Factors Affecting Typhoon

Table of Contents

Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 1

Factors That Affects Typhoon …………………………………………… 2

Weather Forecasting …………………………………………………… 3

Station Model …………………………………………………... 4

▪ Air Pressure …………………………………………………… 4 ▪ Temperature …………………………………………………… 5 ▪ Sky Cover …………………………………………………... 5 ▪ Wind Direction and Wind Speed …………………………... 5-6 ▪ Current Weather …………………………………………… 7

The Role of PAGASA in Weather Forecasting …………………………… 8

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 9

INTRODUCTION

What is a typhoon? A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean between 180° and 100°E. This region is referred to as the northwest Pacific basin. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to140°W), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). A Typhoon is a name used in East Asia for a Hurricane. A typhoon is similar to a hurricane in levels of destructiveness. The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term “tai-fung” meaning great wind. Typhoons developed over large bodies of water and are moved by steering winds in the troposphere; if the conditions remain favorable, the tropical disturbance intensifies. On the other hand, if the conditions around the disturbance deteriorate or the tropical cyclone makes landfall, the tropical cyclone weakens and eventually dissipates. The lack of access to warm sea surface water as an energy source and increased surface friction results in the death of the cyclone.

Factors That Affects Typhoons:

o Condition of the landforms and seas o As well as the topography of the area where they land. o Monsoons o Altitudes o Mountain ranges. Land areas trapped in between mountainous areas receive less moisture from the air mass that pass over them. Why? Because as the trade winds pass over the mountains, the moisture has been scraped off from them. o Forests Forest can weaken typhoon. Although they provide additional moisture in the environment during transpiration, the trees cannot supply as much water as the open seas can.

WEATHER FORECASTING

Weather changes from day to day. Predictions on the general conditions of the atmosphere is called weather forecast. It is not easy to forecast the weather. Meteorologists—scientists who study weather—use many kinds of tools. They study the kinds of clouds that form in the sky. They measure how fast winds are blowing. They send up weather balloons to measure temperature and humidity (moisture in the air) up high. They use satellites to take pictures of clouds and storms swirling around Earth. One instrument commonly used is weather radar (Radio Detection and Ranging), which uses microwave radiation pulses to detect various degrees and forms of precipitation. Doppler radar is also used to determine wind velocities and directions. All of this information goes into computers. Computer programs tell weather forecasters what might happen. You listen to your radio or television weather forecast to learn whether you should carry an umbrella or wear a jacket. Sometimes the weather forecast is right and sometimes it is wrong. Meteorologists are always looking for better ways to predict the weather.
Station Model

Using symbols, the data are gathered into what is commonly called station model. A station model gives a complete representation of the weather condition in any given region or station.

Air Pressure Air pressure is a measure of the force exerted by air on all objects. It decreases rapidly with altitude. At sea level, air pressure registers at about 1000 millibars (mb), while at altitudes of 5.5 km air pressure registers at about 500 millibars. Air pressure is related to temperature. Thus, warm air is less dense than cold air, and therefore, exerts less pressure. The number 138 in the station model represents air pressure. Air pressure readings are obtained using barometer.

Temperature Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of the air. In the station model it is expressed in degrees Fahrenheit ((F). Air temperature is obtained using thermometer and a thermograph.

Sky cover

Cloud or sky cover indicates cloud formation. The amount that the circle at the center of the station model is filled in reflects the approximate amount that the sky is covered with clouds.

Wind Speed and Wind Direction Wind speed and wind direction are represented on the station model by a combination of a wind arrow shaft and wind barbs around the station model. The wind is measured using an anemometer. The orientation of the arrow shaft on the model indicates wind direction. Winds are named from the direction from which they are blowing. Hence, north wind is from the north.

The number and length of barbs on the tail of the arrow shaft indicates the wind speed express in knots, which means nautical miles per hour. Knots are 15% larger in value than the familiar miles or kilometers per hour. If there is only a circle depicted over the station model with no wind symbol present means, it can be interfered that the wind is calm.
Current Weather Current weather pertains to the observation of the presence of precipitation (drizzle, rain, or snow) and its intensity or a reduction in visibility. The following are the symbols used.
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THE ROLE OF PAGASA IN WEATHER FORECASTING

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Filipino: Pangasiwaan ng Palingkurang Atmosperiko, Heopisikal at Astronomiko ng Pilipinas, abbreviated as PAGASA, which means "hope" in the Tagalog word pag-asa) is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provide flood and typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts and advisories, meteorological, astronomical, climatologically, and other specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and in support of economic, productivity and sustainable development.

o Meteorologists from PAGASA collect the data they receive from different weather stations all over the country.

These data are fed into a computer and they prepare a synoptic weather map. [pic] o It is also mandated by law to issue bulletins every six hours for all tropical cyclones that have made or are anticipated to make landfall within the Philippines. When a typhoon is not expected to hit land, weather bulletins are expected every 12 hours.

o They issue warning signals to the public when a storm or typhoon is spotted within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR).

o PAGASA gives local name to a typhoon entering the PAR.

o PAGASA is responsible in releasing tropical cyclone warnings in the form of Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS).

o All tropical cyclones, regardless of strength, are named by PAGASA and are categorized according to its wind speed. CONCLUSION

There are lots of factors that can affect the typhoon. These include the condition of the landforms and seas, as well as the topography of the area where they land, monsoons, altitudes, mountain ranges, and the forests. Based on the observed temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind direction, and precipitation of the preceding 24 hours, predictions on the general conditions of the atmosphere can be made. The accuracy of weather predictions are made possible through the use of tools of meteorologists. Using symbols, the data are gathered into a station model, which gives a complete representation of the weather condition. PAGASA plays an important role in weather forecasting.