...Action Theories - Theory and methods This is not a structural theory. Action theories focus on individual behaviour in everyday social situations. This is a bottom up approach – looking at meanings and interpretations of actions. There are many branches of action theories; Symbolic interactionism, Labelling theory, Dramturgical model, Phenomenology, Ethnomethodology, Structuration theory and Webe’rs integrated approaches Key features: 1. Society and social structures/ institutions are socially constructed (family does not exist externally to our daily lives) 2. People have free will to do things and form their own identities 3. Prefer to research on small groups of individuals (micro) 4. People’s behaviour is driven by their beliefs, meaning and emotions gives to a situation. e.g how mother interprets crying of baby, meaning of the cry will affect her actions and the babies behaviour will affect the mother Symbolic interactionism This focuses on how we create the world through our interactions. Our interactions are based on the meaning we give to situations and we can convey this through symbols like language. G. H. Mead – The Role of Others – Symbols vs Instincts Symbols versus instincts: * Animals are guided through instinct whereas we are guided by our responses to the world in the form of meanings we attach to significant things. * We create the world by attaching symbols to meanings we have attached. The symbol of putting a finger to your...
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... Organizational performance: a measure of how efficiently and effectively managers use organizational resources to satisfy customers and achiever organizational goals. Efficiency: A measure of how well or productively resources are used to achieve a goal Effectiveness: A measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organization is pursuing and the degree to which the organization achieves those goals. 2. Explain the following terms: strategy, low-cost strategy, and differentiation strategy Strategy: A cluster of decisions about what goals to pursue, what actions to take, and how to use resources to achieve goals. Low cost strategy: a way of obtaining customers by making decision that allow an organization to produce goods or services more cheaply than its competitors so it can charge lower prices than they do Differentiation strategy: To deliver to customers new, exciting, and unique products 3. What does the managerial function of organizing involve? What is its outcome? Organizing: structuring working relationships so organization members interact and cooperate to achieve organization goals. Outcome: The outcome of organizing is the creation of organization structure Organization structure: a formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so they work together to achieve organization goals. 4. Identify the three levels of management and explain the basic responsibilities of each. First...
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...with Northpark Media and if he should how should he go about it. Some of the casual factors that went into this problem were how the contract will affect his division as well as the other divisions, how the other vice presidents of the other divisions as well as, how Tom Watson, Centurion Media’s general counsel and Cynthia Smith, the controller, reacted when he went to them to get their insights about the new contract, and how close to retirement he was. All of the factors could affect how, or if, he went about confronting the new president and possibly the new CEO about the contract. 2. What were the conflicts of interest that Richard Bennett had to contend with? Scientifically and using the Sensemaking-Intuition Model explain why Richard Bennett might make an unethical choice facing these conflicts. The conflicts of interest Bennett has to contend with were how he felt his division would be affected with the contract and how it would affect his own staff not necessarily the entire company. Another conflict of interest would be how it would affect the customers that his division currently works with. The stages of the Sensemaking-Intuition Model play a big role here in Bennett’s choice facing these conflicts. The first stage for Bennett is how he sees the contact with Northpark. The second stage is the immediate judgment about the contract. Bennett perceives the contract as a bad idea and bad route to follow for how he and the other vice presidents have been running their...
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...the swash. Berms are generally created by smaller waves which have less energy so the material is smaller. At the back of the beach, very strong swash during storm conditions may deposit larger material, forming a storm beach or ridge. Name and explain the process that causes waves to appear to bend at a headland and become parallel to the coastline This is called wave refraction. As the waves approach the coast, they travel in a straight line, parallel to each other, as they travel in the same speed. However, as the front of the headland is shallower than the front of the bay, the waves encounter more friction and it slows down. This causes the waves to refract, where the waves bend towards the headlands and bends away at the bay. As the front of the bay is deeper than the front of the headland, the waves encounter less friction and its speed remains. 4 ways in which waves erode Hydraulic action. Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. Abrasion. Bits of rock and sand in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper. Attrition. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smoother. Solution. Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or...
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...200 words, explain your reasoning for the way you are planning on using Reserve Requirements. Be sure to address the following: 1. How Reserve Requirements affect the economy 2. How your action will affect economic growth 3. Why it is important to increase economic growth 4. Your rationale for the use of Reserve Requirements At the end of the game, you will be provided with this information to give to your instructor. Answer: Reserve requirements help to maintain a stable banking system and ensure that banks are able to conduct day-to-day check-clearing and cash-withdrawal transactions. These requirements are also one of the three monetary policy tools that the Fed can use, in principle, to control the money supply. The other two are open market operations and the discount rate. By lowering the reserve requirement, the banks will have more to loan which will expand the money stock and in the short term lower interest rate which encourages consumers and investors to buy more. When people and investors are buying more this increases economic growth. Increasing economic growth is important because it keeps society moving in a positive direction. Economic growth also contributes to advancements and increases standards of living and lowers unemployment. I chose lowering the reserve requirements because this would stimulate lending, reduce unemployment, and increase overall income so that the economy could recover. Scenario 2 In 150 to 200 words, explain your reasoning...
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...countries are more insulated from problems of foreign countries under a freely floating exchange rate system. However, a disadvantage of freely floating exchange rates is that firms have to manage their exposure to exchange rate risk. Also, floating rates still can often have a significant adverse impact on a country’s unemployment or inflation. 2. Intervention with Euros. Assume that Belgium, one of the European countries that uses the euro as its currency, would prefer that its currency depreciate against the dollar. Can it apply central bank intervention to achieve this objective? Explain. ANSWER: It can not apply intervention on its own because the European Central Bank (ECB) controls the money supply of euros. Belgium is subject to the intervention decisions of the ECB. 3. Direct Intervention. How can a central bank use direct intervention to change the value of a currency? Explain why a central bank may desire to smooth exchange rate movements of its currency. ANSWER: Central banks can use...
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...He brought attention to the protest and emphasized that there would never be a better time for this; action needs to be taken now. King would persuade the audience through the use of logic and objective evidence supporting his argument; he is able to further emphasize his point by frequently utilizing metaphors and juxtapositions. This is one of the most effective ways he convinced his audience, as it would be difficult...
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...Wildlife Management 20 2015-16 GENERAL INFORMATION i. Wildlife Management 20 a. 20 Level PAA Credit b. Available Semester I & 2 c. Independent Study Course (Asynchronous) ii. Location: HorizoniSchool Course is accessible at http://courses.horizonsd.ca/course/view.php?id=265 iii. Ways to contact Mr. Swan d. Send me a Private Message in Moodle (*Preferred) e. Email address: Jim.Swan@hzsd.ca f. school: 306.946.7929 home: 306.946.3000 g. text: 306.946.7929 skype: jim.swan COURSE DESCRIPTION The aim of Wildlife Management 20 is to provide students with the opportunity to study beliefs and attitudes about wildlife. Units of study include interactions of wildlife and society, managing wildlife, and issues in wildlife. The intent of this course is to raise an awareness of the importance of wildlife in the daily life of an individual and for society as a whole. Modules of study will be flexible and allow students to build on their own knowledge to create new found understandings. Students will be provided with the opportunity for success through a blending of theory and practical experience achieved in and out of school. The activities and theory are intended to lead to an understanding of career development opportunities and hobbies in the field of wildlife appreciation and management. Course...
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...The Self Paper Kimberly Kline Psych/555 January 20, 2014 Tracy Masiello The Self Paper This paper will define the concept of self, and explain how an individual develops a self-concept. It will explain the relationship between the self and emotion and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-esteem. It will also explain the relationship between the self and behavior and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-presentation. The Concept of Self Self- concept is the knowledge and beliefs people have about themselves. According to Fiske, (2010) self-concept is broken down into conceptual self and operational self. Conceptual self can be broken down into the material self which looks at the boundaries of our physical bodies, the inner self which is more of our private self or our inner identity, the interpersonal self is the role we play in our lives and how we interact with others and the societal self which deals with the society we live in and/or our culture. The operational self relates to self-concept, self –esteem and self-presentation. Self-concept deals with the cognitive aspect of self. It is the knowledge and beliefs we have about ourselves and how we represent our self to others. Self-esteem is more of our self and our emotions. Self-esteem is measure by how people feel about themselves. If people feel valuable and meaningful their self-esteem is rated to be high. If a person feels insignificant or...
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...CQ1) How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified? 1. Account for the differences in health status of men and women in Australia (7 marks) 2. Define the following terms: mortality, morbidity and life expectancy (3 marks) 3. How is epidemiology used to improve the health of Australians? Provide examples (6 marks) 4. Outline two indicators of morbidity. Include examples in your answer (3 marks) 5. Why is it important to prioritise particular health issues in Australia? Include examples in your answer (5 marks) 6. Discuss the limitations of using epidemiology to describe the current health status of a population (4 marks) 7. Compare the health status of Australian males to Australian females (4 marks) 8. Analyse the importance of social justice principles in selecting health priorities in Australia (6 marks) 9. Demonstrate how an illness or disease is selected as a National Priority area (5 marks) 10. What is the role of epidemiology? Explain how epidemiology can be used to determine the priority areas for Australia’s health (4 marks) 11. Explain the main measures of epidemiology. What information do they provide about the current health status of Australians (4 marks) 12. Is Australia a healthy nation compared with the rest of the world? Explain your answer. How can Australia’s health be improved? (5 marks) 13. Distinguish between the terms ‘prevalence’ and ‘incidence’ (2 marks) 14. Identify reasons for Australia’s declining infant mortality rate...
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...Rene Descartes’ theory of dualism was one of most advanced forms of philosophical dualism, it is commonly related to the correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and Descartes. In this essay, I will explain the problem that Elisabeth had with Descartes new found ideas and elaborate on his replies. In doing so I will create a deeper understanding of Cartesian Dualism and analyze the possibility of it still being an accurate claim after many centuries. Descartes’ felt the only thing in his life that could not be a deception from the Great Demon was his mind. He believed his body and surroundings could all be an illusion, but of the one thing he was sure of, because he had complete control over was his mind, his philosophy was “I think, therefore I am.” Because of this, he proposed that the mind and the body were two separate entities. This proposal went against the common theories of the time, leading Princess Elisabeth to write to Descartes asking for further explanation on what exactly he meant by the mind and body being “separate”. She asked how it could be possible for the mind and body to be separate entities yet still work in perfect unity. Descartes suggests that because of Elisabeth’s metaphysical beliefs, she is not capable of comprehending the mind and body as individual, separate entities. (Tollesfen, 1999) However, Princess Elisabeth did not only write to Descartes to have Philosophical conversation, but for assurance on the morality of Descartes theory...
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...1.Who owed a duty of responsibility? Explain who is owed a duty and why? 2. Who was owed the duty? Explain. President Graham Spanier and athletic director Tim Curley owed a duty of responsibility, since Jerry Sandusky's tenure within the institution was their responsibility, which shortly after they were charged with perjury, obstruction of justice, failure to report suspected child abuse, and related charges. 3. Are coaches responsible for the actions of other coaches? Why or why not? According to the lawsuit, some members of the technical committee knew of the crimes committed by Jerry Sandusky, as soon as those members omitted from justice a crime that endangers the safety of children, they are guilty, accused of: charged with perjury,...
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...Chap 1 1.describe what management is. Getting work done through others. Managers are concerned with efficiency and effectiveness. 2. explain the four functions of management. Making things happen, meeting the competition, organizing people projects and processes, leading 3. describe different kinds of managers. Top managers, middle managers, first line managers, team leaders 4. explain the major roles and subroles that managers perform in their jobs. Interpersonal- figurehead, leader, liason Informational-monitor, disseminator, spokesperson Decisional-enterpreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator 5. explain what companies look for in managers. Technical skills, human skills, conceptual skill, motivation to manage 6. discuss the top mistakes that managers make in their jobs. Insensitive to others, cold aloof and arrogant, betraying a trust, overly ambitious, specific performance problem with business, overmanaging, unable to staff effectively, unable to think strategically, unable to adapt to boss with different style, overdependent on advocate or mentor 7. describe the transition that employees go through when they are promoted to management. Initial expectation: be the boss, formal authority, manage tasks, job is not managing people After 6 months: fast pace, heavy workload, job is to be problem solver and trouble shooter for subordinates After 1 year: no longer doer, communication listening and positive reinforcement, job is people development ...
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...Week One Journal Objective You will outline and explain ethical theories and then apply that knowledge to how organizations would function were they to adopt those ethical principles. In addition, you will also examine punishments for corporations and present your own ideas about the relationship between ethical demands on business entities vs. those on individuals in society. Instructions In this assignment you will reflect on the topics of Week One and apply them to an analysis of ethical paradigms. You will be asked to respond to two prompts below. The first asks you to explain three of the ethical philosophies you encountered in Chapter 1 of Introduction to Business Ethics, and then determine how companies that abide by these policies would act. In the second prompt, you will be asked to explain various punishments that can be given to corporations and the behaviors that are ethically dangerous to corporations. Please answer all questions in detail. Because this journal is worth 5% of your final grade, there is a high expectation for your participation. Grades for the journals are based on content, critical engagement, quality of reflection, and detail. Please submit the completed journal via the Assignment Basket found in the Week One Journal tab on the left navigation toolbar by Day 7. Organizations Select a Not-For Profit and a For Profit organization you would like to study. These will be the organizations that you will be focusing on throughout...
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...positive and normative accounting theory * Positive Theory seeks to explain and predict particular phenomena * Focuses on relationships between various individuals and how accounting is used to assist in the functioning of these relationships * Normative Theory prescribe how a particular practice should be undertaken Identify the origins of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) * Assumption: All individual action is driven by self-interest opportunistic behaviour increase wealth does not incorporate notions of loyalty or morality * 1960s: paradigm shift from normative theories * Efficient Markets Hypothesis: capital markets react in an efficient and unbiased manner to publicly available information * Ball & Brown paper: investigated stock market reaction to accounting earnings announcements crucial to the acceptance of the positive research paradigm * Agency theory: explained why the selection of particular accounting method might matter focus: relationship between principals and agents information asymmetries create much uncertainty acceptance of transaction costs and information costs * Relies on traditional economics literature assumptions of self-interest and wealth maximization without having contractual agreements between the agents and the principal the agent will receive a reduced income agents then motivated to enter contracts which appear to limit actions detrimental to agents agency costs: Monitoring costs, bonding costs...
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