Applied Developmental Psychology 22 (2001) 7 ± 30

The impact of computer use on children's and adolescents' development
Kaveri Subrahmanyama,*, Patricia Greenfieldb, Robert Krautc, Elisheva Grossb a Child and Family Studies, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA b University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA c Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Abstract In recent years, electronic games, home computers, and the Internet have assumed an important place in our lives. This paper presents a review of the research on the impact of home computer use on the development of children and adolescents. Time use data are presented along with a discussion of factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity, which impact the time spent on computers as well as the activities engaged in. Research on the impact of computer use on cognitive skill and academic development, social development and relationships, and perceptions of reality and violent behavior is reviewed. The special role of the Internet in the lives of adolescents is brought out using data from the HomeNet study. The paper concludes with recommendations for future study in order to better understand the growing impact of computers on our youth. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Children; Computers; Internet

I really want to move to Antarctica Ð I'd want my cat and Internet access and I'd be happy. ±16 year old HomeNet participant, 1995.

1. Introduction The time is ripe to assess the impact of home computer use on child and adolescent development. Over the past few years, a growing number of U.S. households have added
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-323-343-5415; fax: +1-323-343-5019. E-mail address: ksubrah@calstatela.edu (K. Subrahmanyam). 0193-3973/01/$ ± see front matter D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All