...Cattle Rearing Cattles are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos taurus and Bos indicus. Cattle Rearing is the growing or raising of cattle. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle Breeds and Types of Cattles The two major types of cattle are Bos taurus and Bos indicus. A Bos indicus A Bos taurus Bos indicus cattle have looser, thicker skin, larger ears, a prominent hump, and live in the hotter, humid climates. Bos taurus, on the other hand, lack all of these characteristics (except for the thick hide, which is found in such breeds as the Hereford), and are more adept at living in colder, drier climates. Reference: http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_bos_indicus_and_bos_Taurus#ixzz3V23Wx0uH Types of cattle The three basic types of cattle are: * Milk or dairy types - are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, by Will Ferguson from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus. Dairy cattle are triangular in shape. * Beef type - are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of adult cattle is known as beef. There are three main stages in beef production: cow-calf operations, back grounding, and feedlot operations. When raised in...
Words: 4310 - Pages: 18
...mating strategy of indigenous Nguni cattle under low-input in-situ conservation programs O Tadaa*, V Muchenjeb and K Dzamac aDepartment of Animal Production and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P. Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, South Africa. bDepartment of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa. cDepartment of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa. *Corresponding Author: Tel: +263 772 116 441, Email: tadao@cut.ac.zw Abstract Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques were employed to determine the breeding objectives of Nguni cattle under community-based management of indigenous livestock genetic resources. Six groups each composed of nine representative farmers from communal and small-scale conservation enterprises participated in deriving the objective selection criteria of breeding animals using data on economic weights of preferential traits. The shuffled focus groups brainstormed on the mating strategy and management of breeding animals within low-input conservation enterprises. An economic-weight dependent culling method (EWCM) and two-tier open nucleus breeding scheme were conceptualized. The Nguni breeding animals ideally need to maintain optimum body condition score (4 - 6) and low tick counts across seasons under low-input production system. The indigenous breeding bulls need to have high reproductive efficiency while breeding cows must have calved...
Words: 4530 - Pages: 19
...food protein to animal protein? Nutrition and Metabolism of the Cow: Digestive System of the Cow. Proper nutrition is the foundation for a productive and profitable cow herd. Unaccompanied with good nutrition, cattle can’t express their full potential including reproductive efficiency. Cattle are classed as ruminants, they have four compartments to their stomach and chew their cud. The cattle digestive system evolved to be able to handle large volumes of material. Dairy farming is a crucial part to Australia’s rural industry. On farm efficiency is on an increase through the improvement of pasture and feed and also herd management techniques. Supplement the cattle diet with grains and other legumes is becoming increasingly common, the Australia’s dairy industry remains predominantly pasture based. State’s of Australia, Victoria foremost, have attainable milk productions, supplying fresh milk to nearby cities and towns. The industrial value increases through the processing of milk to produce fresh lines such as butter, cream, cheese and yogurt. Bulk milk and specialised powdered milks are also significant. (Crampton, E.W, Harris, L.E (1969) “A Series of Books in Agricultural Science - Animal Science” (W.H Freeman and Company - San Francisco)) Cattle feed can be classed as either roughages (high fibre plants / the fibrous part of the plant) or concentrates (compound feed mix of grain and by products also may have the addition of minerals)(Edwards, R.A, Greenhalgh...
Words: 2110 - Pages: 9
...MAJOR PRACTICE IN DAIRY PRODUCTION AND MILK PROCESSING By CHRISTIAN ANDREW J. PERALTA INTRODUCTION Importance of the Major Practice The Philippine local dairy industry is considered as a "repacking and reprocessing" industry because of the limited supply of dairy products due to the less developed dairy industries in the Philippines. It is greatly dependent on imported milk as raw materials, leading to continuous importation from Australia, USA and New Zealand. Philippine’s dairy milk production remains at less than one percent of total dairy requirements despite the continuing government and industry efforts to support and aid the increase of dairy production. Dairy farming goes back for thousands of years and has great difference in management process compare to today’s dairy farming. It was originally done on a mixed farm unlike in modern dairy production in which has specific dairy farm. ________________________ Undergraduate Major Practice Outline in Dairy Production to be presented as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Animal Science from Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija to be conducted in the Philippine Carabao Center, CLSU Dairy Farm under the supervision of Edgar A. Orden Dairy farming started around villages where most people don’t own cows due to the lack of fields for them to graze. Farmers take the opportunity to make extra money on...
Words: 6802 - Pages: 28
...society. Approximately 155 species of ruminants can be found around the globe but only about 6 of them are domesticated, cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, reindeer and yaks (Van Soest, 1994). Ruminants are different from all other mammals because of its digestive anatomy composed by four stomach compartments (reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum). Another unique characteristic is the interaction between animals, plant and microorganisms present inside the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a symbiotic relationship through gastro-enteric microbial fermentation. Plants consumed by ruminants are utilized as substrates by the microorganisms and the products from fermentation and microorganisms provide energy and protein to the host animal. Animal products such as milk and meat have always been an important component of human diets, therefore technologies to enhance production efficiency and increase economic return for producers are important. Ruminant nutrition research has focused on strategies to improve animal growth performance and carcass quality. Different feed additives and mineral supplementation strategies have been used to influence several characteristics on ruminants and some are used to modify growth. Ractopamine Hydrochloride is one of them, and consists of a metabolic growth modifier used to increase animal performance and has been used in cattle legally since 2003 in the United States of America (Gruber et al., 2007). Therefore, utilization of feed additives including...
Words: 4222 - Pages: 17
...Agricultural Research Priority : Vision- 2030 and beyond Sub-sector: Livestock Professor Dr. A.M.M. Tareque And Dr. Shah Md. Ziqrul Haq Chowdhury Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Farmgate, Dhaka April 2010 Research Priority in Agriculture and Vision Document-2030 and beyond Table of Contents Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 Subject Methodology/Work plan Terms of Reference (TOR) of the Group Leader Executive Summary Vision Document 2030 and beyond: Livestock Research in Bangladesh Background Review of the past Plans Targets: Achievable goals of livestock sub-sector under Vision 2021; Bangladesh for Resolution of Crisis and a Prosperous Future” Problems/Constraints Research Areas Commodity wise Research Priority Large Ruminants (Cattle and Buffalo) Small Ruminants (Goat and Sheep) Poultry Common to livestock health and production Hill Research Conclusion References Page No. 2 2 3 5 5 6 7 5 11 13 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 13 15 18 19 24 27 30 31 33 33 1 Research Priority in Agriculture and Vision Document-2030 and beyond Methodology/Work plan Twelve Experts Team have been formed in BARC in connection with the preparation of Vision Document–2030 and beyond vide letter No.ARC/P&E/103/2008/1540, dt. 29-10-09. Livestock Sub-sector group composed of Professor Dr. A.M.M. Tareque, as Group Leader and Dr. Shah Md. Ziqrul Haq Chowdhury, CSO (Livestock), BARC, as Member-Secretary. The work started with the convening of a day long workshop on SPGR priority setting...
Words: 11793 - Pages: 48
...Sheep Management Plan for Roseworthy Lamb Enterprise Created 2010 Source: Orrie Cowie Merio and Poll Merino Stud (2010) Project goals: * Mate Merino ewes with Poll Dorset rams to produce 900 --24kg export lamb carcass * Maximise profit on wool and lamb export carcass * Aim to produce at least 900 Merino x Poll Dorset lambs for export Key performance Indicators from Roseworthy feed demand calculator (2010) * Liveweight produced , sheep =140 tonnes * Liveweight produced per hectare allocated to sheep =281 kg/ hectare/ year * Pasture demand as % of pasture growth =55% * Pasture deficit, using freshly grown supply= 1000 tonnes / year * Pasture deficit, using supply with carryover = 353 tonnes / year Scope of Plan * Part 1: Manage pasture growth at Roseworthy * Part 2 : Manage reproduction of Merino ewes with Poll Dorset rams * Part 3: Lamb finishing strategy * Part 4: Manage wool quality of Merino ewes Abbreviations Merino ewe: ME Poll Doset ram:PDR Merino X Poll Dorset lamb: MxPDL Prediction calculations : * 900 Merino ewe (each around 50-60kg; average 55 kg liveweight)=55x900=49500 kg * 900 Poll Dorset ram (each around 60-70kg; average 65kg liveweight )=65x900=58500 kg * Predicted at least 900 lambs produced , each will be slaughtered at 21 weeks of age at 50kg= 900x50= 45000kg * Hectare of land needed per year : = 545 hectare of land /year Part 1. Management of pasture growth at Roseworthy Pasture management is important...
Words: 4112 - Pages: 17
...A MINI-RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR WRITTEN BY BASSEY, RACHEAL EFFIONG MATRIC NO.: 10/55011 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR CALABAR SUBMITTED TO PROF. (MRS.) E. N. NWAGBARA (COURSE LECTURER) DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR CALABAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT: (SOC 3102) METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH II APRIL, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this mini-research project was carried out by Bassey, Racheal Effiong with Matric No.: 10/55011 of the Department Of Sociology, University of Calabar, Calabar. Under the supervision of Prof. Nwagbara E. N. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to the Almighty God who has been my strength and guide throughout this research study. DECLARATION I, Bassey, Racheal Effiong with Matric Number: 10/55011 hereby declare that this research on “The knowledge and use of contraceptives among Nigeria undergraduate” is an original work written by me under the supervision of Prof. (Mrs.) Nwagbara, E. N. in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to tender my unreserved appreciation to my heavenly father who has kept me and helped me through this endeavours. My sincere appreciation to my wonderful Lecturer Dr. (Mrs.) Nwagbara who has made it possible for this research...
Words: 10596 - Pages: 43
...predation relationship between the wildflowers and the kangaroo rats because the kangaroo rats eat wildflowers. Assuming that the fence was limiting the space of the experimental plot, competitive exclusion caused the extinction of the 4 other wild flowers. To begin, there was some interspecific competition, which happens when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their survival, between the 5 flower species in the experimental plot because they had their space limited to the fence that they were enclosed in. this competition was a density dependent factor in that the death rate rose when population density in the plot rose. Also, some of the specie’s ecological niches (like what nutrients they needed and how many branches would form) would have had to been the same or else they could coexist together. Then, one of the species of wildflower might have had a reproductive advantage like thorns to repel the kangaroo rats which would have allowed them to prosper and the other species to die out. This is the principle of competitive exclusion. On a tangent, the kangaroo rats would have learned to stay away from the wildflower with thorns by classical conditioning because they paired the idea of getting stung with eating that particular wildflower species and eventually stopped. The control plot, on the other hand, did not have a fence, so they had all the room to grow and didn’t not have to compete for the resources. The reason they didn’t grow even...
Words: 6385 - Pages: 26
...including intensive/confinement, mixed, pasture-based, and management-intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) operations. The vast majority of studies identified for this review focused on the fate and management of excess nitrogen and phosphorous, their effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and contributions to air quality and climate change. Many environmental mitigation efforts were suggested, including balancing nutrient inputs/outputs at the level of the farm, the watershed, and regionally; taking greater care in the timing of fertilizer and manure applications; increased testing for phosphorus and nitrogen in soil; and the use of riparian buffer strips and fencing to protect water bodies. In addition, many studies suggested that cattle stocking rates be calibrated to ensure that nitrogen...
Words: 15922 - Pages: 64
...3% of global land. And per caput availability of resources is about 4 to 6 times less as compared to world average. This will decrease further due to increasing demographic pressure and consequent diversion of the land for non-agricultural uses. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Efficiency-mediated improvement in productivity is the most viable option to raise production. The country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then...
Words: 7588 - Pages: 31
...Genetic Engineering Wesley Rupe, Jawad Rana, Layli Stroia, Charles Taiwo, Mariella Velasquez, Mark Young DeVry University Genetic Engineering Table of contents Title page ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1. A brief description of the technology and an explanation of the associated science (Mariella Velasquez) ………………………………………………..……………. 3 2. Psychological considerations and sociological effects (Mariella Velasquez) …………. 3 3. The historical development and context of the technology (Wesley Rupe) …………. 13 4. Political and legal influences (Mark Young) (Not Complete) 5. Economic questions and considerations (Jawad Rana)………………………………….…… 21 6. The technology in its cultural context, media influence (Charles Taiwo) (Not Complete) 7. Implications for the environment (Charles Taiwo) (Not Complete) 8. Moral and ethical implications (Layli Stroia) ……………………………………………………..… 30 Outline A brief description of the technology and an explanation of the associated science Definition: What is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering (GE) is the process of manipulation of an organism genome to create a new DNA. The new DNA might be implanted in a totally different DNA species. It is widely used to create hybrids (some species are not able to naturally breed), correct genetic flows in any type of being. It is applied in...
Words: 8761 - Pages: 36
...FACULTV OF AGRICULTURE B. AGRICULTURE 100 Level First Semester 1. Communication in English I 2. Logic Philosophy & Human Existence 3. Physical Chemistry 4. General Biology I (Botany/Zoology) 5. Practical Biology 6. General Physics 7. Mathematics 8. Organic Chemistry I 9. Practical Chemistry Sub-Total Second Semester 10. Communication in English II 11. Nigerian People and Culture 12. Social Sciences 13. Organic Chemistry 14. Biology II 15. Organic Chemistry II 16. Mathematics 17. Practical Physics 18. Use of Library Sub-Total 200 Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 17 Credits Level 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. First Semester Climatology and Biogeography General Agriculture Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology Principles of Soil Science Principles of Agricultural Economics Introduction to Forestry Resource Manag~ment Introduction to Biotechnology Sub-Total 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Second Semester Principles of Animal Production Principles of Crop Production Principles of Food Science and Technology Introductory Biochemistry Introduction to Computers Introduction to Fisheries & Wildlife Introductory Statistics Entrepreneurial Studies I Introduction to Home Economics Sub-Total Credits 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 19 Credits Total = 37 Credits All courses are core-courses for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 300 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8...
Words: 20312 - Pages: 82
...DAIRY REPORTS DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN DAIRY REPORTS DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Umm e Zia, T. Mahmood and M.R. Ali FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2011 Author Umm e Zia is the Managing Director of Cynosure Consultants in Islamabad. She has supported international donors and governments in undertaking rural development and agriculture value chain projects in over ten countries. T. Mahmood is a dairy consultant based in Lahore, Pakistan. He also serves as a visiting faculty member at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Muhammad Raza Ali is Senior Research Associate at Cynosure Consultants. Recommended Citation FAO. 2011. Dairy development in Pakistan, by Umm e Zia, T. Mahmood and M.R. Ali. Rome. Keywords Production systems, Dairy value chain, Dairy institutions, Product safety, Livelihoods, Employment The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are...
Words: 17498 - Pages: 70
...researched below are the ones once prevalent among the veterinary technicians job in the clinic; Hip Dysplasia and Ethylene Glycol poisoning in dogs, Hyperthyroidism and Rabies in cats, Strangles and Equine Recurrent Uveitits in Horses, Cryptosporidium and Fasciola Hepatica in Ruminants and Swine, Idiopathic Epilepsy in Aviaries, and Lymphoma in Ferrets. Hip Dysplasia in dogs is a congenial condition caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, or poorly developed muscles in the pelvic area. The causes of hip dysplasia are considered heritable, but new research conclusively suggests that environment also plays a role. Although to what degree is caused by genetics versus what portion is caused by environmental factors are a topic of debate....
Words: 17767 - Pages: 72
