...FASHION EXPORT MERCHANDISING National Institute of Fashion Technology, DELHI M.F.M Semester 2 EXPORT INDUSTRY OF INDIA Submitted to – Ms Jasmine Dixit Submitted by – Kranti Wadmare Meghna Kumar Rahul Kumar Rounak Siraj Parul Dang EXPORT INDUSTRY OF INDIA Exports from India amounted to US$317.5 billion during 2014, up 44.1% since 2010. India’s top 10 exports accounted for 60.5% of the overall value of its global shipments. Based on statistics from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook Database, India’s total Gross Domestic Product amounted to $7.376 trillion in 2014. Therefore, exports accounted for about 4.3% of total Indian economic output. Given India’s population of 1.252 billion people, its total $317.5 billion in 2014 exports translates to roughly $254 for every resident in that country. India’s unemployment rate was 4.1% in 2014. Sectors 1. Primary: Agriculture and mining (CIL , National mineral development corporation) 2. Secondary: Industry (Tata motors, Sun pharma industries, Indian Oil Corporation) * Petroleum products and chemicals * Pharmaceuticals * Engineering * Gems and jewellery * Textile * Mining 3. Tertiary: Services (Oracle TCS,Infosys) * Energy and Power * Infrastructure * Retail * Tourism * Banking and finance * Aviation * Information technology COMPOSITION OF EXPORTS Commodity group ...
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...EXPORT STRATEGIES AVAILABLE TO FIRMS INTERNATIONALISING This report gives an insight into exporting, its definitions and other international business transactions, it goes on discussing the different strategies available to a firm internationalizing for the first time, and these include both direct and indirect strategies available, and provides examples of firms that use export strategies. It also gives the advantages and disadvantages of such strategies. At the end of the report it provides a conclusion and recommendations to what strategies a firm can adopt depending on the situation. 2.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The most conventional forms of international business transactions are international trade and investment. International trade refers to an exchange of products and services across borders. Exchange can be through exporting, importing or countertrade. Exporting is an entry strategy involving the sale of products and services to customers located abroad from the home base or third country. Importing is the buying of products abroad and bringing them to the home market. Countertrade is a business transaction where all or partial payments are made in kind rather than cash. Both finished and intermediate goods, such as raw materials and components are subject to trade. While on the other hand international investment refers to the transfer of assets to another country, or acquisition of assets in that country through foreign direct investment and contractual...
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...EXPORT PROCESS FLOW, PROCEDURE AND DOCUMENTATION Revised on November 10, 2005 Prepared By: Policy & Planning Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority Ministry of Industries, Production & Special Initiatives Government of Pakistan www.smeda.org.pk HEAD OFFICE LAHORE REGIONAL OFFICE SINDH REGIONAL OFFICE NWFP REGIONAL OFFICE BALOCHISTAN 6th Floor, L.D.A Plaza, Egerton Road Lahore-54792 Tel: 111-111-456 Fax: (042) 6304926 helpdesk@smeda.org.pk 5th Floor, Bahria Complex 2, M.T.Khan Road, Karachi Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Fax: (021) 5610572 helpdesk-khi@smeda.org.pk Ground floor State Life Building The Mall, Peshawar Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Fax: (091) 286908 helpdesk-pew@smeda.org.pk Bungalow No. 15-A Chaman Housing Scheme Airport Road, Quetta. Tel: (081) 2831702/2831623 Fax: (081) 2831922 helpdesk-qta@smeda.org.pk Export Process Flow, Procedure & Documentation Policy & Planning INDEX 1. Introduction to SMEDA 02 2. Role of Policy and Planning 02 3. Flow Chart 03 4. Introduction 05 5. Selection of a Product 05 6. Opening of an Office 05 7. Registration for Export 05 8. Selection of Market 05 9. Quoting a Price 06 10.Signing of a Contract 06 11.Terms of Delivery 06 12.Financing for Exports 07 13.Packing 07 14.Transport 07 15.Insurance 07 16.Documentation 07 17.Post Shipment Documents 08 18.How to Claim Duty...
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...Duty Exemption and Drawback Background[1] The Duty Exemption and Drawback facility enables exporters and deemed exporters to claim, within 6 months of exports, the duties and taxes paid on raw materials used in the export process. Apart from imported raw materials, businesses are entitled to duty exemption and drawback on taxes paid on utilities and, in some case, on the fuel consumed in the production process. Eligible exporters can claim their drawback by filing their claim with the Duty Exemption and Drawback Office (DEDO), which is an agency under the authority of the National Board of Revenue. The Customs Act, 1969 and the VAT Act 1991 governs the process. While Chapter VI of the Customs Act 1969 provides many of the guidelines, since the promulgation of the VAT Act 1991, drawback can also be claimed on inputs under Section 13, Rules 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 32(a), 33 and 34. Additional SROs that guide the process include SRO 154 (June 9, 2005) and SRO 157 (June 9, 2005). Eligible exporters can enjoy this facility under two broad categories – a duty exemption or a duty drawback. Under the duty drawback system, exporters get refunds of the duties and indirect taxes they have paid on imported inputs. Duty may be refunded in three ways: a) actual drawback, b) national drawback, and c) flat rate drawback. Due to fewer complications and ease of operation, the flat rate system remains the most preferred method of refund. There are also two other ways of making such...
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...authority shall not be required for import of any freely importable item by any Public Sector agency: (3) Pre-shipment inspection--- (a) In this order where there is condition for pre-shipment inspection of imported goods they said condition has to be complied with; and (b) Unless otherwise specified, in case of export and import, shipment of goods can be made under The Bangladesh Flag Vessels (Protection) Ordinance, 1982 (Ord. No.XIV of 1982). (4) Import at competitive rate--- Import shall be made at the most competitive rate and it is obligatory for the importers, at any time, to submit documents to Import Control Authority regarding the price paid or to be paid by them; (5) Import by mentioning “Country of Origin”--- A certificate regarding “country of origin” issued by the concerned Government agency, approved authority or organization of the exporting country must be submitted, along with import documents to the Customs Authority at the time of release of goods : Provided that the provisions of “country of origin” shall not be applicable to coal and export oriented garments industries (6) Inscription of Name, Address and TIN of Importer- Except...
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...the chosen goods could or should be exported to that particular country? Export is the goods that we send to overseas or outside our own country or home country. Export are the most easier and less risk if someone new to business want to explore and upgrade their market. As for me, I choose to export fish to Jordan. It is because this country until nowadays still dependent on exports especially export in mining-based product and this country’s export earnings is really vulnerable to world markets so it will make my company more easier to come into world market share. Jordan also one of country that their market really sophisticated and really promising to get profit. They have a lot of strength that can attract company to export product to Jordan. One of that strength is they have large supply of natural resources especially in their wealth in metals and minerals such as a strong demand from other country. Addition, my product is such as Halal product that there would be no problem for my product to come into this country and other countries also. Next, this country’s economy really well establish and their infrastructure also kind of modern. Their infrastructure really world class. Not only their modern transport network, but they are also widely available energy and sophisticated telecommunications facilities. Price of product that export to Jordan cheaper than their own product. So if I export my product to this country I will get more profit by increase a little bit...
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...Export Documentation Exporters should seriously consider having the freight forwarder handle the formidable amount of documentation that exporting requires as forwarders are specialists in this process. The following documents are commonly used in exporting; but which of them are necessary in a particular transaction depends on the requirements of the U.S. government and the government of the importing country. • Air freight shipments are handled by air waybills, which can never be made in negotiable form • A bill of lading is a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier (as with domestic shipments). For vessels, there are two types: a straight bill of lading which is nonnegotiable and a negotiable or shipper's order bill of lading. The latter can be bought, sold, or traded while the goods are in transit. The customer usually needs an original as proof of ownership to take possession of the goods • A commercial invoice is a bill for the goods from the seller to the buyer. These invoices are often used by governments to determine the true value of goods when assessing customs duties. Governments that use the commercial invoice to control imports will often specify its form, content, number of copies, language to be used, and other characteristics. • A consular invoice is a document that is required in some countries. It describes the shipment of goods and shows information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment. Certified by...
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...Export Readiness Analysis 2XU is an Australian sports apparel company established in 2005, the firm employs 45 full time employees making the firm a SME (Small and Medium Sized Enterprise) (Global Execellance, 2013). The firm specialises in producing compression clothing in the growing international sportswear market, which is worth US$244 billion (Heathcote, 2013). 2XU began as born global, with goals to establish itself as a global brand from conception. These goals were achieved in 2007, with direct exports to distributors based in the United States. Since, 2007 the firm has established itself as a gloabal brand with exports to 57 countries world wide (Heathcote, 2013). A crucial aspect of 2XU establishing itself as an international firm, has been the successful application of Export Market Development Grants from Austrade totalling $500,000 (Australian, Business Financing Centre, 2013); with the EMDG, reducuing the initial costs of exporting. While 2XU, has already established itself as a global firm, the company needs to continue its expansion into new markets, if it is to achieve is goal of $1 billion of sales within the next 10 to 15 years. Therefore it must be asked, is 2XU is ready to begin exporting to a new market? Export readiness measures how prepared a firm is to conduct its business within a new export market. An Export ready firm must fufill three criteria, it must have; a competitive advantage, suitable and adequete resources and have a clear strategy...
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...of Manufacturing Exports: Indian Firms since the Mid-1990s Jaya Prakash Pradhan Keshab Das January 2013 Gujarat Institute of Development Research Ahmedabad Abstracts of all GIDR Working Papers are available on the Institute’s website. Working Paper No. 121 onwards can be downloaded from the site. All rights are reserved. This publication may be used with proper citation and due acknowledgement to the author(s) and the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad. © Gujarat Institute of Development Research First Published ISBN Price January 2013 81-89023-70-5 Rs. 40.00 Abstract There exists a glaring gap in the literature studying the role of subnational factors in the export performance of enterprises. A preliminary analysis of the spatial determinants of firms’ export activities by Indian states has been undertaken in this study. The size of technological knowledge stock, port facilities and credit availability in a state are observed to be favouring higher export intensity of local firms. All these call for state’s policy attention to improve regional knowledge base, strengthening of port facilities or ensuring better transportation networks to ports and improved credit availability if local firms were to face the least hurdles in their efforts to internationalize. Fiscal incentives continue to promote firms’ export activities. In addition, firms own characteristics considerably determine their export behaviour. Keywords ...
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...IMPORT An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source. The party bringing in the good is called an importer. An import in the receiving country is an export from the sending country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade. In international trade, the importation and exportation of goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from the customs authority. The importing and exporting jurisdictions may impose a tariff (tax) on the goods. In addition, the importation and exportation of goods are subject to trade agreements between the importing and exporting jurisdictions. "Imports" consist of transactions in goods and services to a resident of a jurisdiction (such as a nation) from non-residents. The exact definition of imports in national accountsincludes and excludes specific "borderline" cases. A general delimitation of imports in national accounts is given below: * An import of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a non-resident to a resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair)...
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...Determinants of exports CHAPTER I 1.1 INTRODUCTION There are theoretical literatures which predict the proportion of a firm's sales that is exported, i.e. a firm's export intensity. Mostly, exporting is merely regarded as an interim stage in the development of a company, preceding foreign direct investment or, in some cases, licensing and foreign direct investment. Consequently, theoretical contributions are primarily concerned with the relationship between exporting and foreign direct investment and the optimal timing for switching between these alternative market entry strategies. In contrast, there are a large number of empirical studies which investigate various determinants of export intensity. The majority of the past research, however, is recognized to be of an electic nature (Bilkey, 1978) and judged to suffer from methodological flaws (Reid, 1980). Exports have been growing much faster than GDP in most countries. For some developing countries, exports are indeed the main element of production, apart from some agricultural sector and from basic services. The aim of this paper is to explain the determinants of firms export and to combine them into a coherent econometric model. The parameters of this model are subsequently estimated for a sample of large scale Electronics companies. The Electronics Industry in India took off around 1965 with an orientation towards space and defense technologies. The period...
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...EXPORT STRATEGY ASSESSING A PRODUCT'S EXPORT POTENTIAL There are several ways to gauge the overseas market potential of products and services. (For ease of reading, products are mentioned more than services in this guide, but much of the discussion applies to both.) One of the most important ways is to assess the product's success in domestic markets. If a company succeeds at selling in a domestic market, there is a good chance that it will also be successful in markets abroad, wherever similar needs and conditions exist. In markets that differ significantly from the domestic market, some products may have limited potential. Those differences may be climate and environmental factors, social and cultural factors, local availability of raw materials or product alternatives, lower wage costs, lower purchasing power, the availability of foreign exchange (hard currencies like the dollar, the British pound, and the Japanese yen), government import controls, and many other factors. If a product is successful in a domestic market, one strategy for export success may be a careful analysis of why it sells here, followed by a selection of similar markets abroad. In this way, little or no product modification is required. If a product is not new or unique, low-cost market research may already be available to help assess its overseas market potential. In addition, international trade statistics (available in many local libraries) can give a preliminary indication of overseas markets for a...
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...Regulatory Procedures Customs Clearance Procedure for Exports Prepared By: Policy Planning & Strategy (Revised on July 15, 2002) Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority Government of Pakistan www.smeda.org.pk HEAD OFFICE Waheed Trade Complex, 1st Floor , 36-Commercial Zone, Phase III, Sector XX, Khayaban-e-Iqbal, DHA Lahore Tel: (042) 111-111-456, Fax: (042) 5896619, 5899756 Helpdesk@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE PUNJAB Waheed Trade Complex, 1st Floor, 36-Commercial Zone, Phase III, Sector XX, Khayaban-e-Iqbal, DHA Lahore. Tel: (042) 111-111-456 Fax: (042) 5896619, 5899756 helpdesk@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE SINDH 5TH Floor, Bahria Complex II, M.T. Khan Road, Karachi. Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Fax: (021) 5610572 helpdesk-khi@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE NWFP Ground Floor State Life Building The Mall, Peshawar. Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Fax: (091) 286908 helpdesk-pew@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE BALOCHISTAN Bungalow No. 15-A Chaman Housing Scheme Airport Road, Quetta. Tel: (081) 831623, 831702 Fax: (081) 831922 helpdesk-qta@smeda.org.pk Customs Clearing Procedure for Export Policy, Planning & Strategy TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to SMEDA 2. Role of Policy Planning and Strategy Group 3. Custom Clearing Process for Exports 4. Flow Chart Custom Clearing Process of Exports 5. Annexes: Sample Forms & Certificates 02 02 03 05 06 1 Customs Clearing Procedure for Export Policy, Planning & Strategy Introduction of SMEDA The Small and Medium...
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...foreign competition (12 marks). Chapter 2 Q4. Why export planning is vital? (4marks) Q5. An important concept of a freight forwarder or forwarding agent is its services that are unique, especially when there is only a small consignment or shipment made by a party or company. Discuss the characteristics of good Freight forwarders (20 marks). Chapter 3 Q6. There are many way to practice an effective export Business. Discuss Four type of framework that you know to enhance an effective export business in an organization that your known. Chapter 4 Q7. Define two types of duty below (4 marks). A. Excise duty B. Custom duty Q8. What is the different between “specific duty and “AD val orem duty? Q9. Define “Bonds” and what is the main purpose of Bonds discuss the main function of “Bonded warehouse”. Q10. Type of Bonds? Chapter 5 Q11. Explain each of the following; A. FOB B. CFR C. CIF Chapter 6 Q12. Define A. Bill of Lading (BOL) B. Airway bill (AB) C. Delivery Note Chapter 7 Q13. “To the exporter, letter of credit (LC) is as good as having advance payment” Explain the benefit of LC for an exporter according to the statement. Q14. Define and explain how does it work? A. Bill of exchange (BOE) B. Bill for collection (BFC) Q15. Commercial bank, as intermediaries, has roles that are very instrumental in facilitating global trade or international commerce. Discuss the benefit of using commercial bank in term of export. Q16. Explain three methods to make payment in...
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...Chapter 13 Regulation of Exports: Lenin’s prophesy: “The capitalists will sell us the rope we need to hang them” I. National Security and Foreign Policy Issues A. Nations restrict exports of goods and technology for three basic reasons: 1. To protect national security – restricting the exports that could make a significant contribution to the military capabilities of any other country that could be detrimental to the U.S. 2. To implement foreign policy – nations may grant or deny trade privileges to further foreign policy objectives See p. 411 for a list of reasons - As of 2010, the US had strict foreign policy trade controls, as well as restrictions on investment and travel, relating to 4 countries deemed to be “state sponsors of terrorism” = Cuba, Iran, Sudan, Syria - Pres. Bush took North Korea off of the list - Libya was also taken off the list after renouncing its attempts to possess weapons of mass destruction 3. To limit the sale of strategic goods and raw materials in short supply - Could apply to food, medicine, basic metals, or natural resources B. Effectiveness of Trade Sanctions - Opponents and Proponents w/no clear consensus - However, to be effective, sanctions need universal cooperation II. History of U.S. Export Laws A. The Rationale - U.S. concerns about technology and weaponry falling into enemy hands Therefore, it regulates the export of arms, technology, commodities with military applications, and...
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