a loan is usually considered to be nonperforming after...
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...Exchange banks on derivatives for growth Summary SINGAPORE Exchange, South-east Asia’s biggest bourse, is relying on derivatives for growth amid a dearth of merger and acquisition candidates in Asia. Exchanges worldwide have been building their futures and commodities businesses as the value of stock trading dropped 38 percent from June 2008, according to the World Federation of Exchanges. SGX has been searching for other growth avenues since its US$8.6 billion bid for ASX was rejected bu Australian regulators in April 2011. Located in Asia’s biggest oil-trading center, SGX also plans to introduce trading of gas and electricity futures in a few years, he said. Unit Asian Gateway Investments bought a 49 percent stake in Energy Market Co, operator of Singapore’s spot electricity market, for $17.6 million in August 2012. Key word: SGX derivative growth Analysis report This article appeared in The Straits Times at August 6 on page B12. Derivatives are financial contracts whose value derives from other related assets, such as foreign exchange, bonds, equities, commodities value. Because their values and those of the underlying assets because they have certain characteristics, derivatives are useful for hedging, speculation, arbitrage spreads, and adjusting the portfolio, at a lower cost. Derivatives have grown popular because they did not find the combination of the characteristics of other assets. [1] The most important derivatives are characterized by between...
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