...An Introduction To People and Society 1. What is meant by the term socialisation? Socialisation is the way in which we are shaped by our society into being the people who we are now. We are all part of something called the socialisation process, were we learn the appropriate behaviour accepted by society i.e.: the culture of our society such as dressing, thinking and speaking to name but a few. Sociologists use terms such as norms, values and roles to describe these. There are four types of socialisation, the first of which is known as primary socialisation – this refers to early childhood (from birth) and what we learn from those who influence us most at this time. These people are usually our immediate family and carers. The second is secondary socialisation which refers to late childhood and adulthood, this is not learned from family but from school, workplace and many others including the media. There is also formal/informal socialisation 2. Each culture contains a large number of guidelines that direct behaviour, explain the role of norms within society and explain how they differ from culture to culture. The norms within society differ depending on the type of society and culture. The norms can be different because of religion, gender, social upbringing etc. There are both informal and formal norms (set of rules in society which explains acceptably correct behaviour). In general most societies disapprove of those who do not conform to the social...
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...alcoholics who were hardly able to take care of themselves, let alone an infant. Oxana, only three years old, sought refuge in the dog house in the garden; and she lay down with the dogs. Oxana remained with the dogs for 5 years, and was even fed raw meat and scraps left by her parents. After these 5 years, Oxana was imitating the behaviour of a dog: she was barking, clawing, whining when hurt, growling when feeling threatened and panting. In the following document, I will be discussing under which circumstances Oxana become this way, and the effects of primary and secondary socialisation had on Oxana. What were the primary socialisation effects on her health and well-being? When we are raised by our parents, we naturally replicate the behaviour of our parents; and primary socialisation is especially important because it serves as the groundwork for a child's future development and socialisation. However, as Oxana was raised largely by dogs, she replicated this behaviour. How does this impact Physical Development? Due to Oxana’s environment, it has caused Oxana to become physically underdeveloped. This is because of a multitude of factors. For example; the food she was eating. When we are young, we are fed food by our parents that contain the right amount of nutrients and proteins that will help our bones become strong, and will help us grow. Oxana did not have this. By being fed only raw meat and leftover scraps, Oxana was missing out on key nutrients that would help...
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...Explain what is meant by the ‘correspondence principle’ The correspondence principle is all the lessons that are taught to you in school but they are not directly taught. For example, simply through every day workings of the school, pupils become accustomed to accepting hierarchy and competition. Suggest three criticisms that other sociologists may make of the functionalist view of the education system? Functionalists see education as a process that instils the shared values of society as a while, but Marxists argue that education in capitalist society only transmits the ideology of a minority, the ruling class. The interactionist Dennis Wrong argues that functionalists have an ‘over-socialised view’ of people as mere puppets of society. Functionalists wrongly imply that pupils passively accept all they are taught and never reject the schools values. Unlike Davis and Moore, the New Right argue that the state education system fails to prepare young people adequately for work. This is because state control of education discourages efficiency, competition and choice. Outline some of the ways in which government educational policies may have affected social class differences in educational achievement? Marketisation brought in a change in selection policies, it brought in a funding formula that gives the school the same amount of funds for each pupil, also exam league tables that rank each school according to its exam performance and make no allowance for the level...
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...Education and differences in educational achievement- past questions and mark schemes (CLASS, GENDER and ETHNICITY) January 2006 (a) Explain what is meant by cultural capital. (Item 1A, line 8). (2 marks) Two marks for an appropriate explanation or definition, such as the values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, tastes etc. possessed by the upper/middle class, or the values, knowledge etc. that give one class an educational advantage. (c) Identify three features of the restricted speech code (Item 1A, lines 10-11). (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate features identified, such as: • used by the working class; • short/incomplete sentences; • often reduced to gestures; • context-bound/particularistic meanings/speaker assumes audience shares same frame of reference; • not used in education; • a product of repetitive, unskilled work; • a product of positional/rigid family structures. (e) Examine the reasons why females now tend to achieve more than males in the education system. (20 marks) Candidates will consider a range of reasons, such as the impact of feminism, equal opportunities policies, role models, changes in the family and work, changes in the curriculum and assessment, changes in girls aspirations, teacher attention and classroom interaction, selection, league tables etc. Concepts and issues such as meritocracy, patriarchy, pupil subcultures, labelling, de-industrialisation, marketisation, the hidden curriculum...
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...traditional arrangement may have changed as families have changed, and many feminists use the term ‘dual burden’ to describe the woman’s role in the family today. Item 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists argue that social policies assume that the ideal family is a patriarchal nuclear family, and that government policies and laws therefore favour this sort of family. On the other hand, the New Right argue that the benefit system undermines traditional nuclear families by actively encouraging lone parents. 0 6 Explain what is meant by the ‘dual burden’ (Item 2A). (2 marks) 0 7 Explain the difference between the expressive role and the instrumental role (Item 2A). (4 marks) 0 8 Suggest three ways in which the differences between children and adults are becoming less clear in society today. (6 marks) 0 9 Examine the reasons for, and the effects of, changes in family size over the past 100 years or so. (24 marks) 1 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life. Item 2A Over the past 40 years or so, there has been a decline in the number of first marriages in the United Kingdom. One of the reasons for this decline is the change in the role of women in society. In order to develop their careers...
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...Families and Households past Questions Short Questions Explain what is meant by primary socialisation ( 2 marks) Explain what is meant by the expressive role( 2 Marks) Explain what is meant by serial monogamy(2 Marks) Explain what is meant by net migration(2 marks) Suggest two ways in which family life could have a harmful effect upon women(4 Marks) Explain the difference between a family and a household(4 Marks) Suggest two reasons why lone parent families are likely to be head by a female(4 Marks) Suggest two reasons why there has been an increase in one person households(4 Marks) Explain the difference between the birth rate and the fertility rate(4 marks) Suggest two reasons why women might delay having children(4 Marks) Suggest two ways in which the position of children could be said to have improved over the last 100 years(4 Marks) Suggest two reasons why there has been an increase in cohabitation(4 Marks) Suggest two reasons why someone might migrate to the united kingdom apart from employment.(4 Marks) Explain what is meant by the social construction of childhood(2 marks) Suggest two ways in which government policies may shape the experiences of childhood today(4 Marks) Suggest three reasons for the decrease in the death rate since 1900(6 Marks) Identify three ways in which childhood may not be a positive experience for some children(6 Marks) Identify three ways in which greater ethnic diversity has contributed to...
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...belonging. Each society has different values and norms which help to promote unity and coherence. Values are the things we regard as important, true and right. It may differ from individual to individual and also cultures and may be as a result of gender, beliefs and religion. In an African society, a male child is brought up to recognise he is a breadwinner and consequently taught the value of working hard to provide for his family, on the other hand education may be seen as wasted on a female child because she is meant to be provided for by her husband. In such a society education is not valued in females. Values change and evolve because today most societies have accepted the importance of education in both the male and female child. There are still some restrictions in some societies like in Saudi Arabia where women are not allowed to freely mix with men in the work place. Some of the change in values can occur from experiences in the secondary socialisation process. The change will allow for development, growth and modernisation. For instance a traditional Muslim male takes his wife to see a doctor for checkups will insist he wants a female doctor to attend to her. With time he begins to see the gap created by not allowing a female child get an education and as such will be more open to change. Values are important things to us like ethics, human life, privacy, love, religion, honesty, justice, and fairness and so on. In Britain we value our Privacy among other values, for...
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...factors such as how crimes are actually recorded and the idea that males do commit more crimes that females and the male stream society that we are in. It may be believed that women commit less crime due to the socialization they received throughout their life and the social control they receive as adults. During the socialisation process it can be seen that girls are socialised differently to boys. This idea was supported by Walurm who recorder conversations in a maternity ward. Baby girls were comforted when they cried and described as sweet, whereas boys were expected to be noisy and tough. Similarly, Statham found that parents find it virtually impossible to be non sexist in child rearing. Toy shops aimed weapons for boys and domestic toys such as babies and cooking equipment at girls. This could therefore explain why men are more likely to be involved in crimes involving physical violence or possession of an offensive weapon. Additionally, Parsons believed that because child-rearing is primarily carried out by mothers, with fathers potentially being absent or having little influence in the child's life, girls have an advantage in their socialisation as they have a clear role model to follow that emphasizes caring and support compared to boys who often lack a male role model. This theory was supported by Farrington and Painter's longitudinal study of female offenders. They found that female offenders were much more likely to have had harsh or erratic parenting and to...
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...AQA Unit 1 Families & Households specimen | (a) Explain what is meant by .primary socialisation. (Item 2A, line 7). (2 marks)(b) Suggest two ways in which childhood has become .a specially protected and privileged time of life. (Item 2A, lines 4 . 5). (4 marks) (c) Suggest three reasons for the increase in the divorce rate since 1969. (6 marks) | (d) Examine the ways in which social policies and laws may influence families and households. (24 marks) | (e) Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess the view that it no longer makes sense to talk about the .patriarchal family. (Item 2B, lines 1 . 2). (24 marks) | Jan 09 | (a) Explain what is meant by the ‘expressive role’ (Item 2A, line 5). (2 marks)(b) Suggest two ways in which ‘family life may have a harmful effect on women’(Item 2A, lines 6 – 7). (4 marks)(c) Suggest three reasons for the decrease in the death rate since 1900. (6 marks) | (d) Examine the ways in which childhood can be said to be socially constructed. (24 marks) | (e) Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess the view that the nuclear family is no longer the norm. (24 marks) | Jun 09 | 0 6 Explain the difference between a family and a household (Item 2A). (4 marks)0 7 Suggest two reasons why lone-parent families are more likely to be headed by a female. (4 marks)0 8 Suggest two reasons why there has been an increase in one-person households(Item 2A, line 3). (4 marks) | 0 9 Examine the reasons for changes in birth rates and family size...
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...|Assignment 3: | |Explain how the role of the teacher changes in the process of the child’s normalisation (socialisation). | | | |Define the term normalisation , linking it with the concept of deviations. (10) | |- Briefly explain the concept of ‘normalisation’ and look at the characteristics of the normalised child. | |Lecture 30 (Montessori, 2012) | |- Outline the definition of ‘deviations’ (Montessori, 1966) from a Montessori perspective. | | | |Outline the importance of the favourable environment in supporting normalisation. (20) | |- Briefly outline the characteristics...
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...“Outline and explain reasons for female achievement in education since the early 1990’s.” Concerns over the link between gender and educational attainment focus mainly on the extent to which males and females perform differently in education and their tendency to study different subjects. However it is not true that males attain more qualifications in general than females at school. Girls have outperformed boys in 16 + examinations since at least the late 1960s but these overall gender differences in educational achievement began to increase in the late 1980s after the introduction of the GCSE. Previously traditional ideas about the proper role of women in society prevented them from achieving their full potential, yet now women have different priorities and are no longer destined to be only housewives and homemakers; women are now expected by society to go to school and get an education. Female aspirations have changed dramatically from the 1970’s to the present; Women have become more than just bearers of children, cooks, cleaners and wives. They are now educated; becoming surgeons, pilots, physiatrists and anything they want to be. An ethnographic study done by sociologist Sue Sharpe: ‘Just like a girl’, found a change in the aspirations of females in an interview conducted in the London borough of Ealing in the 1970’s and early 90’s. Her findings display a major shift in the views of women and education. In the 1970’s...
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...pre-industrial family, unit of production, unit of consumption, nuclear family, lone parent family, social policies, state intervention, symmetrical family, privatised, joint and segregated conjugal roles, commercialisation of housework | IntroductionSignpost to the question and clearly explain the key concepts /terms of the question | Functionalists such as Murdock and Parsons say that the family is losing its functions; they, and other functionalists, see the family as a particularly important, basic building block within society. Murdock argues that the family only performs four essential functions to meet the needs of society, whereas Parsons states that the functions that a family performs depends upon the kind of society in which it is found. | Paragraph 1PointThe point must be appropriate in answering the question. | The traditional pre-industrial family is seen to be the extended family, where there are three generations of the family all living together, it was seen as a multi-functional unit, in that it was both a unit of production and consumption. | Explain the point | Family members all used to work together on the family farm, producing what they needed to live; and they would consume what was necessary e.g. feeding and clothing its members. It was a more self-sufficient unit than the modern nuclear family because...
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...Higher Sociology Understanding Human Society 1 Acknowledgements SFEU (Scottish Further Education Unit) gratefully acknowledges the contribution made to this publication by Learning and Teaching Scotland who have granted permission to use material previously produced by Higher Still Development Unit. SFEU also thanks SQA for permission to reproduce parts of the Arrangement documents. Copyright statement Documents on NQ Online can be downloaded free. However, where the publications are the copyright of Learning and Teaching Scotland, educational establishments in Scotland may reproduce them in whole or in part provided that the source is acknowledged and that no profit accrues at any stage. Other users of these publications should contact Learning and Teaching Scotland before reproducing any of them. Please note all rights held by the former Higher Still Development Unit continue to be held by Learning and Teaching Scotland. Contents Statement of Standards 3 Guide to Learning and Teaching Pack 7 Introduction to the Unit and Learning and Teaching Approaches 8 Class stratification 9 Recommended reading and recommended websites for class stratification 10 Introduction to social stratification 11 Class stratification 15 Functionalist theory of class stratification 24 Summary of functionalism ...
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...this perspective, then this overview will serve as revision material... The second part of these Notes will provide an overview of some of the basic themes and theories put forward by writers working within this general perspective to explain crime. Functionalism: An Overview The Functionalist perspective is a form of Structuralist sociology and, as such, we can initially characterise it as a form of macro sociological theorising. In this respect, the main theoretical question addressed by sociologists working within the Functionalist perspective is that of: * How do social systems ("societies") hold together? In their attempts to provide an answer to this question, Functionalists have initially concentrated upon two ideas that are closely related to the above: 1. How is order maintained in any society? 2. What are the main sources of stability in any society? As you might imagine - given that the theoretical emphasis seems to be placed on rather grand questions about the nature of social systems - Functionalist sociologists are not particularly concerned with an examination of individual ideas, meanings and interpretations. We will look in more detail about why this should be the case in a moment. What they do tend to emphasise, however, is the idea that the basis of social order is to be found in shared values / consensus (hence this perspective...
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...However functionalists take a positive view of the role of the nuclear family whereas traditional Marxists and feminists have criticised the view. George Peter Murdock was a functionalist sociologist. From his study of 250 diverse societies he concluded that the family actually performs 4 basic functions, which are essential for social life. The first were sexual and reproductive which are important, as they are the means of producing members of society. Without these two major functions society itself would seize to exist. Providing economics support was the third function Murdock argued, as life would discontinue to exist if for example food could no longer be provided. The final function he argues was education or in other words socialisation without which there would be no culture and society is unable to function without culture. Murdock said although the family may not perform these functions exclusively...
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