Answer the following questions:

Q1: ls –l gives long listing of files and directories. First column of the output is a permission of files and folder. This column displays combination of 10 letters as w, r, x, and one of these letters -, d, l or b. Example

[pic]

What these letters refer to?

Q2: What is login.defs files? What do the following characters mean in that file?
#
$

Q3: What is grep command? What will be the output of the following commands

ls –l | grep ^d ls –l | grep ^- grep ‘^#’ login.defs grep –v ‘^#’ login.defs grep –v ‘^#’ login.defs | grep –v ‘^$’ grep –v ‘^#’ login.defs | grep –v ‘^$’ | nl

Q4: what kinds of action of following switches have on man command
-k
-f
-a
-C
-d
-p

B: what is the difference between w and W SWITCHES?

-w
-W

Q5: how we can know the umask value? What is default value of umask?

Q6: What are the following fields indicate in a passwd file? cwest:x:500:500:Chris West:/home/cwest:/bin/bash

Q7: What are the following fields indicate in a shadow file? mwong:!!:12581:0:99999:7::: Q8: What are the commands for creating a user and deleting a user?

Q9: How do you check addition and deletion of user?

Q10: What is chage command? Give example.

Q11: What are the commands for adding group and deleting group?

Q12: There is folder called test on root directory what will the effect of following commands on it.

chown fred: /test chown :manager /test chown –hR root /test

Q13: In chmod permission command digit from 0-7 to seven is used as combination of four digits. E.g. it will be 4567, 7456 and so on. What every digit refers to and for what?

Q14: there is folder called test on desktop of adios user what will be effect of following commands on the permissions of it.

chmod 3456 /home/adios/Desktop/test chmod 5555 /home/adios/Desktop/test chmod 1234 /home/adios/Desktop/test chmod 4506 /home/adios/Desktop/test

Q6-1: what will be permission for newly created files and folders if the umask value is?

For files
202
111
666
542

For folders
202
111
666
542

Q15: What is command to add user to group?

Q16: What is command to modify groupid and group name?

Q17: What is the command to see all users who logged in?

Q18: What is the command to see username is, gid, uid, groups?

Q19: How do you set groupid for a directory?

Q20: What does touch command do?

Q21: Explain the following output of ls –l command.

Q22: What does chmod g+s * mean?