...FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT: IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND CHALLENGES (PART 1) (by Tuam Kwok Choon and Ng Kean Kok) INTRODUCTION Since the promulgation of fair value accounting by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the subject matter has been hotly debated by industry players and professionals of the accounting fraternity the world over. Many problems and pitfalls have been highlighted on the "mark-to-market" premise. For example, David Gwilliam and Richard H.G. Jackson (2008) noted that Enron "was able to 'monetize' physical assets so as to bring them within the remit of mark to market accounting", suggesting misuse of fair value measurement. Fair value is said to be superior to other forms of measurement because it is easily understood by investors and stakeholders. It is also timely, neutral, representationally faithful, reliable, relevant, comparable and consistent. Fair value reporting is deemed to be more transparent and investor-confident. However equally important is that fair value measurement is subject to constraints such as human judgment, the location and condition of the asset/liability being measured, the determination of market, the most advantageous market value as against the entity's perspective, transaction price presumption (exit price verses entry price in different markets), the bid-ask spread of financial instsruments, and transportation cost exclusion, to name a few. Brief definition of fair value: Defined as, “The price that would be received...
Words: 2356 - Pages: 10
...Individual Research Assignment 2015 1. The measurement concepts in relation to historical cost and fair value accounting. IASB framework defines that measurement is the process to determine the monetary amount of the financial statements’ elements are to be recognized and carried on the balance sheet and income statements ( IASB Framework 2010). 1.1 Historical cost Historical cost is an accounting method about the original nominal monetary value of an economic item at the time of transaction (IFRS). Under this method, assets and liabilities listed on the balance sheet with the value at their purchase or acquisition, rather than the current market value. According to the historical cost principle, most assets or liabilities are recorded at historical cost on the balance sheet even if there is a significantly change in the value over a period. Hence the balance sheet value of the items may differ from the real value and this value is never adjusted by the changing of market and economy. For example, 10units of one item were purchased for $10 each. The price of this item today is $11 per unit. Therefore the inventory should appear on the balance sheet at $100 and not at $110. 1.2 Fair Value According to IFRS13, fair value is regarded as a scientifically true measurement concept. To be more specific, fair value is a market-based measurement; it is not an entity specific measurement. In other words, fair value is the price that the company will be received to...
Words: 2425 - Pages: 10
...The concept of Fair Value Fair value is defined as “the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction”. Prior to the introduction of Fair Value Accounting (FVA), accounting was carried out on a historical cost basis. However there were many limitations of Historical Cost accounting (HCA). HCA assumes money holds a constant purchasing power. It ignores specific price-level change, general price-level change and fluctuations in exchange rates. During inflationary periods, HCA can become irrelevant and can lead to an erosion of operating capacity. IASB framework states “the objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. It also states “financial statements also show the results of stewardship of management, or accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it”. FVA is superior to historical cost accounting for these purposes. FVA is dominant in numerous IFRS’s and IAS’s. The IASB have yet to finalise an IFRS on fair value measurement, but it is expected it will have been completed by early 2011. Furthermore, the IASB is developing extra educational material to accompany the publication of the IFRS on fair value measurement. This material will give a description on the thought process for the measurement of assets, liabilities...
Words: 3059 - Pages: 13
...purchase will grow the business. I will also analyze the accounting requirements for the business combination method I selected and how I determined goodwill was impaired and the financial impact of such impaired goodwill. The business combination method I selected is the acquisition method. Business combinations have implemented the newly created accounting treatment called the “acquisition method.” The major changes in the acquisition method include changes to fair value measurement, goodwill recognition, and non-controlling interests. In acquisition method, the parent company reports the net assets of the acquired company at the price that it was paid for. This price includes any cash payment, the fair market value of any shares issued, and the present value of any promises to pay cash in the future. A key point of the purchase method is that the parent consolidates the book value of all the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities and then the fair value, broken down between Net Book Value and Fair Market Value increments, of the subsidiary's assets and liabilities are added to the parent's own assets and liabilities. The parent and the subsidiary prepare their own separate financial statements because they are two separate legal entities. The parent also prepares consolidated financial statements by combining the separate financial statements of both the parent and the subsidiary. Any inter-company transactions between the two are removed in the consolidated...
Words: 1726 - Pages: 7
...traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and since 2006, they have been using IAS 39 for the recognition and measurement of their financials instruments. Furthermore, KPMG AG audited BMW’s 2009 financial statements on February 26, 2010, and BMW’s 2010 financial statements on February 25, 2011. Furthermore, KPMG AG audited Daimler AG’s 2009 financial statements on March 1, 2010, and the company’s 2010 financial statements on February 28, 2011. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences in numbers, and disclosures concerning the reporting of items under IAS 39, between and within the two companies, for 2009 and 2010. Further, this report will examine the controversies which have led to the establishment of IAS 39 fair market value procedures, and will investigate the differences between the reporting under IAS 39 (Fair value procedures), and its equivalent under US GAAP, SFAS 157. “The introduction of IAS 39 was aimed at bringing more visibility to financial statements users with regard to the accounting and disclosure of financial instruments (journal), especially derivatives, since prior to the enactement of IAS39, “derivatives were recorded as off balance sheet items, and were only disclosed in the notes of financial statements.”(journal ). One substantial change that IAS 39 has brought to IFRS reporting, is the great use of fair value measurements. “Fair value...
Words: 1237 - Pages: 5
...Project Summary Background The objective of this project is to provide guidance to entities on how they should measure the fair value of assets and liabilities when required by other Standards. This project will not change when fair value measurement is required by IFRSs. Discussion at the September 2005 IASB Meeting At the September 2005 meeting, the IASB added the Fair Value Measurements topic to its agenda. The aim of the project is to provide guidance to entities on how they should measure the fair value of assets and liabilities when required by other Standards. This project will not change when fair value measurement is required by IFRSs. Discussion at the November 2005 IASB Meeting The staff conducted an education session on the FASB's working draft of a final Statement on Fair Value Measurements. In addition, the staff reviewed the scope of FASB's Fair Value Measurements project as it relates to IFRSs and the issues and questions to be addressed in preparing an IASB Exposure Draft and related Invitation to Comment. No decisions were made. At a previous meeting, the Board decided to issue the FASB's final Statement on Fair Value Measurements as an IASB Exposure Draft with an Invitation to Comment. The appendices in the FASB document dealing with consequential amendments and references to US GAAP pronouncements will be replaced with proposed consequential amendments and references to IFRSs. The Board further decided that there should be limited changes to the FASB's...
Words: 21364 - Pages: 86
...driven by a dramatic fall of $US 8.5 billion in Lehman’s revenues from principal transactions, which include realized and unrealized gains or losses from financial instruments and other inventory positions owned. A significant portion of the downward shift in principal transactions revenues is actually explained by unrealized losses of $US 1.6 billion in the first semester of 2008 vs. unrealized gains of $US 200 million in the first semester of 2007. Thus, accounting at fair value for some financial assets amplified Lehman's downward earnings performance. Hence, it can be put forward that FVA, through its magnifying impact on earnings volatility, may have contributed to aggravate investors', regulators' and governments' perceptions with respect to the severity of the crisis, itself characterized by record volatility in the prices of many securities and goods. On a related note, the increased volatility brought forward by FVA is conducive to the use of equity-based compensation, especially stock options, which value is then enhanced (according to the Black-Scholes model, volatility is one of the key inputs in option valuation). Prior research 此前的研究 suggests that there is a strong association between performance volatility and the use of stock options. 選項。 20 20 Through FVA, the outcomes from aggressive risk-taking in investment and financing strategies will directly flow into reported earnings, thus further leveraging the potential gains to be derived from stock options and other...
Words: 3771 - Pages: 16
...| BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING | ACCT 525-22936 Current Issues in Accounting | Professor Kabani | Robert Larison | 10/20/2013 | In this paper I look at the benefits and challenges that are likely to follow the migration into the use of Fair Value Accounting. Perhaps, there is no issue today that carries with it as much controversy as does “FVA”. | BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING INTRODUCTION I do not think any topic in accounting has gathered as much interest as has the subject of “Fair Value Accounting” “FVA”. Heightened by the financial crisis of recent years “FVA” has received enormous attention by both academia and the business community alike. Rarely do “conspiracy theorists” make their way into the humdrum subject matter of accounting, but when it comes to the issue of “FVA” accounting, almost anything and everything has been postulated. The most widely held belief is that the move to “FVA” is to blame for the financial crisis of 2007. (Sorkin, 2008.) I have evaluated “FVA” and the transition from “historical value accounting “HVA”. In particular, I have researched the evolution within the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as it pertains to “FVA”. I have also reviewed the move toward the establishment of one set of standards for worldwide accounting as evidenced by the “convergence” project. With that in mind, we only need to look to the International Accounting Standards Board and its IFRS to get a...
Words: 2522 - Pages: 11
...the instruments were active or inactive and whether there was a significant decease in the volume and level of activity for the instruments. b. The valuation technique used by FFC c. The classification in the fair value hierarchy for each input into the fair value measurement and how these classifications affects classification in the fair value hierarchy of the entire instrument. We will answer these questions by each instrument separately: First, Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) Before September30th, 2010, FFC was in an active market, and it determined the fair value of the CDO by using a market-based valuation technique that relies on inputs such as quotes prices for similar CDO securities and requires only insignificant adjustments. After that, there was a significant decrease in the volume and level of activities and the CDO’s market was not active. Besides, significant adjustments are required to determine fair value as of the measurement date given the lack of recent and relevant transactions. The valuation techniques FFC used for CDO is income approach, because this way could maximize the use of relevant observable input and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There are two factors FFC mainly considered in the fair value measurement. Frist, FFC considered the implied rate of return on September 30, 2010, which is the last date of active market for CDO. This is the Level 1 input. According to ASC820-10-35-40, Level 1 inputs are quoted market prices...
Words: 470 - Pages: 2
...Financial Accounting Standards Board. Positions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board are arrived at only after extensive due process and deliberation. 2. Overview Financial reporting topics Exposure draft, Business Combinations (joint with the IASB) Exposure draft, Consolidated Financial Statements, Including Accounting and Reporting of Noncontrolling Interests in Subsidiaries (a replacement of ARB 51) Fair value measurement Proposals for optional fair value measurements Exposure draft, Accounting for Uncertain Tax Positions, an interpretation of SFAS 109 Performance reporting Share based payment (SFAS 123R) 3. Joint IASB-FASB project on business combinations Intent => replace SFAS 141 and converge with international standards Will include mutual enterprises Will include acquisitions of businesses through means other than a purchase of net assets or equity interests A separate project is addressing business combinations involving not-for-profit organizations General principle: recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at fair value Exceptions : income taxes, benefit plan obligations, operating leases Departure from the cost-based provisions in APB 16, which also appeared in SFAS 141 as originally issued Joint IASB-FASB Exposure Draft is available at the FASB’s website 4. Joint IASB-FASB project on business combinations Examples of proposed changes, relative to current practice Business combination achieved in stages Sometimes called...
Words: 3971 - Pages: 16
...360-10. Applicable Professional Pronouncements ASC 360-10, Property, Plant, and Equipment: Overall (ASC 360-10) ASC 360-10 provides guidance on accounting for property, plant, and equipment, and the related accumulated depreciation on those assets. This Subtopic also includes guidance on the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. ASC 360-10 notes that long-lived tangible assets include land and land improvements, buildings, machinery and equipment, and furniture and fixtures. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820) ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, applies to U.S. GAAP that require or permit fair value measurements or disclosures and provides a single framework for measuring fair value and requires disclosures about fair value measurement. The Topic defines fair value on the basis of an "exit price" notion and uses a "fair value hierarchy," which results in a market-based — rather than entity-specific — measurement. IAS 36, Impairment of Assets (IAS 36) To ensure that assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount, and to define how recoverable amount is determined. Discussion 1 — Impairment Assessment for a Long-Lived Asset How should Smooth Sailings’ management perform the recoverability test for the cruise ship as of December 31, 2010? In addressing this question, consider: •What assets and liabilities should be included in the “asset group” as defined by ASC 360-10 for purposes of...
Words: 2652 - Pages: 11
...practices that categorize transactions as revenue or expenses, assets or liabilities. GAAP and IFRS have a few differences and it is important to know the differences. In order for our team to have a better understanding of IFRS and GAAP, we kept the following in mind. What are some steps taken by both the FASB and IASB to move to fair value measurement for financial instruments? In what ways have some of the approaches differed? The steps taken to move fair value measurement for financial instruments are: 1) disclosure of fair value for information in the notes. 2) fair value option which permits but does not require companies to record some types of financial instruments at fair values in the financial statements. The approaches differs in both boards facing bitter opposition from various factions. The boards have adopted a piecemeal approach. Different assets, liabilities, and equity instruments are measured at fair value. The standards in U.S. GAAP and IFRS that require or permit fair value measurements are different. As a consequence, an asset, liability, or equity instrument that is measured at fair value in U.S. GAAP might not be measured at fair value in IFRS and vice versa. What is component depreciation, and when must it be used? IFRS allows the use of revaluation of property, plant and equipment and it also requires the use of the component depreciation. Component depreciation specifies that any significant parts of a depreciable asset that have different estimated...
Words: 1016 - Pages: 5
...Fair value accounting is a financial reporting approach in which companies are required or permitted to measure and report on an ongoing basis certain assets and liabilities (generally financial instruments) at estimates of the prices they would receive if they were to sell the assets or would pay if they were to be relieved of the liabilities. Under fair value accounting, companies report losses when the fair values of their assets decrease or liabilities increase. Those losses reduce companies’ reported equity and may also reduce companies’ reported net income In response to the credit crunch, some parties (generally financial institutions) have criticized fair value accounting, including FAS 157’s measurement guidance. Those criticisms have included: • Reported losses are misleading because they are temporary and will reverse as markets return to normal • Fair values are difficult to estimate and thus are unreliable • Reported losses have adversely affected market prices yielding further losses and increasing the overall risk of the financial system. During the ongoing credit crunch,1 the markets for subprime and some other asset and liability positions have been severely illiquid and disorderly in other respects. This has led various (possibly self-interested) parties to raise three main potential criticisms of fair value accounting. First, unrealized losses recognized under fair value accounting may reverse over time. Second, market...
Words: 529 - Pages: 3
... 1. Fair Value accounting was said to have created cycles of accounting write downs and distressed selling of assets during the financial Crisis. 2. The application of IAS-39 impairment model for loan loss provisions results in delayed recognition of losses. 3. The over complexity of IAS-39 such as mined valuation models, multiple impairment approaches, complicated transfer rules and hedge accounting requirement. Due to the above mentioned criticisms the IASB received calls to reduce the complexity of the accounting standards from G-20, European Union and regulators and other stakeholders from around the world. Thus, the new IFRS 9 comes to light to replace IAS 39. What is IFRS 9? IFRS 9 replaces the multiple classification and measurement models in IAS 39 with a single model that has only two classification categories: a) Amortized cost b) Fair value. Classification under IFRS 9 is driven by the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual characteristics of the financial assets. A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if two criteria are met: a) The objective of the business model is to hold the financial asset for the collection of the contractual cash flows, and b) The contractual cash flows under the instrument solely represent payments of principal and interest. Two of the existing three fair value option criteria...
Words: 1282 - Pages: 6
...Hypothesis 7 4.0 Discussion and findings 8 5.0 Conclusion 10 Reference 12 Relationship between Fair Value Measurements with Investor Confidence during Global Financial Crisis Abstract As investor, the needs of information which can reflect accurate financial information matching with current market condition is essential. Using fair value methods and measurement for asset valuation is one of the best accounting methods which can reflect current market condition accurately. But FVA cannot be separated from the critique especially when global financial crisis hit the world. Critique said FVA decrease investor confidence to invest in market which made more illiquid market during the time. In this paper, our aim is to find the relationship between fair value accounting, method, and measurement with investor confidence. We have been searched the data from previous journal that has been worked before to prove our assumption which are Fair value has decrease investor confidence and investor rely on information which is provided only by fair value measurement. 1.0 Introduction and Motivation There have been many studies on the role of FVA to global financial crisis (GFC) which may result in different opinion and open debate in the future. Most of the past research papers consist of the focus of this paper which is to find in depth more on how the fair value (FV) measurement may or may not affect recent GFC and how it affecting investor confidence. These past studies will help...
Words: 4953 - Pages: 20
