...Social Philosophy. I can see you have a personal philosophy expressing good ideas on the six fields of philosophy. When I reviewed the Unit 2 IP submission, I noted there was information that directly matched the content in several websites, word for word. (Identified on the Turnitin Report) at 17%. This is an instructional note Michele to let you know the issues with paraphrasing or using complete sentences without directly quoting and citing. When you paraphrase or borrow direct sentences, the information is written without your voice, words, phrases, or ideas. When paraphrasing a sentence citation and quotes are required. It is generally accepted that using three or more of the author’s original words is a direct lift and requires quotation marks or indentation. Changing one or a few words in a paragraph does not constitute paraphrasing the material. It is necessary to quote phrases or words identical to the authors, or it will change its meaning. However, direct quotes, not proper names or titles, should be limited. At least 85% of your paper should be in your own words, (not copied) and include a citation. When copying or borrowing other people's work, it is difficult to gauge your understanding of the material, because writing information verbatim does not show me that you read the material, thought about, perhaps analyzed it, broke it down into smaller pieces, and understood it enough to tell me in your own words the meaning and explanation of...
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...Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of existence. Metaphysics is concerned with explaining the ways things are by trying to answer the question “What is”, “what is reality”, what is free will”. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. Compared to other branches of Philosophy such as epistemology that deals with things like the sources of justification, knowledge, metaphysics is concerned with explaining the way things are in the physical world. This is not the origin of the term The term “Metaphysics” comes from the Greek term “meta” meaning “after the Physics”. Although the term metaphysics generally makes sense in the way that it partially refers to things outside of and beyond the natural science. Instead, the term was used by later editors of Aristotle. Aristotle had written several books on matter and physics, and followed those volumes with works on ontology and other broad subjects. These editors referred to them as “The books that came after the books on physics” or “metaphysics”. Aristotle referred to metaphysics as “first philosophy”. This term was also used by some other philosopher like Descartes whose primary work focused on the subject of metaphysics. Metaphysical systems come in three main component: Physical system such as Kant’s, ideologies which are usually political, moral or other practical philosophical systems; and other religions which in their theologies attempt to create...
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...performed by specialists in the field today (Queens University, 2014), humankind has sought to discover and unravel the secrets of the human brain. This long journey through the millennia has seen a dramatic evolution in the nature of psychology (Origins, 2014), however, it was not until the nineteenth century that a truly scientific discipline was born (Thomas, 2014). Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920) (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014), set up the first psychology laboratory, situated within the department of philosophy, at the University of Leipzig in 1876 (Thomas, 2014). The facility was devoted to physiological experimentation through scientific methodology, and it was also where the theory of introspection, which posited that reflection and interpretation of lived experiences could help to develop a model of consciousness, was developed. (Thomas, 2014). Since this time, psychology as a ‘scientific’ specialty has grown into a discipline with many branches, with each of these branches being devoted to a particular aspect or paradigm (Ritchie & Grenier, 2002) This essay will present a concise account of critical, historical and conceptual issues that have contributed to the evolution of psychology, and to what the future of the discipline might look like. One of the main criticisms of psychology is that of whether or not it is a science (Makunda, 1997; Manicas & Secord, 1983). Firstly, should psychology be included in the natural sciences or the social sciences? Psychology...
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...Humanities Today Paper Marlon Chambers HUM/102 Jan 22, 2015 Nancy Erickson Humanities Today Paper In this paper, I will discuss humanities. I will differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human inquiry and expression. I shall list types of humanities and explain why each one gives reflects current developments in politics, socioeconomics, and technology. Colorado State University defines humanities as, “The branches of learning (such as philosophy or languages) that investigate human constructs and concerns, as opposed to natural processes. The humanities, such as classical and modern languages, literature, history, and philosophy, have the overall goal of the exploration and explanation of human experience.” Art has long been a means of expressing social or political ideas. Anselm Kiefer took art and brought it to an entirely new level by using his art to bring attention to national identity and collective memory. In the process his art began evolving to include occult symbolism, theology, and mysticism. All of his work shares a common theme of the trauma experienced by entire societies and the continual rebirth and renewal in life. Music defines periods of history as well as generations. It evolves with societies/cultures and tends to give people their identity. Music has a strong connection through celebration, remembrance, expression of emotions, and ministering to others. It allows the human race to connect to...
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...University of Phoenix Material Islam Worksheet When studying Islam, it is important to understand the essential elements of the faith, how they are practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam, Sunni Islam, and Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam. 1. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam. In explanation, the meaning of the Islam means that in their religious beliefs, which are known as Muslims, to simply surrender or perform complete submission to their God. Muslims refer to their God as, Allah. Islam is a word that is also related to words for peace. For example, Islam in Arabic is called Salam. In Islam, Muslims surrender or perform submission to God by prostration of the entire body. As oppose to other religions surrendering to God in kneeling, standing, or other postures. 2. Explain the basic concepts of Islam. The concept of Islam is in order to practice this particular religion you must believe that you must surrender to God, which in Islam is Allah, wholeheartedly. Also, to become Islamic, people are called for prayer several times a day by a muezzin, which is a chanter who announces that Allah is greater than anything else. Muslims pray five times a day. Muslims believe that Allah, which is known as their God, speaks through human beings and prophets. Muslims have to believe and practice the Five Pillars...
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...Slice of Life A Synthesis Paper on Philosophy and Logic Jonn Denzel V. Ramos BSGE-1E Does God exist? How to build an attractive city? Does life is real or just an imagination? An average person fails to answer these questions objectively, but philosophers have this will on solving these problems. Philosophy and logic are the fundamentals in search for meaning. Philosophers have these skill set which makes them think different from others, which leads and guides them to real and unbiased answer, it is a slice of life where they embrace every single moment they put up time and effort in their search for answer. Long time ago, Ancient Greeks invented philosophy as the way of thinking and asking questions about all things through its ultimate causes. Pre-Socratic Pythagoras coined the word philosophia which means “love of wisdom” or people who are faithful to wisdom as St. Thomas Aquinas called as wise man. Philosophy began to spread throughout the rest of the world, as the knowledge and discipline that engages and sharpens our reasons. There are three components of philosophy, the material object, formal object and natural scope. The material object refers to the subject being observed and finding the root cause on how it exist is its formal object. The natural scope is simply defined as natural reason which philosophers use in search for explanations. Ordinary and profound are two types of knowledge in philosophy. Ordinary knowledge is the foundation or the simplest form...
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...Interest in psychology is as old as the society, because man has always wanted to know people who surround him, to discover what do they think, how do they feel, and their intentions. In spite of that, psychology as an independent science is relatively young – it is old approximately 100 years. When discussing the origin and roots of psychology, it might be noted that they come from philosophy and natural sciences. Philosophic roots of psychology are associated with the philosophic thought of ancient Greeks and the word "psychology" is of Greek origin. In the translation, psychology is "a science about a soul." Until the second half of the nineteenth century, psychology was a part of philosophy and was used for explanation of certain philosophical hypothesis. In the past, there were philosophers who had a major influence on the later development of psychology such as Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) and John Locke (1632-1704). Rene Descartes is the most important representative of rationalism. His philosophical thoughts had a big influence on certain psychological branches, especially Gestalt psychology. According to Landrum, "Descartes suggested that whereas the mind is the source of ideas and thoughts (that he correctly located in the brain), the body is a machine-like structure to be studied and understood." Descartes acknowledged two substances: the soul and the body. On the other hand, Spinoza was an empiricist, and he advocated the standpoint that...
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...none of the above-mentioned activities. Instead he asks himself questions like: “what is the law of nature?” “What is a scientific theory?” He explains the role of deduction in science. Philosophy is unlike science, pure verbal, analytical, and reflective. Then how can a scientist be a philosopher? Discussion: * What is philosophy? * Remote from the usual human interest and quite beyond normal comprehension. * Extremely complex intellectual activity. * A form of Inquiry – a process of analysis, criticism, interpretation and speculation. (Singer – 1990) * The search for the ultimate, conducted by reason, in order to satisfy man’s curiosity about himself and the universe. * Why study philosophy? * Makes a man think – think about the basic foundations of: * His beliefs * Outlook in life * His knowledge * It is from our human needs and immediate concerns * What is philosophy of science? * Set forth principles more basic and comprehensive than the conclusions of individual sciences. * Proved a positive role in ordering ways of students conceive of science, both as process and product. * Serve as appropriate introduction to scientific method * What are the different approaches to philosophy? * The ANALYTICAL approach * Interested in problems concerning the range, methods and limits of human knowledge. * The METAPHYSICAL approach...
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...Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[9] Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciencesemerged as unique research programs in their own right.[b] Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences[6] while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons;[6] advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization, and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus. Contents [hide] * 1History * 1.1Ancient astronomy * 1.2Natural philosophy * 1.3Physics in the medieval Islamic world * 1.4Classical physics * 1.5Modern physics * 2Philosophy * 3Core theories...
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...indicates: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers.” The concept of freedom of the press is often covered by the same laws as freedom of speech, thereby giving equal treatment to media and individuals. This philosophy of freedom is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of...
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...Science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the general term. For other uses, see Science (disambiguation). The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science.[1] Science[nb 1] is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.[nb 2] In an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to this body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Ever since classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to philosophy. In the West during the early modern period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably,[2]:p.3 and until the 19th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a branch of philosophy.[3] In modern usage "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics, chemistry, geology and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist began to be applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature.[4] ...
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...we look at the three branches of literature, poetry, prose and drama, those branches also have sub-branches, and on and on. Sometimes, from being presented all these different types of literature, we tend to forget that each type differs stylistically from other types, hence their classification as different types of literature, and among all these types of literature stands out one: the novel. One of the most common and widespread of all types of literature, novels can be found anywhere. It’s become so common that people just read it to, well, read it. As interesting a read as a particular novel may be, what’s more interesting than that (and what adds complexity to the novel) is the form which novels take, and, in particular, characteristics that it possesses that are in plain sight within the text, yet ignored in favour of just enjoying the story. According to Mikhail Bakhtin in his work “The Dialogic Imagination”, one of the main characteristics of a novel is what we call “heteroglossia”. Mikhail Bakhtin describes it as the “multiplicity of social voices and a wide variety of their links and interrelationships”. Simply put, it is the multiplicity of forms within the text that allow the text to be more far-reaching, and convey its message better. But why would, for example, Milan Kundera use it in “The Unbearable Lightness of Being”? Because this multiplicity in form allows the text’s author, Kundera in this case, the fluidity to ease into explanations about what happened (or...
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...Science and its Evolution Science which comes from the Latin word scire, to know, I would say is method of observing natural events and conditions so that we can discover facts about them and to formulate laws based on these observations. Another way of defining science is to say that it is the philosophy that the natural world can be known through human reason and that nature is rational, ordered and regular. When things seem irrational in human eyes, the scientific answer is to say that we don’t have enough data to solve the problem. Also, science has several branches under it such as biology, physics, geology, and astronomy, to name a few. Modern science has been evolving since the foundation was laid by the first scientists ways back then. It wasn’t always highly regarded; it emerged from the darkness of mysticism, alchemy, astrology, and better yet, sorcery. Metaphysics was the first attempt to give rational explanations for natural phenomena. Overall any field was used to try to give an explanation to unanswered questions, some people agree with these “answers” and some people don’t. Ancient civilizations practiced what we now refer to as applied science and mathematics. The discoveries made during these times were sought for practical uses. Counting could’ve been the fundamental beginning of recording information. (Isenhour, 2013) Babylonians, Egyptians and other ancient civilizations practiced astronomy and engineering. Astronomy was and is still useful for the...
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...Cognitive Psychology The field of psychology is made up of different branches and each branch gives a range of different ideas and theories toward the compound field of psychology. Cognitive psychology is one branch that focuses on how cognition directly affects human behavior. Primarily cognitive psychology tries to uncover the underlying mental processes that play a role on particular human behaviors. Cognitive psychology was created in distinction of behavioral psychology. Major human functions can be observed through theories from the cognitive branch of psychology. These things can range from language, problem solving skills, memory functioning, and perception. Cognitive psychologists have developed many theories over the years that have made major contributions to the general field of psychology. The Foundation of Cognitive Psychology Prior to cognitive psychology becoming a significant branch of the psychology field, behavioral psychology was the main branch within psychology. Cognitive psychology came about when psychologists began to have questions about the behavioral method to psychology. Several psychologists felt that the behavioral approach to psychology had many gaps when it came to basic human functions such as memory, language, and learning. Psychologists attempted to fill these gaps by comparing the human mind to a computer (Willingham, 2007). Psychologists and scientists who studied artificial intelligence considered that the human mind functioned similar...
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...The Six Branches of Philosophy Charlene Murray PHI 201 UNIT 1 IP AIU Humans are such complex individuals. Learning what makes each individual to think, and react has been widely studied. Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct and a personal outlook or viewpoint. The six branches of philosophy will help address questions often asked daily during human lifetime. Metaphysics is the study of existence Epistemology is the study of knowledge Ethnics is the study of action Politics is the study of force Esthetics is the study of art Social is the study of social behavior What is real? Scientist has based findings that the brain may distinguish between reality and fantasy, because real things tend to have a higher degree of personal relevance than something that is fictional. My personal experience with real; can you communicate with the dead. I can remember as a child my grandfather dead. He appeared to be sleeping but he died in his sleep. I can remember talking for hours the day before he died. He told me to always come to him if I needed to talk about anything or if I was having a problem. My reason for questioning this is every time I had a problem I would dream about my grandfather. And in every dream he always gave me sound advice which always solved the problem. So I do believe that you can communicate with the dead, but it is a spiritual connection. Ernst Mach (1836-1916) thought that the only real...
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