Premium Essay

Extraordinary Ethnography

Submitted By
Words 565
Pages 3
The scientific article that I read was about detecting fetal aneuploidy through maternal blood. Blood samples were collected through a blinded study from 2,882 women that were undergoing prenatal testing, but only 2,625 samples were eligible. The total number of analyzed samples was 532, and these women were selected at random based off of their eligilbility which was determined by the women’s blood sample that was prepared into a cell-free plasma sample. The women that were selected for this study also had to have a singleton pregnancy with only one fetus. Each blood sample was analyzed for six different categories. The first three focused on autosomal defects, including trisomy 21, 18, and 13. The last three dealt with sex status as male, female, or monosomy X. …show more content…
If a mosaic chromosome appeared, it would be labeled as “censored” and be analyzed independently and assigned a massively parallel sequencing classification, but would not be included in the overall statistical analysis data. To be reported as a classification result, there would have to be fetal DNA present in the total cell-free DNA. For classification of the autosomal aneuploidy, the requirement for a normalized chromosome value was to be greater than 4.0 to be considered affected and a normalized chromosome with a value less than 2.5 to be considered unaffected. Any value in between 2.5 and 4.0 was called “unclassified”. Sex chromosome classification was done in a more complicated system and the different categories one could fall into were monosomy X (X), female (XX), XXX, male (XY), XXY, and

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Lesson Plan

... 2 Story Element Lesson Plan Grade: Preschool Ordinary Mary’s Extraordinary Deed By Emily Pearson Lesson Plan: Monday Subject: Beginning, Middle, and End Story Element Grade: Preschool, ages 3-5 (covering Kindergarten Common Core ELA Standards) Topic: Being Nice Duration: 1 School day (Monday) Story Element Lesson Plan 3 Goals/Objectives: | We will Identify the parts of a story using the beginning, middle and end of a “being nice” themed multicultural book. The children will be able to divide a story into the beginning, middle and end, and be able to identify the settings in each. Within identifying the settings and the sections of the story, they will be identifying how one person’s kindness can affect another’s. | Standards Covered: | Reading Standards for Literature K-5 Kindergarten-With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in the text.-Identify characters, setting and major events in a story.-Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.-Recognize common types of texts.-Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding. | Materials: | The multicultural book titled Ordinary Mary’s Extraordinary Deed By Emily Pearson | Introduction: | I will introduce the lesson when all the children have gathered for circle time on the carpet...

Words: 1101 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Beowulf

...Ms. Beaudoin English IV Honors Scholars and critical readers have various opinions about the themes of Beowulf. Choose one statement to argue for or against a particular extent and in a well-developed, proofread paper support your choice with examples and quotations from the text of the epic. 1.) Beowulf presents an ideal of loyalty. The failure to live up to this ideal on the part of others points up the extraordinary faithfulness of Beowulf. 2.) Beowulf is a blending of Christian traditions with a folk story that praises loyalty, courage, and faith in the face of extreme danger and even death. It presents a model of a human being willing to die to deliver others from terrifying evil forces. 3.) Beowulf is the story of a dual ordeal—an external battle with vicious opponents and an internal battle with human tendencies of pride, greed, cowardice, betrayal, and self-concern. 4.) Beowulf is the universal story of life’s journey from adolescence to adulthood to old age. The hero grows in wisdom about self about the world through the pain and triumph of personal experience. Requirements: (1) 3 full pages. (2) Times New Roman 12 pt. font, double-spaced, proper MLA format. (3) Work Cited page (Note this is a translated excerpt from your textbook). (4) Submission of typed hard copy in class. (5) Upload to Turnitin.com by 7am on due date. (6) Write choice of topic number on back of hard copy. Penalties: -5/period(s)...

Words: 269 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Management

...The duties are clearly defined Formal training programs to teach new hires Extensive training programs Training programs for employees every few years Importance placed on staffing process Extensive efforts in selection Long-term employee potential is emphasized Great effort for selecting the right person Corporate Entrepreneurship Pursuing new businesses in new industries Broadening business lines in current industry Apply competitor-based strategies Changing competitive strategy Openness for employee’s ideas Supporting new ideas and projects Risk taking in uncertain conditions Organizational Support Caring employees’ goodness Valuing employees’ contributions Appreciating employees’ extra efforts Noticing the extraordinary performance Caring general satisfaction Concerning...

Words: 286 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Ethnographic Research

...topic of assignment: ethnography. submitted by Umair Ijaz. (roll Number 1 BS English 4th semester) submitted to: Sir Waseem Akhtar. date of submission: 12-06-2012. OUTLINE In this chapter, I shall define ethnography and describe its central characteristics and principles. I shall also look at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following questions: • - What do we mean by ethnography? • - What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research? • - How might one deal with threats to the reliability and validity of this type of research? • - Why is context important to ethnographic research? • - In what ways does ethnography contrast with psychometric research?   • Definition: Ethnography involves the study of the culture/characteristics of a group to real-world rather than Laboratory settings. The researcher makes no act to isolate or manipulate the phenomena under investigation, and insight generalizations emerge from close contact with the data rather than from theory of language learning and use. it is a qualitative type of research. Ethnography is provided by LeCompte and Goetz (1982). They use ethnography shorthand term to encompass a range of qualitative methods...

Words: 4244 - Pages: 17

Free Essay

Compare and Contrast How Content Analysis and Ethnographic Research Have Been Used to Study Children’s Understanding of Friendship.

...Friendship holds distinct significances and values to different people and cannot always be effortlessly expressed. A subject which had not seen much recognition prior to the 1970’s was how friendship is perceived by children. This essay is to provide the likenesses and differences between two studies which investigated this subject. The first study which will be discussed was accomplished by Brian Bigelow and John La Gaipa in which they used the content analysis approach. The second study to be considered was completed by William Corsaro in which the ethnographic method was used. The research by Bigelow and La Gaipa was similar to that of Corsaro’s as not much research had been done prior to their investigations within the study of friendship in children. However these investigations differentiated in the method of how data was obtained and portrayed. In 1975 Bigelow and La Gaipa requested 480 children, with an equal range of girls and boys, aged between six and fourteen years to write essays on friendship. They requested 60 students each from eight difference schools, 30 boys and 30 girls, from eight different areas in America. The specific information targeted was what they sought in a best friend and how this differed to other relationships they had. (Brownlow, 2012, p.242). The approach they took to their findings was content analysis, they had exchanged the qualitative data they held into quantitative data. Bigelow and La Gaipa collated the data from these essays and converted...

Words: 1515 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Black Lives Matter (BLM) Protests

...to this unsettlement and fear of loss of identity, most exiles have refused to accept citizenship from other countries (McGranahan, 2016). Hence, their refusal come as a political stance because it is their way of asserting their right to sovereignty. Second, the articles followed the criteria of a proper ethnographic work. All of them bases their on their founding as well as borrowing from other ethnographers. For example, Marcel Mauss’ work, The Gift, was used as a starting point to theorize since he was one of the first to speak about how refusal is seen in different society They are part of a collective of anthropologists who came to together to theorize about refusal. In addition to taking data from each of their own different ethnography and fieldwork, they are able to join common themes, create a discussion and form theses. Unlike some essays where the goal is to comment off other people’s work and create a debate, these articles felt like they were adding on to the knowledge of the reader by presenting a cohesive journal. By reading the background information, one realize that not only do they complement each other but each anthropologists had a hand in correcting one another work. In the sense, they read each other's work before the work is published and give comment on each other’s draft. Why is the study of refusal so pertinent? By providing an ethnographic approach to the study on refusal, these articles were able to interpret and simplify our understanding...

Words: 1259 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Economics

...Community Voices: The Nauck Community Heritage project Summary: The Nauck Community Heritage project video clip discusses the history of the Nauck community. This ethnographic research (the study of a single culture) was gathered through participant observation (research/ field work done on site), using informal interviews (unstructured open ended conversations in everyday life), qualitative data (non statistical information such as personal stories and customary beliefs and practices), and information gathered from key consultants (members of the society being studied who provide information to help researchers get the meaning of what they are observing). The key consultants are people who were either born in the Nauck community area or lived in the community for an extended period. The majority of the people interviewed were born in the 1930s and 40s; right around the time when the community was established. The video discusses the history of how the Nauck community was created. During WWII the people living in the Arlington area where displaced in order to provide an area for the Pentagon and Arlington Cemetery to be built. They were relocated to the Dunbar area, originally in trailers, and later had the Dunbar apartments built in the Nauck Green Valley neighborhood. The Dunbar apartments have recently been demolished to provide room for the area’s expanding urbanization projects. Some of the people interviewed lamented about their loss of culture as a result of this urbanization...

Words: 1190 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Pathology

...What Is Cultural Anthropology? When a person thinks about cultural anthropology, they should not limit themselves by thinking of one particular thing. Their mind should be racing with countless subjects. ‘Cultural anthropology’ is a pretty broad title for a discipline that covers such a wide range of topics. Anthropology studies all that is human and all that makes us human (Malloy, 2011). To narrow it down a bit, anthropology studies culture. One can define culture as “those relationships whereby, one and one’s community establish identity; knowledge of self and others, knowledge of the world and how we are to be in the world, and what various versions of those worlds mean to ‘us’ and ‘them’” (Malloy, 2011). Every individual person represents a culture of their own within the society they live in. Jack Weatherford estimates that “the globe stands divided into roughly two hundred independent countries or states, but these contain somewhere around five thousand different nations or ethnic groups” (1994, p.226). With so many different cultures out there, people of a particular society cling to their culture and hold to it with extreme importance. Even through times of modernity that pushed for a world culture, the number of different cultures did not homogenize and mesh together. On the contrary “ethnic and cultural identities grew stronger…and accentuated differences to become more varied than ever” (Weatherford, 1994, p.8). Cultural anthropology studies that behavior and the...

Words: 1413 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Role of Teacher in Language Classroom

...Qualitative Approaches A qualitative "approach" is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research. It describes, either explicitly or implicitly, the purpose of the qualitative research, the role of the researcher(s), the stages of research, and the method of data analysis. here, four of the major qualitative approaches are introduced. Ethnography The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely from the field of anthropology. The emphasis in ethnography is on studying an entire culture. Originally, the idea of a culture was tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g., the culture of the Trobriand Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually any group or organization. That is, we can study the "culture" of a business or defined group (e.g., a Rotary club). Ethnography is an extremely broad area with a great variety of practitioners and methods. However, the most common ethnographic approach is participant observation as a part of field research. The ethnographer becomes immersed in the culture as an active participant and records extensive field notes. As in grounded theory, there is no preset limiting of what will be observed and no real ending point in an ethnographic study. Phenomenology Phenomenology is sometimes considered a philosophical perspective as well as an approach to qualitative methodology. It has a long history in several social research disciplines including psychology, sociology and social work...

Words: 809 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Data Collection and Analysis Grid

...University of Phoenix Material Data Collection and Analysis Grid Use the two articles assigned by your facilitator to identify the following data collection, analysis, and measurement elements for the studies. Limit each box to no more than three sentences. | |Qualitative |Quantitative | | |Dance of the Call Bells |Effects of Nursing Rounds | |Data collection methods |The study used Ethnographic Methods to |The Quasi-Experimental Design was used over| | |examine problems related to answering |a 6-week period. A baseline data was taken | | |patients call lights on an inpatients unit.|during the first two weeks. An analysis was| | |The ethnographic methods of data collection|performed on data from 27 nursing units in | | |consist of five steps: mapping, |14 hospitals in which members of the | | |photography, observation, interviews, and |nursing staff performed rounds either at | | |analysis strategy phase. |one-hour or two-hour intervals. | |Data collection instruments...

Words: 697 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Marriage

...a view of Nayar marriage that sees each of three ritual'the tdlike!- fukalyanam (tsli-tying ceremony), tirandukalydnam (first menstruation rite), and the ceremony that begins a sexual (sambandham) relationship-as centering on different and systematic sets of indigenous symbols and meanings. I do not intend to solve every problem related to Nayar marriage here, or to address everything previous writers have said. I will, however, try to say some significant new things about the subject, in light of which the complex "Nayar marriage problem" and the rich literature it has inspired can be better understood. Methodologically, this project is far from simple. The Nayar marriage system in its old, prob- lematic form is no longer extant, and hence cannot be observed ethnographically. Although older people have memories of it, these often extend only to what was done and not to why it was done or what it meant. In addition, there is the danger that modern meanings may differ from older ones. Yet these difficulties do not make the task impossible. To begin with, what informants say about the rituals, though often fragmentary and inconclusive, reveals certain consistencies and patterns. Second, ritual action for which there is no exegesis by informants can be compared to similar or identical actions in better-remembered or still-performed rituals to which mean- ings are more readily assigned. Finally, there are historical documents, both indigenous and written by outsiders, against which...

Words: 304 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Enthonographic Research

...levels and types of context were attended to in interpretation?          - What recurrent patterns are described?          - What cultural interpretation is provided? - What are the stated implications for teaching? Question 1.What is ethnographic research? State the difference between an ethnographic research and a psychometric research and give example from applied linguistic studies. ------------------------------------------------------------- Ethnographic research is one form of qualitative research which concerns with studying human behavior within the context in which that behavior would occur naturally and in which the role of the researcher would not affect the normal behavior of the subjects. Ethnography research requires: - much training, skill and dedication - a great store on the collection and interpretation of data - question and hypothesis emerge during the course of investigation, rather than beforehand...

Words: 1354 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Discuss the Extent to Which Anthropology Is a Science

...‘DISCUSS THE EXTENT TO WHICH ANTHROPOLOGY IS A SCIENCE.’ The study of anthropology concerns itself with the understanding of various societies and cultures within our world. It focuses on revealing the spectrum of connections and relationships that serve as the foundation to society and culture. Ethnography, which involves one immersing themselves in a foreign culture serves as the main form of research for anthropologists’. However the interpersonal and subjective nature of this form of study undermines the scientific nature of Anthropology in regards to the natural sciences. In order to understand the extent to which anthropology is a science, I will explore arguments which reiterate the validity and academic value of anthropological import, this will be achieved through the analysis of the ‘modified sociological realism’, intersubjective pattern recognition’ as well as ‘human patterns’. Science considers itself totally absent from interpersonal subjectiveness however this notion should be scrutinized and evaluated in order to ensure that the study of Anthropology is not made to be redundant In contrast to the natural sciences. This form of scientific understanding can be referred to as the ‘modified sociological realism and is supported by the commentaries of Ziman (1978), Hacking (1982,1983), Taylor (1982) and Harre (1986). Science is a human activity and human nature should be considered as an element in producing empirical import. The work of scientists within the natural...

Words: 1196 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Ethnographic Observation Assignment

...Anthropology 202 Fall 2015 Instructor: Ian Kalman Written Assignment: Ethnographic Observation This assignment is an exercise in ethnographic observation. Students are asked to choose a location in the Montreal area for a field site. There, they will spend at least an hour, taking (hand-written) notes on what they observe. Successful sites are those in which, to some extent, what is considered ‘normal’ differs from the observer’s own sense of normal. In other words, students are asked to go to a place where taken-for-granted knowledge differs from their own and report on their experiences and insights. In doing so, you make something that was previously strange slightly more familiar, and write about it. Students are then asked to write their papers in two parts, including both a description and analysis of their experience (total 1800 words maximum). Analyses should be no more than 400 words. Papers will be assigned a grade based on the success with which they, (1) demonstrate they have chosen a site appropriate for anthropological observation, (2) richly describe what they observed, and (3) draw out and support interesting interpretations rooted in their experience. Assignments count for 30% of the student’s final grade. Unexcused late submissions will be penalized five points per day of lateness. Papers must be submitted in word format electronically before 2:30PM on Tuesday, October 20th. Please note that as this is an electronic submission, you will be...

Words: 1203 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Ethnographic Writing

...new product concepts. This paper proposes that ethnographic representation methods , including innovative visual representations, offer untapped potential for design research reporting, not just field of historical design. Te in term s of facilitating com munications during the mpts by designers to make sense of the broader the potential of ethnographic design process, but also as a record of ongoing atte representation methods for design. Keywords: Ethnography in design, Ethnographic writing, Ethnographic representation st projects by design students show 1. Introduction Ethnography is often viewed as a specialized area within reveal and preserve cultural knowledge, using methods such the larger activity of cultural anthropology, seeking to as interviewing or cultural submersion to discover important values. Since design is also a profession that a ddresses cultural m eaning in the creation of sym bolically significant new products and services, it has been natural fo r the field of design research to turn to ethnography for inspiration. However, designers and design educators, like m yself, have tended to embrace ethnographic fieldwork methods rather than the interpretive m ethods of ethnogr aphic w riting. D esigners seldom...

Words: 4965 - Pages: 20