...2012) ( Referred from http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/21/harvard-lsd-project-leary/ ). Human experimentation's dark history began when the line between treatment and experimentation was blurred. In the early 1960s, the public began to notice the ethical neglect for test subjects by their experimenters. Those charged with administering research funding, took not of the public furor generated by the exposure of gross abuses in medical research; doctors and scientist alike began to use the data and notes gather from the Nazi experiments before and after World War II, in order to conduct these unethical experiments. People who unknowingly and willingly volunteered to participate in these experiments, were placed into unkempt conditions and unsanitary environments. The promotional and uncontrolled distribution of thalidomide throughout America, labeled as an experimental drug; the administration of cancer cells to senile and debilitated patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (Katz, 1972). As a result, the public was very sensitive to these experiments since the US government had imprinted the crimes committed by the Nazi doctors throughout the war into their minds. When the public became aware that their own government was capable of the same devious unethical experimentation, two fears arose; the frightening power of some political ideologies to demand that no private interest impede the accomplishment of the public good, and the acute fear...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search Experimentaion In: Experimentaion Experimentation Critique An article in the Teaching of Psychology Journal illustrates how a group of undergraduates used a Web-Based Self and Peer Assessments Systems in evaluating proposals for experimental psychology. An interest to teachers is grasping at students for involvement in experiments, and for students gain an opportunity to applying their skills to assess their observations empirically. Researchers observe the participants over a quantitative research, considering various styles, and techniques for data collecting. This study was an observation. Results will determine that the students build an improved understanding between the proposals created before the experiment and after the assessment to establish quality work. The study is an experimental research, in which “intervention by the researcher beyond that is required for measurements to determine the effect on another variable” (Cooper & Schindler, 2006, p. 709). The researchers placed the participants into teams, and the teams picked a topic taught in class, and create a proposal. In this paper, the attention is on the method, independent and dependent variable, observation techniques, and the sampling plan. Method Chang, Lee, Lin, and Sung, from the national Taiwan Normal University conducted this study. The study consisted...
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...Experimentation Critique of The Balance Evaluation Systems Test to Differentiate Balance Deficits RES/320 Patti Moser July 5, 2010 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. This paper includes no trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written permission to include. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): Sherri L. Eveland___________________________ ___ Experimentation Critique of The Balance Evaluation Systems Test to Differentiate Balance Deficits This article presents the theoretical framework, interrater reliability, and preliminary concurrent validity for this new instrument, the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest). The goal of this study was to develop a clinical balance assessment tool that aims to target 6 different balance control systems so that specific rehabilitation approaches can be designed...
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...hurt and killed in the USA alone. Is this really necessary? I believe that this torture is cruel and horribly selfish and barbarian. Not only are we harming innocent animals when there are many other valid ways of experimenting but everyday animals are being brutally killed for experiments that aren't even proven to give valuable, reliable results. Animal experimentation is a universal issue which provokes much controversy. As such a provocative subject it inevitably demands much attention. There is an aggressive yet on going argument which furiously debates the ethical question of animal rights against particularly ruthless scientific experiments. There is a plethora of statistics and data which strengthen the fight to ban animal testing, for example opinions of prestigious medical doctors and veterinary surgeons. Also, the misleading and underhanded attempt to disguise the vile treatment of animals by major companies and even charities insinuates that the immorality and pain inflicted upon these innocent creatures is in fact widely recognised, yet ignored. This needs to be changed. The success of animal experimentation is often exaggerated as revealed in a horrifying story told by the 'Daily Mail'. In 2000 a project carried out by Cambridge-based Imutran, which involved transplanting genetically modified pig hearts and kidneys into monkeys was told as a success story, until vital and disturbing evidence was leaked to the public which strongly contradicted Imutran's initial...
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...TOPIC #4: Human Experimentation PRO: Prisoners should be allowed to participate in human research CON: Prisoners should not be allowed to participate in human research History and definitions Dating back to 1965, seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg prison in Pennsylvania were purposely exposed to a poisonous agent. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dioxin, a potentially harmful substance. Dermatologist Dr. Albert Kligman, exposed prisoners to a dosage 468 times greater than the required dosage for the experiment. All evidence has been destroyed; however, participants are still experiencing dermatologic issues. As a result of research and experiments like these conducted in prisons, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare terminated the use of prisoners as subjects. Shortly after, the federal government passed strict guidelines limiting the scope of experimentation among prisoners. These guidelines passed, codified at Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, in 1978. Although prisoner research has been outlawed decades ago, it is far from over (Reiter, 2009). Certain guidelines are in place to protect human subjects in research. “The Common Rule” provides for the proposed research to be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB) in addition to requiring informed consent. A review body, known as the Institutional review board (IRB) was established to protect the natural rights and welfare of persons subjected to scientific research...
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...Animal experimentation has been a controversy throughout the world; many people agree and others disagree. However, there is more research that shows that animal experimentation helps find cures for diseases, helps understand how the human body works, and on the development of antibodies and vaccines. Animal experimentation is very beneficial in medicine. “Animal experimentation has played a part in many major advances such as the development of antibodies, vaccines, and surgical techniques”(Source 1). Humans and some animals such as mice, rats, and chimpanzees share “physiological and genetic similarities”(Source 2) making animal experimentation tremendously helpful for further medical science. “Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans”(Source 3). Making chimpanzees and mice good candidates for animal experimentation because of their close genetic similarity with humans. Animals not only have been used in testing; they have also been used in the military and in space. “Since as early as 1948, animals have been used by the U.S space program for testing such aspects of space travel”(Source 3). In which include a variety of animals such as rats, mice, fish, crickets, and snails that have also been launched into space for neurological testing. Animals have also played an important role in the military. “The U.S Department of Defense used 488,237 animals for research and combat trauma training”(Source 3). Which included...
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...Animal Experimentation Over millions of animals are used in experiments every year. There has been a controversy between animal rights supporters and scientist; whether it is right to use animals in experimental research. The research are usually conducted inside universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, farms, and commercial facilities that provide animal testing services. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Therefore animal experimentation should not be done. It should be against the law. Supporters of animal rights believe that animals have an inherent worth – a value completely separate from their usefulness to humans. Animals surely deserve to live their lives free from suffering and exploitation. All animals have the ability to suffer in the same way and in the same degree that humans do. They can feel pain, pleasure, fear, frustration, loneliness and motherly love. Animal rights is not just a philosophy – it is a social movement that challenges society’s traditional view to all non-humans animals exist solely from human use. Causing animals to die for science, for the sake of trying to save human lives, may be considered to some extent if it will contribute advancement of science, and it will be to the benefit of humanity. People and animals are completely different in genetics, therefore it is useless to use animals in experiments to see the effects of some substance. An animal may react different to a substance than what...
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...English B1A March 22, 2012 Animal Experimentation Experimentation done on animals is considered unethical, for some people at least. Not only do animals suffer while being experimented on, they often at times undergo vivisection. Vivisection, in the strictest sense, is the partial or complete dissection of live animals for research purposes (Monamy 6). If humans consider it wrong to inflict pain unnecessarily to other humans, then it should also be unnecessary to inflict pain onto animals. Animals breathe, eat, drink, excreta, reproduce, and can feel pain just as humans can. All animals (including human beings) must be treated identically, for each species has capacities and needs that are peculiar to it and deserve to be taken into account (Fox 64). Animals have sentient just as humans do. A sentient animal not only has an awareness of its surroundings but is capable of experiencing pain (Monamy 6). A quantum extension of ethics was proposed when Peter Singer asserted in Animal Liberation (1975) that moral consideration must transcend the species boundary to include all sentient animals (Monamy 40). Because animals experience pain just as humans do, a law should be passed where experiments on animals should be interdicted. While it has been proven that experiments on animals has benefited humans in many ways, enough evidence should have been gathered from those experiments where animals are no longer needed. Cats, dogs, sheep, lambs, pigs, mice, and monkeys are just a...
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...The title of this experiment is Probiotic capsules do not lower plasma lipids in young women and men. The objective of this investigation was to clarify the effect of probiotic bacteria administered in capsule form on plasma lipid concentrations. Independent variableThe independent variable is the probiotic capsules. Probiotic bacteria have been defined as live microorganisms, which when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health effect on the host. These bacteria have been hypothesized to enhance the immune response, treat antibiotic or travelers diarrhea, improve gastrointestinal health and reduce fecal enzymes implicated in cancer initiation. Probiotic bacteria are incorporated into dairy foods such as milk and yogurt or packaged as capsules for human consumption. In vitro experiments have suggested several mechanisms for the cholesterol-lowering effect of probiotic bacteria such as L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium Bacteria may directly remove cholesterol by incorporating it into the bacterial cell membrane, binding cholesterol to the cell surface or assimilating cholesterol during growth. In addition, bacteria may produce bile salt hydrolase and deconjugate bile acids. The resulting bile acids co-precipitate with cholesterol and are excreted in the feces, thereby reducing cholesterol through fecal excretion and through the synthesis of additional bile acids from cholesterol. The majority of studies examining the effect of probiotic bacteria on plasma lipids have...
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...Sara Kim Mr. Benard Kong Research and Presentation March 23, 2018 Animal Experimentation Nowadays, more than ever, people are raising pets. If you stroll around a park or even walk around the streets, we can see few people walking the dogs. In fact, there are many places that allow pets and there are even pet cafes opened in a lot of places. Dogs and Cats are the mostly raised, as well as some wild animals or insects as followed. In Korea, there’s a proverb stating, “A Dog’s lot in the happiest gall” meaning that, living life as a dog is better than I do. This proverb comes from how pets are spoiled under the master’s hand; almost like the babies, they get taken care of. But would this mean that all those people whom raising pets are like the...
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...Animal Experimentation has played a crucial role in medical advancements and medical training in the United States and around the globe for multiple decades now. In order for new medicines, treatments, and surgical procedures to be allowed legally, they have to proven to be safe and effective by government funded organizations, like the FDA. Animals used in research have been proven necessary for these newly founded medicines, treatments, and procedures to be brought into practice. For instance, kidney and liver transplantation. This type of research, animal experimentation, has lead the way for new drugs as well. While scientists search for a drug to cure Alzheimer’s Disease, my grandfather, William G. Jenkins, has passed away from the...
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...1) Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? This type of research could be conducted today, but not the same way that they handled he Tuskegee Syphilis. I read in the chapter, that Human experimentation is considered necessary for medical progress. Both animal testing and human testing have been used successfully to further medical knowledge and conquer disease. Medical research almost always carries with it some degree in risk. Human beings cannot be used for testing purposes unless they consent to participate. Obtaining informed consent is particularly important in nontherapeutic research, or research that will not directly benefit the research subjects. Justification for all medical research is that the benefits must outweigh the risk. Medical researchers must abide by the standers for testing that have been established by their medical associations, such as the AMA and the ANA. The HHS implements government standards for research. The government requires that all institutions that receive federal research funds, such as hospitals and universities, to establish an IRB that oversees any human research in that facility. 2.) What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? In my opinion the public should have asked questions about the intent of the study, asked if the patients would benefit from the research and if they had given their consent for the research. Also when they didn’t inform the men in the control group that developed...
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...Medical Experimentation on African Americans Katryna A. Lawson Montgomery College Abstract This research paper is going to review some of the horrific ways that African Americans were abused by medical research experiments in the United States. I will also examine how America’s physicians has a disgraceful history of exploitative studies in which African Americans have been used as objects, for new surgical techniques, drug testing, nuclear radiation absorption, biased psychological testing, sterilization, and cadavers all in the name of medical science since the time of slavery. Medical experimentation on African Americans began during the time of slavery. The South was home to 90 percent of American blacks, in some states, the black population was completely comprised of slaves: Alabama, for example, forbade the presence of free blacks. Since there was so many slaves, this also made the south a haven for the lowest of the low, worst kind of medical experiments on African Americans. Harriet A. Washington, author of the book Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black American from Colonial time to the Present, cites many of the atrocious acts that the Black Americans experienced through telling personal stories like those of slave women, giving faces to many of the black victims of violent medical experimentation and racially biased investigations, while also revealing the doctors inflicting the abuse. Doctors tortured and abused African American...
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...What is animal experimentation and why is it important? The use of animals in scientific research has greatly contributed to the medical and educational progresses that were achieved until now. There is a long history of using animals in scientific research, along with it a debate concerning its moral and ethical justification dates back to the moment, when animals were first used. Attitudes towards testing on animals scoped from absolute acceptance to absolute rejection and this seemed to have logical explanation. Both sides had strong arguments. For instance, involving animals in research has a positive effect, resulting in increasing of human health standards. Experience obtained from working with animals helped scientists to improve their general knowledge of mechanisms of how do living organisms function. On the other hand, the remaining scientists claimed that methods used to obtain those results were not only cruel and inhumane, but the majority of them could have been done using non-animal methods. This essay will prove that animal experimentation is a necessity, having led to numerous breakthroughs, it will also provide information about animal testing and alternatives that are now used to make the use of animals less harmful. Animal experimentation refers to any type of experimental procedures carried out on living animals. Using living animals in research started long ago, in ancient times. The main aim was to satisfy the curiosity of scientists...
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...Omri Flaisher 2-10-2012 Political Undertones in The Human Centipede In general, film and media (more specifically, independent film and media) tend to revolve around a central theme of political and social undertones, which in turn create consumer value and worth. However, many times these undertones are not consciously processed and retained. This may be due to the fact that many do not approach such activities with eyes open to such undertones, or perhaps it is merely due to the depth of the given undertones themselves. Regardless, a lack of awareness does not correlate to a lack of existence. Whether it’s the institution of imperialism in Avatar, or the relation of the later Star Wars films to the U.S. wars in the Middle East, political and social slant remains a driving factor for producers, as it allows those very producers to preach their personal views through their work. While it may be easy to write many movies off as purely visual stimulation, many times it takes a keen eye to delve further into the reason the movie was made in the first place. This supposition can be pulled into play in the case of The Human Centipede, a graphic independent horror film written by Dutch filmmaker Tom Six. Despite the general presumption that the movie was produced for shock value and shock value alone, a deeper look into setting, themes, and casting reveals a film that holds much greater social value than recognized by most. The movie begins chronicling the ventures of two...
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