...Expectancy Theory Overview Expectancy Theory is a sociological explanation of human motivation. The theory specifies a three factor formula used to quantify motivation. When these factors are multiplied together, they yield an indication of how strongly motivated someone is relative to a certain task or activity. The three factors are based on perceived probabilities and individual values. The product of these factors is the motivational force. The strength of the motivational force signal can be correlated to an individual’s behavior in certain organizational situations and environments (QuickMBA, 2010). Expectancy Theory: Factors The three factors of Expectancy Theory are: Expectancy probability, Instrumentality probability and Valence. Expectancy probability relates to an individual’s analysis of how much effort they need to exert to produce a desired level of performance. The results of this analysis may depend on and individuals personality and their familiarity with the associated tasks. Instrumentality probability relates performance to rewards. It is an individual’s assessment of how likely they are to receive a reward, such as a raise or promotion, given a certain level of personal job performance. Valence concerns an individual’s value judgment. It is an individual’s personal assessment of the relative importance of things in their life (QuickMBA, 2010). Expectancy Theory: Case Study In this case study, a company is attempting to implement a new production...
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...of students working in groups to master strategies. Robert would benefit form a social constructivist teacher, who emphasises the value of culturally relevant social activities and the recognition of the student’s make of their own learning. Social relationships are the catalyst for learning so that materials and activities provide all students with an opportunity to encourage language, and communication through play and constructing knowledge with his peers and engage in activities that reflect similar interests,...
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...Department of Public Administration Name: Muhammad Raheel Sheikh Roll No. 44 Subject: Psychology Title: Assignment; Science of Happiness Submitted to: Azra Anjum “Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.” ~ Aristotle “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.” ~ Mohandas Gandhi * What is happiness? “Happiness is deceptively simple. It’s about being satisfied with life and experiencing more positive emotions than negative ones.” Every living being in this world seeks happiness whether he/she is aware of it or not. It is the meaning and purpose of life. Happiness seems to have almost magical properties. We have not got proof, but the science suggests it leads to long life, health, resilience and good performance. Still, many of us find the pursuit of happiness to be frustratingly difficult. A relatively new branch of psychology called positive psychology is studying what makes people happy—and what doesn’t. Researchers are learning that the keys to happiness are within everyone’s reach. * Three basic sources of happiness Happier people are more likely to live longer and tend to be healthier, more successful, and more socially engaged than people who describe themselves as less happy. Researchers have explored three basic sources of happiness: genetics, including temperament and personality; life circumstances, such as...
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...The three things that initially motivated me to start college are my younger siblings, my future, and last but not least to further my education. I always felt like with me being the oldest sibling, my younger sisters look up to me. Therefore, I want to be that role model to them, and show then anything is possible. Not to mention my future is crucial since it's in my hands I'm responsible for the outcome. If I do my best , then ill be the best. If I take it as a joke, then ill be the joke. So I chose what's best for me. Furthermore its very imperative to attend college and further your education. Especially if it is something you desire, why not have a degree for that career. Ever since I was young I wanted to own many businesses. To be my...
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...to what the field of occupational therapy actually is. Some degree of confusion appears to stem from what the term ‘occupation’ means, which consequently, coupled with unfamiliarity with the profession, results in a general misconception of the field occupational therapy. Occupation is defined as an “activity in which one engages” and occupational therapy can be defined as “a practice that uses goal-directed activity to promote independence in function” (Jane Clifford O'Brien, Susan M. Hussey, 2007). Occupational can also be defined as “everything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care),...
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...I believe it is important to provide clients with as much information as possible and allow them to make their own decisions about the best course of treatment. I currently find myself using a mixture of CBT and ACT when working with clients who are experiencing anxiety, as well as talking about the importance of taking care of your body and overall health. I use these methods because they are evidence-based and because of feedback I have received from clients. I also use mindfulness, grounding, and DBT TIPP skills because they have been proven to be effective and based on reports from...
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...What Brings about Happiness? Rodney Sanders Mrs. Bledsoe Arkansas Baptist College Fall, 2013 Abstract There are numerous ways to define the word happiness; however, according to Webster dictionary, the word happiness in best defined as enjoying, showing, or marked by pleasure, satisfaction, or joy. People generally associate happiness with simply having a good feeling inside whether it is from monetary or financial gain, finding a potential soul mate, getting a promotion at work, self employed, the birth of children, and so on. These are all different ways in which people generally associate the happy feeling with. Many people express their happiness in different ways; therefore, it can be said that happiness is something that you can't just buy or gain because it comes form deep within. It is also known that happiness changes as circumstances change around each individual's everyday life. This paper will discuss happiness based on scientific studies, how Aristotle relates happiness, and occasions associated with a happy person. Happiness related to Studies and Psychologist There are many scholars, specialist, neurologist, and more who study the brain. They often relate happiness to different levels of dopamine and and serotonin levels in the brain, which is a known transmitter in the brain that controls the nervous system causing the feelings of happiness and sadness (Inglehart, & Klingemann, 2000). According to other researchers...
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...QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Introduction Suppose that we have carried out a survey on the effect of carrying out a management audit with three groups of nine participant institutions each i.e. small medium and large. Each group was given the same survey questions in questionnaire format and the answers from the scores were tagged between 0 and 20. What is to be done with the raw scores? There are two key types of measures that can be taken whenever we have a set of scores from participants in a given condition. First, there are measures of central tendency, which provide some indication of the size of average or typical scores. Second, there are measures of dispersion, which indicate the extent to which the scores cluster around the average or are spread out. Various measures of central tendency and of dispersion are considered next. For this assignment, a survey is the type of data collection method in consideration and how the results of that survey would be analysed. SURVEYS Surveys are a very popular form of data collection, especially when gathering information from large groups, where standardization is important. Surveys can be constructed in many ways, but they always consist of two components: questions and responses. While sometimes evaluators choose to keep responses “open ended,” i.e., allow respondents to answer in a free flowing narrative form, most often the “close-ended” approach in which respondents are asked to select from a range of...
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... 4. One works so that one can buy those things that will make you happy. Work is the price we have to pay in other to get both the necessities of life and the many other things that make life enjoyable and pleasurable. 5. Finding the work as means of achieving happiness which is Autonomy. 6. Work is primary activity through which people develop their full potential as human beings. The character traits developed and the end achieved through work are connected to living a fulfilled and meaningful human life. 7. Diligence, perseverance, and concentration are character traits, that contribute to the improvement of the human well being virtue ethics. 8. People choose to work for many reasons and may willingly accept undesirable jobs simply as a means to earn money. How work affects a workers ability to make free and autonomous decisions about their own life. 9. Liberal approaches to work such as Bowie’s Kantian theory reject this view as too impoverished an understanding of human freedom individuals may well choose to work tedious difficulty depressing low paying even dangerous jobs. But if there are few alternatives available we should honor this as a free choice. Respecting the autonomy of individuals, failing to recognize such jobs as unjust. 10. Value as the means for attaining an income and through that income, many other ends that we need and desire. One will work in order to buy food pay bills and other items as well as paying for child’s education. Work has high instrumental...
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...What Brings about Happiness? Rodney Sanders Mrs. Bledsoe Arkansas Baptist College Fall, 2013 Abstract There are numerous ways to define the word happiness; however, according to Webster dictionary, the word happiness in best defined as enjoying, showing, or marked by pleasure, satisfaction, or joy. People generally associate happiness with simply having a good feeling inside whether it is from monetary or financial gain, finding a potential soul mate, getting a promotion at work, self employed, the birth of children, and so on. These are all different ways in which people generally associate the happy feeling with. Many people express their happiness in different ways; therefore, it can be said that happiness is something that you can't just buy or gain because it comes form deep within. It is also known that happiness changes as circumstances change around each individual's everyday life. This paper will discuss happiness based on scientific studies, how Aristotle relates happiness, and occasions associated with a happy person. Happiness related to Studies and Psychologist There are many scholars, specialist, neurologist, and more who study the brain. They often relate happiness to different levels of dopamine and and serotonin levels in the brain, which is a known transmitter in the brain that controls the nervous system causing the feelings of happiness and sadness (Inglehart, & Klingemann, 2000). According to other researchers...
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...attention with regards to listening to every instruction their teacher say. I can say that being in the real situation like being in a classroom as someone else (not a student but an observer) sometimes worries me. Because I may be able to cause the learning interference in that conducive learning environment. At first I may feel to be very conscious about what would I do next, what would I say if someone asked me this thing or that, how would I act for me to be more professional with this study I am conducting and other more uncertainties. But nevertheless my gratitude being there in that room is incomparable with my other first hand experiences in life as an education student. I am very thankful for the opportunity of experiencing being in the real situation of my field. Statement of Purpose This compilation was prepared and developed to provide and share experiences for those who will undergo the same undertakings. Through the experiences written, some latest innovations and strategies in teaching were shared their applicability will very depending on whatever and whenever it will suit to the...
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...Depression Amanda Harrod HCA/240 July 5, 2015 Kim Dankert Depression Depression is an illness that many American’s suffer from. 40 million adults in the United States suffer from depression (National Institute of Mental Health). People that have depression often feel sad, hopeless, worthless, ashamed, or guilty. They often lose interest in activities that they once found to be pleasurable. A person with depression may have trouble completing their daily activities. Those that suffer from this terrible illness often have thoughts of suicide. There are a few myths of depression. Many believe that those that suffer from depression are crazy. There are some people that believe that depression is a medical disease. Such as a disease like diabetes. Also it is believed that depression is just a large case of the blues. Lastly, some believe that depression only affects losers or women. One of the earliest treatments for depression was psychoanalysis. There are signs and symptoms of depression. Feeling helpless and believing that nothing will ever get better. Losing interest in hobbies that you used to love, or even losing interest in having sex. Appetite changes, or weight changes. Sleeping too little or too much for your body. Feeling angry or violent because everything and everyone is getting on your nerves. Feeling like you are worthless. Drug use or gambling to help make you feel better. Depression has been linked to reduced serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in...
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...Existentialism The purpose of this essay is to summarize the main views of Nagel and Taylor and to determine if they are too pessimistic in nature, or if in fact, Wolf’s standards for how to live are indeed too low. I will begin by discussing Thomas Nagel’s views on why life is fundamentally absurd given the criteria taken from Nagel’s article, “The Absurd.” Secondly, I will discuss Richard Taylor’s theory, which states that as humans, most people do not live meaningful lives, and demonstrate how that statement relates to the story of Sisyphus, and expand upon Taylor’s belief that it is essentially impossible for the majority of people to live a truly meaningful life. Thirdly, I will introduce Susan Wolf and her views on what features are needed in order to live a meaningful life in contrast to the views of Taylor and Nagel, and determine whether or not her criticism of Taylor and Nagel is indeed, accurate. I will conclude with a brief summery detailing the main points of this essay. In the essay “The Absurd”, Nagel touches on the idea that most people have an inexplicable awareness to the absurdity of life. Many feel on occasion that life is absurd, and some even go so far as to deal with this conviction in their daily lives. Rationale has been applied to explain this naturalistic sensitivity of the absurd, however Nagel claims that the reasoning put forth is patently inadequate. The first argument for absurdity begins with the concept that nothing we do will matter in the...
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...that “if you have an unsuccessful marriage (…) you will remain significantly unfulfilled” (p. 2), But Will It Make You Happier? points out that even though happiness isn’t dependent on income, your buys will influence your mood. The Sandra Bullock Trade acknowledges that poor people are generally unhappier, but the article also claims that as long as your basic needs are fulfilled, money makes no difference. This is probably the biggest disagreement between the articles, as But Will It Make You Happier? is somewhat more capable of differ-entiating the dilemma. Instead of just having a one-tack mind, the article focuses on both the pleasure that money can bring, but it also declares how we are more likely to find joy when we buy social activities than when we buy material objects. A2: The Sandra Bullock Trade catches your attention from the very beginning. The headline itself makes you want to read it, because a celebrity like Sandra Bullock is a person that will instantly catch your attention whether you want her to or not. Another means, which The Sandra Bullock Trade uses, is to turn directly to the reader, and in the sentence “Nonetheless, if you had to take more than three se-cond to think about this question, you are absolutely crazy” (p. 2), the article does so. The article asks the reader whether he would “(…) exchange a tremendous pro-fessional triumph for a severe personal blow?” (p. 2), and hereby it is not only making the reader think, but it also forces the reader...
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...Mental Health Abstract Introduction: Metabolic abnormalities, predominantly weight gain, are related with the use of Antipsychotic medications. Objectives: This paper will help us understand the underlying factors that cause metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities; and to advice interventions that would help improve the condition of mental health consumers. Background: The review articles used in this paper shows a high linkage between metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities with the use of Antipsychotic medications; which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among metal health consumers. Approach: Selective Article Reviews are being used. Findings and Implications: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects such as weight gain, diabetes and hypertension are some of the risks of Antipsychotic drugs; however, there are other underlying factors that cause this such abnormalities such as genetic factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic...
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