...Module: Public Law& Civil Rights ‘The Government is pledged in its manifesto to complete reform of the Lords to remove the hereditary element entirely and to reconstitute the House on a modern representative basis.’ Government White Paper (The House of Lords: Completing the Reform 2001). Consider the political and legal reasons as to why, some 13 years after stage 1 of House of Lords reform (the House of Lords Act 1999), Parliament has only now started to consider Stage 2 legislation (House of Lords Reform Bill 2012). Abstract During the past 100 years, the British government has never ceased trying to bring democracy to the House of Lords. However, having examined the reform history, one could conclude that all the reforms proposed after 1999 are not carried out as planned. This essay, therefore, attempts to provide descriptions on the major reforms of Lords proposed or implemented since 1911. It will focus particularly on discussing the main political and legal difficulties on the incompletion of reform of Lords since 1999. 1. Introduction The House of Lords has long been known as a historical curiosity of this country. Together with the Canadian Senate, the chamber remains one of the only two unelected second chambers in the modern and major democracies. Owing to the undemocratic composition of the Lords, it was reluctant to utilize its legitimate powers in the 20th century for which some local political scholars described as having ‘a little public profile...
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...towards the state’s role in people’s lives that it was up to each individual to look after him or herself. The Thatcher era was seen by many as about winners and losers, the winners were well rewarded with lower taxes, a property boom, rising wages, opportunities to purchase council houses and shares in the privatized companies at discount rates. If you had a job and money under the Thatcher government, there was multitude of opportunities. Whilst those who were without jobs and were dependant on welfare saw industries such as manufacturing decreasing in size, welfare payment cut in size, training being either cut or unfunded. They were expected to pay catch up with the winners on their own initiative without much help from the government. Much of the opposition came from the left, who Thatcher herself had little time for and one of her main objectives was the removal of socialism. Thatcher saw socialism as the polar opposite to her beliefs that people should first and foremost look after themselves. Whilst Thatcher created many enemies during her time as prime minister, she had little time to worry about these and even in her own cabinet she created a 'them' and 'us' situation, referring to those against her as the...
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...OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE • Palaeolithic nomads from mainland Europe; • New inhabitants came from western and possibly north-western Europe (New Stone Age); • in the 2nd millennium BC new inhabitants came from the Low Countries and the middle Rhine (Stonehenge); • Between 800 and 200 BC Celtic peoples moved into Britain from mainland Europe (Iron Age) • first experience of a literate civilisation in 55 B.C. • remoter areas in Scotland retained independence • Ireland, never conquered by Rome, Celtic tradition • The language of the pre-Roman settlers - British (Welsh, Breton); Cornish; Irish and Scottish Gaelic (Celtic dialect) • The Romans up to the fifth century • Britain - a province of the Roman Empire 400 years • the first half of the 5th century the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (N Germany, Jutland) • The initial wave of migration - 449 A. D. • the Venerable Bede (c. 673-735) • the Britain of his time comprised four nations English, British (Welsh), Picts, and Scots. • invaders resembling those of the Germans as described by Tacitus in his Germania. • a warrior race • the chieftain, the companions or comitatus. • the Celtic languages were supplanted (e.g. ass, bannock, crag). * Christianity spread from two different directions: * In the 5th century St Patrick converted Ireland, in the 7th century the north of England was converted by Irish monks; * in the south at the end of the 6th century Aethelberht of Kent allowed the monk Augustine...
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...which is a needless waste of resources; alternatively it may be too low, which may result in lost sales. Therefore, for internal users inventory control is very important. On the income statement, inventory exerts a direct impact on the amount of income. Therefore, statement users are interested particularly in the amount of this effect and the way in which inventory is measured. Because of its impact on both the balance sheet and the income statement, it is of particular interest to all statement users. 2. Fundamentally, inventory should include those items, and only those items, legally owned by the business. That is, inventory should include all goods that the company owns, regardless of their particular location at the time. 3. The cost principle governs the measurement of the ending inventory amount. The ending inventory is determined in units and the cost of each unit is applied to that number. Under the cost principle, the unit cost is the sum of all costs incurred in obtaining one unit of the inventory item in its present state. 4. Goods available for sale is the sum of the beginning inventory and the amount of goods purchased during the period. Cost of goods sold is the amount of goods available for sale less the ending inventory. 5. Beginning inventory is the stock of goods on hand (in inventory) at the start of the accounting period. Ending inventory is the stock of goods on hand (in inventory) at the end of the accounting period. The ending inventory...
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...growth in a favored group of countries. The richest modern economy are now ten to twenty times wealthier than the 1800 average. For Clarks the biggest beneficiary of this revolution has been the unskilled workers, the poorest. Just as the Industrial Revolution reduced in come inequalities within societies, it has increased them between societies, in a process recently labeled the Great Divergence.1 For example African countries, in certain case, would have been better never discover the industrial revolution, because they remained trap in the Malthusian Era creating an higher divergence between population, and driving down standards to subsistence. * Why did the Malthusian Trap persist for so long? * Why did the initial escape from that trap in the Industrial Revolution occur on one tiny island, England, in 1800? * Why was there the consequent Great Divergence? "Thus I make no apologies for focusing on income. Over the long run in come is more powerful than any ideology or religion in shaping lives. No God has commanded worshippers to their pious duties more forcefully than income as it subtly directs the fabric of our lives " The Malthusian Trap: Life to 1800 The crucial factor was the rate of technological advance. As long as technology improved slowly, material conditions could not permanently improve, even while there was...
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...Edexcel AS Politics Edexcel AS Politics ExamBuster 2009 Introduction to Unit 1- People and Politics Understanding the Examination and Exam Technique Choosing your questions In this unit you are presented with four questions. They are of equal value and each question covers one of the four sections of the specification. These are: Democracy and political participation Party policies and ideas Elections Pressure groups There is no significance to the order in which questions appear. Each question is divided into three sections (a), (b) and (c). When choosing which questions to do, the following principles are recommended: It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections,...
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...An Built heydays. nearly as avid in creating Nxxx,2012-01-22,A,001,Bs-BK,E3 all of the Abroad of Almost Empire Almost all millionnotheydays. heydays. Almost the 70 in America. Today, few are. mous companies were in theirall of 70 million the 70 million Apple employsApple employs 43,000 43,000 peoAmerican jobs as other faiPhones, 30 million iPads iPads andiPadsApple employs 43,000 peoand iPhones, 30 million30 million iPhones, and Almost all of the 70 million heydays. plemous companies were in their and inple inUnited States and the the United States 59 43,000 other other products Apin America. products other products Ap- ple in the United States 59 million million ApApple employs million peo- 59 Today, few are. iPhones, 30 million iPads and overseas, a Late Edition small fracple sold last year year manu- were manu- 20,000 a small fracAlmost last sold were manu-heydays. ple and of the last year ple in the United Statessoldallplewere 70 million20,00020,000 overseas, overseas, a small 59 million other products ApAppleof Timesover 400,000 Ameri-YOR the employs 43,000 over Today, clouds the peotion over 400,000 Ameri- high iPhones, 30 million iPads andtion ofNew York thetion of and sunshine, 400,000 Am facturedNo. 55,658 overseas. VOL. CLXI .factured factured . © 2012 The NEW ple sold last year were manu- 20,000 overseas, a small .frac-overseas. overseas. © 2012 The New York Tonight, cloudy, a bitand NEW YO of in workers StatesMoVOL. CLXI . No. 55...
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...NORTHAMPTON GROUP INC Northampton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about Northampton in England. For other places of the same name, see Northampton (disambiguation). Northampton | Town, borough and non-metropolitan district | From top left: Skyline of Northampton town centre from Delapre Park; All Saints' Church; Northampton Guildhall; the National Lift Tower; Delapré Abbey; Abington Park; Market Square. | Northampton shown within Northamptonshire | Coordinates: 52°13′49″N 0°53′38″W | Sovereign state | United Kingdom | Constituent country | England | Region | East Midlands | Ceremonial county | Northamptonshire | Admin HQ | Northampton Guildhall | Town charter | 1189 | Incorporated | 1835 | Government | • Type | Non-metropolitan district | • Governing body | Northampton Borough Council | • Leader | David Mackintosh (Con) | • Mayor | John Caswell (Con) | • MPs | Brian Binley (Con) Michael Ellis (Con) Andrea Leadsom (Con) | Area | • Total | 31.18 sq mi (80.76 km2) | Population (2011 est.) | • Total | 212,500 (Ranked 73rd) | • Density | 6,810/sq mi (2,631/km2) | • Ethnicity | 84.5% White 6.4% South Asian 5.1% Black 3.2% Mixed Race 0.3% Arab 0.5% Other | Demonym | Northamptonian | Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | • Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | Postcode area | NN1—NN6 | Area code(s) | 01604 | ISO 3166-2 | GB-NTH | ONS code | 34UF (ONS) E07000154 (GSS) | NUTS 3 | UKF24 | Website | northampton.gov.uk | Northampton i/nɔrˈθæmptən/...
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...CASE : Solectron: From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator Most people think we're a manufacturing company. We're good at manufacturing, but we're really a service com In mid-2001, Solectron Corporation was con fronting issues that it had never before faced in its twenty-four year history. The company was the world's premier supply chain integrator, with pany. 1Bill Roberts, "CEO of the Year Koichi Nishimura, Contract rate with automo- tishi, and own sup e-market non pro- 3S, thee us supply :omaker's respond ;hallenge ;tandards lustry will 3.Y to their • Covisint ation and example s.ln 1999, 1ce to pro lSferred to that is, the ast. Unlike more than He market hangs and th benefits ms should rm has the decisions mce, tech- categories ·ocurement rate with automo- tishi, and own sup e-market non pro- 3S, thee us supply :omaker's respond ;hallenge ;tandards lustry will 3.Y to their • Covisint ation and example s.ln 1999, 1ce to pro lSferred to that is, the ast. Unlike more than He market hangs and th benefits ms should rm has the decisions mce, tech- categories ·ocurement CHAPTER 9: PROCUREMENT AND OUTSOURCING STRATEGIES 305 CHAPTER 9: PROCUREMENT AND OUTSOURCING STRATEGIES 305 -Koichi Nishimura, Solectron CE01 Manufacturing Visionary," Electronic Business, December 1999. 306 DESIGNING AND MANAGING THE SUPPLY CHAIN 306 DESIGNING AND MANAGING THE SUPPLY...
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...The Sony Corporation: A Case Study in Transnational Media Management by Richard A. Gershon, Western Michigan University, U.S.A. and Tsutomu Kanayama, Sophia University, Japan The transnational corporation is a nationally based company with overseas operations in two or more countries. What distinguishes the transnational media corporation (TNMC) from other types of TNCs, is that the principle product being sold is information and entertainment. The following paper is a case study analysis of the Sony Corporation; a leading TNMC in the production and sale of consumer electronics, music and film entertainment and videogame technology. There are two main parts to this study. Part I. examines the history and development of the Sony Corporation. It builds on the theoretical work of Schein, (1984, 1983), Morley, Shockley-Zalabak (1991) and Gershon (2002, 1997) who argue that the business strategies and corporate culture of a company are often a direct reflection of the person (or persons) who were responsible for developing the organization and its business mission. Second Part examines the Sony Corporation from the standpoint of business strategy. Special attention is given to the subject of organizational culture and strategic decision-making. A second argu- ment of this paper is that while Sony is a TNMC, the organization is decidedly Japanese in its business values. This is beginning to change in the face of global competition and the need to improve business performance. This...
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...The Sony Corporation: A Case Study in Transnational Media Management by Richard A. Gershon, Western Michigan University, U.S.A. and Tsutomu Kanayama, Sophia University, Japan The transnational corporation is a nationally based company with overseas operations in two or more countries. What distinguishes the transnational media corporation (TNMC) from other types of TNCs, is that the principle product being sold is information and entertainment. The following paper is a case study analysis of the Sony Corporation; a leading TNMC in the production and sale of consumer electronics, music and film entertainment and videogame technology. There are two main parts to this study. Part I. examines the history and development of the Sony Corporation. It builds on the theoretical work of Schein, (1984, 1983), Morley, Shockley-Zalabak (1991) and Gershon (2002, 1997) who argue that the business strategies and corporate culture of a company are often a direct reflection of the person (or persons) who were responsible for developing the organization and its business mission. Second Part examines the Sony Corporation from the standpoint of business strategy. Special attention is given to the subject of organizational culture and strategic decision-making. A second argu- ment of this paper is that while Sony is a TNMC, the organization is decidedly Japanese in its business values. This is beginning to change in the face of global competition and the need to improve business performance. This...
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...FAMILY OF SECRETS The Bush Dynasty, America’s Invisible Government, and the Hidden History of the Last Fifty Years RUSS BAKER Contents Foreword by James Moore 1. How Did Bush Happen? 2. Poppy’s Secret 3. Viva Zapata 4. Where Was Poppy? 5. Oswald’s Friend 6. The Hit 7. After Camelot 8. Wings for W. 9. The Nixonian Bushes 10. Downing Nixon, Part I: The Setup 11. Downing Nixon, Part II: The Execution 12. In from the Cold 13. Poppy’s Proxy and the Saudis 14. Poppy’s Web 15. The Handoff 16. The Quacking Duck 17. Playing Hardball 18. Meet the Help 19. The Conversion 20. The Skeleton in W.’s Closet 21. Shock and . . . Oil? 22. Deflection for Reelection 23. Domestic Disturbance 24. Conclusion Afterword Author’s Note Acknowledgments Notes Foreword When a governor or any state official seeks elective national office, his (or her) reputation and what the country knows about the candidate’s background is initially determined by the work of local and regional media. Generally, those journalists do a competent job of reporting on the prospect’s record. In the case of Governor George W. Bush, Texas reporters had written numerous stories about his failed businesses in the oil patch, the dubious land grab and questionable funding behind a new stadium for Bush’s baseball team, the Texas Rangers, and his various political contradictions and hypocrisies while serving in Austin. I was one of those Texas journalists. I spent about a decade...
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...republics? Ans. In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. 3. What are absolutist’s regimes? Ans. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised is known as an absolutist regime. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralized, militarized and repressive. 4. What is a utopian society? Ans. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist 5. What is a plebiscite? Ans. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal 6. What was the concept of European countries about a nation state? Ans. The concept and practices of a modern state had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. In a modern state, a centralized power exercised sovereign...
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...Carrer Winston Churchill | | | 11/22/2011 11/22/2011 The Life and Career of Sir Winston Churchill Churchill was involved in every important event of England’s from the Boer War to World War II. He served six British monarchs, from Queen Victoria to Elizabeth II. Through his life he was a statesman, soldier, author, journalist and twice prime minister, Churchill’s career has no parallel in modern history. The Early Years Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England, on November 30, 1874. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a brilliant politician, even though he was one of the most hated. His mother was the American Jennie Jerome. One of his ancestors was John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, a great military hero. Winston Churchill himself showed no early signs of greatness. He was in fact a stubborn, unruly, manipulative, and often difficult red-haired boy and a poor student. He was also given to unpredictable behavior. Before he was even seven years old, it was already clear that he was headstrong, highly opinionated, and virtually impossible to control. He spent four years at Harrow School at the very bottom of his class. However during this time he showed that he had a remarkable memory similar to his father's. He particularly enjoyed English. From early childhood soldiers and warfare fascinated Churchill and he often played with a large collection of lead soldiers in his nursery. His later years at Harrow were spent...
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...Bhopal disaster Co o r din at es: 2 3 °1 6 ′ 5 1 ″ N 7 7 °2 4 ′ 3 8 ″ E From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bhopal dis as te r (commonly referred to as Bhopal gas trage dy) was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world's worst industrial catastrophes.[1] It occurred on the night of December 2–3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release.[3] Others estimate 3,000 died within weeks and another 8,000 have since died from gas- related diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[6] UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9 percent share. Union Carbide sold UCIL, the Bhopal plant operator, to Eveready Industries India Limited in 1994. The Bhopal plant was later sold to McLeod...
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