...|Critical Legal Issues | |Examining Three Strikes | |Evaluating the effectiveness of three strikes laws around the country. | | | |Harriet Krzykowski | |5/25/2009 | | The purpose of this paper is to discuss, evaluate and examine the preceding events and passage of three strikes laws in many of the country’s| |states, and the effectiveness of these laws. | In 1992, shortly following the murder of his 18-year-old daughter, Kimber, Fresno photographer Mike Reynolds drafted a law that would impose mandatory sentences for repeat offenders. It was proposed as both a legislative measure and a ballot initiative, but neither made much headway at first. According to Reynolds,...
Words: 1849 - Pages: 8
...Future Regional Conflicts: Myanmar and Papua New Guinea. Decades of relative peace and prosperity have allowed the new democracies of Southeast Asia the latitude to pursue economic cooperation and relatively stable domestic policies. But while the reasonable stability of ASEAN has allowed its members to support each other’s traditional security interests while settling disputes through non-violent channels (Dosch 2007, p. 211), regional membership in this pluralistic community does not necessarily negate internal conflict of individual members. In fact, at least two low-level ongoing disputes—the Karen-led insurgency in Myanmar and the effective collapse of civil order in Papua New Guinea—have the potential to spill over into neighboring territories and therefore require the intervention of regional or global peacekeepers. This essay contends that despite the absence from contemporary media and perceived lack of attention by the Australian Government, these two countries are in a state of fundamental turmoil and could be considered as those most likely to require external intervention in the next 10 years. Although Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN in relatively favorable standing since 1997, the junta’s efforts to enforce its rule on the multiethnic population remain controversial both among the ASEAN membership (Than 2005, p. 20) and the wider international community. Several of the nation’s ethnic minorities have sponsored long-term secessionist movements; one of...
Words: 2917 - Pages: 12
...Dr. Nadarajan Sethuraju ________________ Date 2 Abstract This alternative plan paper examines the circumstances that have evolved as a result of the Reagan Administration’s War on Drugs and the increase of mass incarceration of the Black community. In the last thirty years, the federal government of the United States of America has engaged in campaign known as the “War on Drugs,” which has involved a variety of policies to stop the production, distribution and sale of illegal narcotics. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in a war that has targeted the most vulnerable in our society, impacting its youth for generations to come. This alternative plan paper addresses the impact of the War on Drugs and the criminal justice policies that have impacted the life chances of Black youth nationwide and calls for a new social movement, introducing a 21st century Black Youth Manifesto to ask the youth of the Black community to pick up where previous social movements left off and take back their communities, their families, and reclaim their hope for the future. 3 Table of Contents Abstract . . . . Chapter One: Introduction My Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Strain and...
Words: 19872 - Pages: 80
...rfJOURNAL 1: The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0957-8234.htm JEA 41,1 The ethics of zero tolerance Kevin Gorman Sylvania Northview High School, Sylvania Public Schools, Sylvania, Ohio, USA, and 24 Patrick Pauken Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA Received May 2002 Revised September 2002 Accepted October 2002 Keywords Decision making, Ethics, Violence, Schools, Discipline, Legislation Abstract “Zero tolerance” has become the international “buzz word” of the secondary building administrator. As school violence has increased so have the legislative and regulatory policymaking mandates c a l l i n g for increased disciplinary consequences for inappropriate stud ent behavior. Ethical problem-solving and decision-making have taken a back seat to reactive discipline by school officials. Media publicity has forced proactive principals to become reactive impulsive decision-makers. In this article, Starratt’s three-part model for ethical school administration – encompassing the ethics of critique, justice, and care – is applied to a fictional scenario and the ethical dilemma that evolves. Recommendations for practice are offered in a proposed resolution of the dilemma within the context of a central conclusion: if the school administrator of the twenty- first century is to...
Words: 6330 - Pages: 26
... It was the first time that a group of states intervened without the authorization of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and it was also the first time that NATO used military force to prevent a humanitarian disaster. This event divided the world in their support for or against NATO’s humanitarian intervention in Kosovo. Critics of the intervention felt that NATO was breaking international law in acting without the authority of the UNSC and this could have jeopardized international order should any state or group of states decide to act on their own accord in intervening in a foreign territory in the future. Supporters of the intervention argue that the war gave human rights precedence over the rights of states. According to then Czech Republic President Vaclav Havel, even though NATO acted without a direct UN mandate for intervention, they have not acted out of license, aggressiveness or disrespect for international law. NATO has acted out of respect for the rights of humanity as they are articulated by our conscience as well as by other instruments of international law (Moore, 2007). Furthermore, apparent lapses in the operation resulted in undesirable effects such as collateral damage caused controversy which would be discussed later on. In this paper I will attempt to explore the justification of NATO’s intervention...
Words: 5151 - Pages: 21
..._____________________ Dr. Penny Jo Rosenthal _____________________ Dr. Nadarajan Sethuraju ________________ Date 2 A bstract This alternative plan paper examines the circumstances that have evolved as a incarceration of the Black community. In the last thirty years, the federal government of the United States of America has engaged in camp which has involved a variety of policies to stop the production, distribution and sale of illegal narcotics. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in a war that has targeted the most vulnerable in our society, impacting its youth for generations to come. This alternative plan paper addresses the impact of the War on Drugs and the criminal justice policies that have impacted the life chances of Black youth nationwide and calls for a new social movement, introducing a 21st century Black Youth Manifesto to ask the youth of the Black community to pick up where previous social movements left off and take back their communities, their families, and reclaim their hope for the...
Words: 18864 - Pages: 76
...AN APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGERIA SECURITY AND CIVIL DEFENCE CORPS IN CRIME CONTROL IN NIGERIA AVER TYAVWASE THEOPHILUS Abstract The study was carried out to appraise the role of Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps in crime control in Nigeria. Public Sentiment Paradigm and the Interest group theoretical perspective were combined to appraise the role of Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps in crime control. The interest group theory was adopted for the study, based on its relevance to the working of Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps in Nigeria. The study confirms that Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps lack the necessary equipment to fight crime in Nigeria. They are also inhibited by factors like dearth of manpower, corruption, illiteracy among others based on the foregoing the Corps lacks the necessary weapons and gadgets to check the rising wave of crime in the society especially the with the emergence of Boko Haram. It was recommended that: government should as matter of urgency provide more modern and sophisticated equipment that can match, if not surpass, those of armed bandits, Government should also embark on a very thorough and massive recruitment of able young men and girls to address the issue of death of manpower and finally government should also address the issue of corruption in Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps by punishing member of the corps that involve in sharp practices in the society. Introduction The most rampant phenomenon...
Words: 6311 - Pages: 26
...bargaining are negotiations between employee and employer representatives concerning terms and conditions of employment that applies to the employees (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). The collective bargaining process results in a legally binding agreement between upper management and union members. The agreement through collective bargaining cover many areas, to include: compensations (wages, benefits, holidays/vacations, shift premiums and profit sharing), personnel policies and procedures (layoff, promotion, transfer policies, overtime and vacation rules), employee rights and responsibilities (seniority rights, job standards and workplace rules), employer rights and responsibilities (management rights, just cause discipline and discharge, subcontracting and safety standards), union rights and responsibilities (recognition as bargaining agent, bulletin board, union security, dues checkoff, shop stewards and no strike clauses) and dispute resolution and ongoing decision making (grievance procedures, committees, consultation and renegotiation procedures) (Budd, 2013, pp. 11-12). Despite the above list of issues for potential address in collective bargaining, there are four issues to be considered mandatory and typically included in all collective bargaining agreements and include compensation, personal policies and procedures, employee rights and responsibilities, and employer rights and responsibilities (Budd, 2013, pp. 235-236). These umbrellas...
Words: 2687 - Pages: 11
...Year 10 Revision Timelines: The Roaring Twenties Women Before First World War * Women could not vote. * Middle/upper class women did not work but had the role of mothers and housewives. Working class women had low paid jobs such as factory work and cleaning. * Women usually wore full length dresses, wore no make up and had their hair tied back in buns. * Divorce was very rare and so was sex before marriage. * Women did not smoke or drink in public. * They had to go out with a chaperone (a family member) when they met their boyfriend. How did the First World War change the lives of women? * During the war, women began to work in areas like heavy industry. They proved they could work as well as men. By 1929, there were 10 million women workers; a rise of 24% since 1920. * Working gave women independence and they began smoking and drinking in public. * Women were given the vote in August 1920 but few were chosen to be actual politicians. * Production of consumer goods such as vacuum cleaners and washing machines meant women had more time for leisure activities. * Flappers emerged in the 1920’s = women from middle and upper class families from the Northern States. They cut their hair in short bobs, wore make up, short skirts and bright clothes. They also smoked and drank in public, went to speakeasies, danced the Charleston with men and listened to Jazz and drove cars and motorbikes. * BUT many groups, particularly...
Words: 6533 - Pages: 27
...rape during internal armed conflict constitutes genocide as well as a crime against humanity. Nongovernmental organizations worked to "engender" the Tribunal while holding accountable the Hutu leaders who orchestrated genocide. The critical 1998 verdict influenced states negotiating improved standards for the prosecution of sexual violence and the creation of a permanent International Criminal Court. "Rape and Genocide in Rwanda" addresses current issues of international law, human rights, women in politics, African Studies, judicial procedure, legal and moral reasoning. RAPE and Genocide IN RWANDA: The ICTR’s Akayesu Verdict CASE OUTLINE I. An Unprecedented Opportunity Glossary and Map II. Prior Responses to Sexual Violence in War A. From “Time Immemorial” to 1948 B. From the 1949 Geneva Conventions to an International Criminal Court III. Genocide In Rwanda A. A Colonial Legacy of Ethnic Division B. Mass Killing, Rape and the 1994 U.N. Withdrawal IV. The U.N. Creates a Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda V. The Trial of Jean-Paul Akayesu Trial Chronology and Key Individuals VI. Issues for Judgment A. Threshold Requirements B. Distinctive Crimes? VII. The ICTR’s Akayesu Verdict A. The Decision and Rationale B. Issues on Appeal Akayesu’s Right to Counsel and an Impartial Tribunal Common Article 3 and Complicity in Genocide VIII. Concluding Judgments RAPE and...
Words: 10828 - Pages: 44
...HAVE MORE PAPERS TO PROVE THE COMPLAINANTS THEY ARE ILLEGALLY CONSTRUCTIVELY DISMISSED. THEY HAVE XEROX COPIES OF COMPLAINANTS’ TIME CARDS; COPIES OF THE PAYROLLS ARE IN THE CUSTODY OF THE RESPONDENT COMPANY AND PAY SLIPS. AS A LAWYER THAT ARE NOT ONLY A PROVEN TO MY COMPLAINANTS. BECAUSE THEY HAVE RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYER TO EMPLOYEE, THE FOUR ELEMENTS MOST IMPORTANT IS RIGHT OF CONTROL TEST, WHY? BECAUSE THE COMPLAINANTS EVENTHOUGH THEY WILL NOT TO SIGN OF CONTRACT BUT THEY WORK ARE OKEY UNTIL END OF WORK OF THE COMPANY SO THEY HAVE GOOD RELATIONSHIP EMPLOYER TO EMPLOYEE. ACCORDING ARTICLE 280 THE COMPLAINANTS ARE REGULAR EMPLOYEE. AND ALSO INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR CAUSE THEY WILL NOT SIGN OF CONTRACT, ARTICLE 279 SECURITY OF TENURE, ARTICLE 281 PROBATIONARY EMPLOYMENTS AND FOOTNOTES. BECAUSE THE RESPONDENT FAILED TO APPEAR IN THE MANDATORY CONFERENCE HELD BEFORE THIS HONORABLE OFFICE ON 30 APRIL 2012,WHICH MEAN THE RESPONDENT ARE STRIKE THE LAW WHY? ACCORDING ARTICLE 263 STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS AND FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT IN TRADE UNION ACTIVITIES.ARTICLE 247 UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICE (ULP). EMPLOYER GIVE THE STRIKE DURATION PAY.THE COMPLAINANTS NEED DUE PROCESS CAUSE OF RESPONDENT MARCELO...
Words: 2537 - Pages: 11
...Marijuana Legalization: The War on Drugs and Criminal Law Howard R. Burke Strayer University Abstract This research will point out that the United States’ current policy on drug prohibition, the so called “War on Drugs,” is ineffective. The current draconian prohibition policies against drug consumption may actually increase their use. As well, contrary to claims made by current drug policy supporters, increased drug enforcement can reduce public safety and compound the individual and social costs of drug use. The U.S. drug policy, born over a hundred years ago, has gone through several transformations becoming more voracious with each new invocation. The War on Drugs is an expensive and failed concept which has incorporated racism in its administration, increased crime rates, imposed harsh sentences for nonviolent offenses, facilitated police corruption and aggressively eroded civil liberties. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Problem Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Research Research Questions Significance of the Research Assumptions and Limitations Organization of the Remainder of the Study LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Marijuana Legalization: The War on Drugs and Criminal Law INTRODUCTION The United States has conducted a long experiment of drug prohibition. The prohibition of marijuana and other illicit drugs has only...
Words: 5079 - Pages: 21
...violation and as a frightening abuse of government power. According Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is punishment by death for a crime (Capital Punishment). There are both pros and cons to capital punishment, but many people are against it. The innocent people put on death row, the cost, the lack of proven deterrence and discrimination within the system are all reasons capital punishment should be a big concern. The death penalty can be and has been inflicted upon innocent people. Since 1973, over 130 people have been released from death row with evidence of their innocence(DPIC). If 130 people have been proven innocent, there are bound to be more people falsely convicted. In Florida, James Bain spent 35 years behind bars before he was finally freed for a crime he did not commit. How was he freed? He was freed through the help of DNA evidence that was unavailable in 1974 when he was convicted of the crime. Now, Bain is entitled to 1.75 million dollars because Florida has a law that automatically grants former inmates found innocent $50,000 for each year they spent in prison with no legislative approval needed. Next to the possible execution of innocent people, the cost of an execution is extremely high. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life. A New Jersey Policy Perspectives report concluded The Department of Corrections...
Words: 2391 - Pages: 10
...Crime and Deviance AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE Definitions * Crime- An act which breaks the criminal laws of society. * Deviance- refers to the behaviour which is disapproved of by most people in society and which does not conform to society's norms and values. TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONALIST, STRAIN AND SUBCULTURAL THEORIES Durkheim's functionalist theory: * Socialisation and Social control are two key mechanisms which allow social solidarity to occur in society. The inevitability of crime: * Functionalists see too much crime as destabilising society. * They also see crime as inevitable and universal- Durkheim, 'crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies.' * There are two reasons why C&D are found in all societies; 1.Not everyone is equally effectively socialised into the shared norms and values. 2. Different groups develop their own subculture and what the members of the subculture regard as normal, mainstream culture may see as deviant. * Durkheim also discusses that in modern societies there is a tendency towards anomie (normlessness). The diversity of modern societies means that the collective conscience is weakened, and this results in higher levels of C&D. The positive functions of crime: * For Durkheim, crime also fulfils two important functions; boundary maintenance and adaptation. * Boundary Maintenance- In Durkheim's view, the purpose of punishment is to reaffirm society's shared rules and reinforces...
Words: 20916 - Pages: 84
...1.0 INTRODUCTION Olympics are mega-global event that attracts the attention worldwide with billions of audience watching on television, while millions flock to events as spectators. The media embraces the opportunity of covering every inch of the games. This kind of interest is what organisers face with no room for error in relation to external attacks or system failures of the event although risks are bound to occur to any project or program as in the case of Olympics. These risks may occur with a positive impact to the organisers though they dread to have negative risks, which causes ripple effect to the project. (Taylor, 2006) Getting everything right from the opening ceremony to closing ceremony, games schedules against venues, calls for a proper risk assessment to avoid any criticism. However, risks are such uncertain occurrences of events or condition to anticipate from the moment of the initial planning stages of bidding to host the Olympics Games. (Bartlett, 2004) 1.1 RISK HISTORY IN OLYMPICS (BACKGROUND) In 1972 Summer Olympics, Germany was the host nation of the games but unfortunately, terrorists struck and caused death to athletes. (Toohey and Veal, 2007) Figure 1: Source: The Sun publication Unlike the Munich massacre that involved the killing of athletes, a pipe bomb detonated at the Olympic village in Centennial Park in Atlanta, America-killing one woman and injuring over hundred people (Hails, 2008). Olympic...
Words: 4021 - Pages: 17
