...May’s Existentialism and the Epistemic Inventory 2 Introduction Rollo May was one of the leading existentialist psychologists in the twentieth century. His writings have shaped contemporary discussions of man’s struggle with “being in the world,” and the difficulty inherent in such a task. A brief review of May’s biography is useful in understanding the philosophical path which he chose. May was born in Ada, Ohio, the first of six children born to parents who had great difficulty in their marriage. His mother and sister both suffered from mental illness, and their instability caused May to spend much of his internal life in an introspective solitude produced by psychic pain. After briefly attending Michigan State University and Oberlin College, May traveled across Europe where he taught English. He was intensely lonely, and it was at this point that he had one of two epiphanies which would shape his belief in existentialism. May began thinking of his own and other’s inner beauty, and he enrolled in Union Theological Seminary in order to study his newfound optimism. It was during this time that he studied psychoanalysis with Alfred Adler and philosophy with Paul Tillich. He practiced psychotherapy privately in the 1940’s and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University at the age of 1940. During this period, May experienced a second life-changing event: he spent three years in a sanitarium after contacting tuberculosis. This period of solitude allowed him time...
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...Existentialist Analysis of The Ice Storm Jose Luis Coronado PHL366 Professor Schwebel November 3, 2015 Existentialist Analysis of The Ice Storm In Ang Lee’s The Ice Storm, structures of authority are broken down through the portrayal of the film’s main characters. In the absence of traditional authoritative sources, the characters are unable to make sense of their lives. Examples of how authoritative structures are broken down are presented through how the Hood’s and Carver’s deal with being a family, and how the social relationships of the characters in the film define how they interact with one another. The absence of structure within families is evident through the affair that Ben and Janey are having. In addition, their families contribute to the lack of family structure – Jim has been away from for work, Paul is away for school, and Wendy remains distant from her family because of her opposing views and sexual behaviour. While the children’s contribution to the breakdown of family structure can be justified as trying to make sense of the lack of parental structure in their life, the contribution made by their parents are justified by the unhappiness in their current situations. Thus, they can choose to do things that breakdown a family, such as: have an affair like Ben and Janey, or bury themselves in work like Jim. Kierkegaard’s social implication of ambiguity is parallel to the breakdown of structures of authority in the film. Where ‘ambiguity’ is seen as...
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...The existentialist theory of ethics believes that everyone is responsible for making themselves who they are, as explained by the famous philosopher Sartre – “’being precedes essence’: each human being makes himself what he is, creating, and recreating continually, himself and his world” (Rapport and Overing, 2003). Existentialism believes that the only issue is if you are in bad faith – the perception you give others is not who you truly are, your “being for self” and “being for others” are not similar. Being for self is the judgements which can be placed on you due to your previous behaviour, and being for others is the impression you leave behind to others based on your actions. In the case of the Wounded Warrior Project, the directors were...
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...It is clear to the audience that No Exit and Waiting For Godot serve as existentialist warnings. Sartre and Beckett, two men full of knowledge, suggest that many people live existentialist life styles; however, the two artists do not recommend this life style. Characters from both works demonstrate non-existentialist lives. They rely on each other, allow their behavior to alter based on other people and acknowledge that they are letting other people control their lives. In No Exit by Sartre, many characters display non-existentialist characteristics. To begin, Garcin does not leave the room when the door finally opens. Rather than decide for himself that he is not a coward, he begs Estelle to tell him that he is courageous. Without Estelle’s guidance, Garcin worries about his existence. To ensure that she actually exists, Estelle is in need of a materialistic object, a mirror. Worrying about how others see her, Estelle feels more comfortable with the mirror. Stripped of this materialistic object, she questions her existence entirely. That these characters were not were living their lives existentially is intertwined in the play. If Garcin and Estelle were living their lives existentially, they would have made decisions on their own. Garcin would have left the room without needing to be told that he is courageous. Estelle would have made judgment about herself without needing the mirror. In Waiting For Godot by Beckett, two men are waiting for Godot, a man that may or...
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...and that is what life is all about. Along with the freedom of choice comes the responsibilty of one's actions which can make some people anxious but give others meaning to their lives. To overcome this anxiousness and accept responsibilty is to meet the challenges of life and to truly live it.... [tags: Existentialism, ] 675 words (1.9 pages) $14.95 [preview] Understanding Existentialism - Do we matter. Do we seek personal happiness in life. These are questions from existentialism. The dictionary defines existentialism as an individual’s experience filled with isolation in a hostile universe where a human being attempts to find true self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hamlet is an existentialist character who believes that he is forced to avenge his father’s death and the hatred builds in his heart because of the many betrayals which direct him towards a senseless life and constant thoughts about suicide; this ultimately leads to his demise and he is left with naught.... [tags: Existentialism] 872 words (2.5 pages) $14.95 [preview] Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel - A main theme in John Gardner’s Grendel, is the constant competition of the ideas of meaning in life versus existentialism. Throughout the novel, Grendel makes a steady spiritual decay to the point of denying any value or significance in life itself. He believes the world is nothing more than “a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly...
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...20th century. Existentialism is not a systematic body of thought like Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more like an umbrella under which a very wide range of thinkers struggled with questions about the meaning of life. Much of the appeal and popularity of Existentialism is due to the sense of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Europeans felt during World War II and its aftermath. Existentialism’s focus on each person’s role in creating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and Humanistic traditions in psychology and on the “human potential” movement that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) said, “Conquer yourself rather than the world.”. To modern existentialists this means that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is not the unfolding expression of Human Destiny or a Divine plan, or even a set of natural laws. The only meaning is that which we create by acts of will. To have a meaningful life we have to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful but it doesn’t create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our own lifetime. You are what you do – while you are doing it – and then nothing. (Very depressing.) In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus (pronounced “Kam-moo”) (1913-1960) describes life as a kind of hopeless, endless, uphill labor. Hence, the only true problem is that of suicide. Yet, he rejects nihilism; for the human being must fight and...
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...IV AP 6 December 2012 The Existentialist Artist In A Hunger Artist, Franz Kafka utilizes existential themes in a depiction of a man’s quest for personal fulfillment through starvation, deemed an art form. This man, the hunger artist, fasts for long periods of time as part of a circus act, but never experiences satisfaction as a result of his performance; he believes he can fast for much longer than is allowed. In his current situation, the impresario makes the decision for the extent of his fast, and as a result the artist is unhappy. The artist here loses the freedom of choice, a theme masterfully applied by Kafka here. Following the ideals of existentialism, one can only experience the happiness brought upon by his own choices. Accordingly, the hunger artist remains discontent when he is unable to test the extent of his fasting abilities. It is his art form being denied. For example, when the artist is first displayed at the larger circus, he holds conventional expectations that he will find satisfaction in a longer fast. Furthermore, due to the artist’s dejection as a result of his inability to define the terms of his fast, the hunger artist experiences the existentialist “unfulfillable desire for fulfillment.” These expectations contrast existentialism because in them the hunger artist tries to find meaning through the attention of spectators, rather than finding meaning through his own choices. Since he does not follow the existentialist guidelines for creating meaning...
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...Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Instead, individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is “true” or “false,” “right” or “wrong,” “beautiful” or “ugly.” For the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. Existentialism is the most individualistic of all modern philosophies. Its overriding concern is with the individual and its primary value is the absolute freedom of the person, who is only what he makes himself to be, and who is the final and exclusive arbiter of the values he freely determines for himself. Great emphasis is placed on art, on literature, and the humanistic studies, for it is in these areas that man finds himself and discovers what values he will seek to attain. Existentialism represents a protest against the rationalism of traditional philosophy, against misleading notions of the bourgeois culture, and the dehumanizing values of industrial civilization. Since alienation, loneliness and self-estrangement constitute threats to human personality in the modern world, existential thought has viewed as its cardinal concerns a quest for subjective truth, a reaction against the ‘negation of Being’ and a perennial search for freedom.. The evaluation of existentialism has been quite negative. Some even view it as an anti philosophical...
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...the choice that he made of shooting the elephant. According to his essay, “existentialism” Sartre explains the beliefs and conditions of existentialism. The most important beliefs that Sartre had was that there is no human nature. “If existence really does precede essence, there is no explaining things away by reference to a fixed and given human nature.” (Sartre 1131.) He also believed that God does not exist. “On the other hand, if God does not exist, we find no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct. (Sartre 1131.) Meaning, we are the ones to blame for our own actions and choices that we make, if God doesn’t exist were not able to put our blame on him. George Orwell is a writer that I think is an existentialist. In his essay “Shooting an Elephant” I believe that Orwell was existentialism. His central choice that he makes was, he didn’t know if he wanted to shoot the elephant or not. Orwell stated “As I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. (786.) His writing...
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...BROCK UNIVERSITY • DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY • 2014-2015 PHIL 1F94 - Introduction to Philosophy: Problems Essay 2: Existentialism Evaluation: 20% of final grade Length: 1400-1500 words Due: After uploading to Assignment2 students are required to hand in a hard copy of their essays at the beginning of their seminars on March 10, 2015. Late papers will be penalized 3% per day. Students must write this essay in order to complete this course with a passing grade. Choose 1 essay topic from the following list of 16: Sartre Write an essay which explicates and evaluates some of the central claims in Sartre’s “Existentialism” (the first essay of Existentialism and Human Emotions.) You should frame your essay around a particular philosophical claim or theme which you would like to write about in Sartre’s essay. For example: 1. How does Sartre argue that “existentialism is a humanism” and is his argument a good one? 2. What is Sartre’s notion of freedom and how does it relate to ethics? Is this a viable ethics? 3. Explain and evaluate the claim that “existence precedes essence.” What are the implications for living if one accepts this claim? Defend or consider problems with this position. 4. What does Sartre mean when he says that “man is condemned to be free” but also that we are nonetheless responsible for who or what we become? In what way are we free, in which ways are we responsible, and to whom are we responsible? Is Sartre right? If so, why...
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...unattainable and was even punishable by law. Despite the oppression Marjane has been faced with for the majority of her life, she has learned to gain control over her individuality, guided by her strong existentialist views and she...
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...without the assistance of another person or standard. From the existentialist point of view, you must accept the risk and responsibility of your choices and follow the act and result to wherever it takes the individual. Someone that is put in a certain situation understands it far more than someone looking in on that same situation; one commonly used situation that appears often in existentialist works is that of death. The existentialist should learn to accept death when the time has to come and should know that the most important questions in life are simply inaccessible to reason or science. Acting on your own experiences is essential in arriving at the truth and "man is condemned to be free” (Sartre). As a result of the diversity associated with this term it is impossible to define precisely. As is evident through the root of the word, exist, there is an emphasis on fixed individual existence and freedom of choice. Certain aspects of existentialism are shown in Albert Camus’ The Stranger. Existentialists attempt to direct our attention to ourselves as individuals. They force us to think about our relation to such topics as the existence and nature of God, the nature of values, and one's own death. Man is the only known being that is defined merely through acts of living. First you exist, and then the individual emerges as life decisions are made: “existence precedes essence.” Many existentialists believe the greatest victory of the individual is to realize...
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...Simone de Beauvoir: Feminism and Existentialism Simone de Beauvoir talks about women through the eyes of an existentialist in her book The Second Sex. Specifically, de Beauvoir’s views on how woman is “man’s dependent” shows the Subject and the Other relationship, a solution she gives to abolishing the oppression of women is that we need to abandon the idea that women are born feminine, second, weaker and not made, and the responsibility that she puts on herself and women for accepting the roles given to them are all very existentialist ideas. Subjectivity as de Beauvoir uses it is created out of defining, or created roles for the people around you; it is a self given power. A man must be the ego, the subject, in order to do this and a woman must be the Other in order to accept this. While talking about existentialism in class we learned that people interact with each other by constantly switching from the subject to the object; I am at a stop light in my car looking at the people next to me, I am the subject until they look back at me, into my world, making judgments and what have you, and then I am the object, I am second, or the Other. I think the difference between how de Beauvoir uses it, is that women do not change from being the Other, or the second sex. In class we discussed that women who attempt to abandon their gender roles by becoming more like men, are simply mimicking them (in the workforce for example). But the act of trying to be something you are not promotes...
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...became famous? How would Sartre assess various social topics that we face today? What are the problems with Sartre's view of Existentialism and existence in general? These are the questions addressed in the following pages of this brief dissertation.His life Upon reviewing several sources, it is apparent that Sartre was a very disorganized and inconsistent individual. Sartre was obsessed with his intellect to the point of abandon of all else in his life - personal hygiene, honesty, organization, thoroughness, and more. It seems that he felt he was of superior intelligence in comparison to all others who surrounded him. He was not necessarily a great and original thinker, but rather a superb media sensation of sorts. Rather than developing Existentialist thought, he merely promoted it to amazing popularity through his eccentric lifestyle. Although he is best known for his association with Existentialism, it is interesting to note that he denounced its principles later in life and adopted Marxism, which he also later denounced. Jean-Paul-Charles-Aymard Sartre was born in Paris on June 21, 1905, the only child of Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre and Jean-Baptiste Sartre. Anne-Marie was the first cousin of Albert Schweitzer, the famed Nobel Peace Prize recipient, and the daughter of Karl Schweitzer, who had published texts on religion, philosophy, and languages. Jean-Baptiste was the son of Eymard Sartre, a doctor who had written several medical texts. Although his philosophy would deny it...
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...Existentialism can be defined as a philosophical and literary tendency that typically displays a dismal of abstract theories that seek to disguise the untidiness of actual human lives and emphasizes the subjective realties of individual existence, individual freedom, and individual choice. Runaway by Kanye West is a great example of this philosophical theory and many connections can be made to his work and the work of Soren Kierkegaard, Franz Kafka, and Albert Camus. These four artists apply existentialist themes in their literature and even their private lives. The two themes that I found preeminent in these artists work are isolation and death. The four artists have a very philosophical cohesion between them. They all have a sense of isolationism in their works which makes their creations so unique. In Runaway by Kanye West, a phoenix falls to earth like a meteor and doesn’t know where she has ended up. The phoenix attempts to fit in with our society but she doesn’t know how to act in front of all these people so she is isolated. When the phoenix is at Kanye West’s dinner party, she sees a turkey that is about to be served for dinner and she is shocked and shrieks obnoxiously in front of all the guests and they look at her very differently and isolate her. In Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Gregor Samsa is portrayed as a bug and people look at him very differently. Gregor is isolated in his home and can’t leave because he doesn’t want his parents to look bad. “During the day...
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