...Conditions in Russia and Their Effect . . . . Kouznetsov and Jones CONDITIONS IN RUSSIA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ENTRY MODE DECISIONS OF MULTINATIONAL MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY IDENTIFYING ISSUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF COUNTRY CONDITIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENTRY MODE ALEX KOUZNETSOV, Melbourne Institute of Technology ASHELEY JONES, Melbourne Institute of Technology This study examines entry modes employed by foreign multinational manufacturing enterprises (MMEs) when entering Russia. This exploratory study focuses on country-specific conditions associated with the chosen entry mode - an important component in the consideration of overall entry strategy. Information from field studies representing 18 manufacturers – 10 directly manufacturing in Russia and 8 selling their products in Russia via representative/sales offices – was obtained by means of personal interviews with senior management in Moscow and constituted the primary qualitative data. Research questions are posed for further examination of conditions in Russia and the effects of such conditions on the entry mode decisions of MMEs. The study finds economic conditions to be the only important determinant of entry modes for large multinational manufacturing companies investing in Russia with other country factors playing no role in their choices. INTRODUCTION With the expansion of global business activity, the ability to analyze the key characteristics of potential...
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...| Russia: PEST Analysis for Foreign Direct Investment | Principal of Finance | Russia: PEST Analysis for Foreign Direct Investment Overview Russia is a large country with a long history extending back to the 12th century AD when it first freed itself from Mongol domination (Russia). Russia’s most relevant historical past is its emergence from Communist rule and the breakup of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 due to his policies of glasnost and perestroika, or opening and restructuring. Since that period Russia has been defined by a kind of political turmoil that has seen every sort of leader from a, it is said, Vodka imbibing progressive in Boris Yeltsin to a former intelligence officer in the KGB with a black belt in Judo, in Vladimir Putin (Russia). While the political turmoil has unfolded publicly, the business and professional climate has deteriorated from the heady days of the Soviet breakup when foreign enterprises believed the region was ripe for investment and, to some degree, exploitation. The level of corruption has largely dissuaded the full development of foreign investment and is an international concern, not just local to Russia: “the prevalence of corruption and crime in business affairs has been generally recognized as a major cause of concern...”(Taylor, Kazakhov & Thompson par.1). Until Russia is able to solve this unregulated chaos, business in Russia will remain an exercise in risk rather than revenue. Political Many...
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...sarguroh@simsree.net 7208850965 Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education (SIMSREE), Churchgate Abstract: This paper presents the investment opportunities in the retail sector in the emerging economies through retrospective tracking of their past experiences and opportunities in the future. The paper analyses the reforms and trends that drove growth in the emerging nations' retail markets and the ones that need to be embraced to sustain and accelerate the growth in the future. The focus of the paper would be the BRICS economies with a brief outlook of other economies like Singapore, Indonesia inter alia. Allowance of foreign investment in the retail sector boosted its volume tremendously in Russia and China and triggered a development of sorts that led to flourishing of foreign as well as local players in the same, providing impetus to the rise in the retail market volume. Brazil developed its retail market by taming inflation and making credit easily available. South Africa improved its distribution networks efficiently causing an improved supply chain management and also cashed in on its demography by catering to the needs of its predominantly young population. Indian retail sector thrives mainly on the unorganized sector with organized sector forming a minor chunk of about 8%. The paper analyses how investment in technology, infrastructure and appropriate reforms can fuel the growth of retail market. With abundant opportunities...
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...1 QUESTION 5: You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice is driven by risk considerations. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? ANSWER 5: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in both Russia and the Czech Republic. The political risk in Russia is still high but it is undergoing continual governmental changes under Putin’s leadership, and courting foreign investment. Relatively, the Czech Republic is more stable, but it may have less potential. On the economic front, both countries have inflation and high economic turmoil as unproductive factories are still struggling. From the legal perspective, the Czech Republic is making clear progress, while the situation in Russia is unclear. Thus at this time, the risk in Russia would clearly be higher. (For discussion or to modify this question, you might want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which your students will be most familiar.) 2 QUESTION 4: You are the international manager of a US business that has just invented a revolutionary new personal computer that can perform the same functions as existing PCs but costs only half as much to manufacture. Several patents...
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...FDI policy – Indian Perspective 11th September 2007 Macro-economic Overview Sustained Economic growth • Growth of over 8.0% during last 3 years • Fourth largest economy in the world in PPP terms Services account for over 50% of GDP Manufacturing sector growing annually at over 9% (17.4% in GDP) Foreign exchange reserve of over US $ 200 billion FDI inflows grew by 72% in 2005-06: the growth in 200607 was 184%. FDI inflows continue to be impressive this year as well with US$ 4.9 billion already recorded for the first quarter of 2007-08 India- Advantages as a destination for FDI Young Demographic Profile- 54% population below 25 years Abundant availability of Skilled Human Resources Adequate natural resources and raw materials Large and growing domestic market Established rule of law and a vibrant three tiered democracy Economic Reforms Industrial Policy Reforms • Compulsory licensing limited to only 5 sectors: on security, public health & safety considerations and where items are reserved for the SSI sector • FDI policy liberalisation since 1991calibrated progressive liberalisation followed • Technology collaboration liberalised Liberalization of FDI Policy New sectors opened FDI up to 100% allowed in most sectors FDI up to 100% allowed in some sectors FDI up to 74/51/50% allowed In 111 sectors Only a small negative list FDI limits Increased Procedures Further simplified Automatic Route introduced FDI up to 51% Allowed In 35 priority sectors FDI Allowed...
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...Russia and World Trade Organization Subject: International Business Professor: 梁学宏 Student: Kirilenko Viktoriia, vikir27@mail.ru Class: IB2013 Date: 13 December 2015 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3 Goals and Objectives of the Accession to the WTO……………………4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Accession to the WTO………5 Conditions of Accession to the WTO……………………………………...6 * Terms and Conditions of Russia’s Accession to the WTO * Unfavorable Institutional Environment * Russia Does Not Have Effective Mechanism to Support Domestic Business * Phytosanitary Standards: Good Conditions and Poor Implementation * Sources of Growth of Exports to Russia Are Limited Overall Assessment of Impact of Accession to the WTO…………….10 * Missed Opportunities for Growth * The Overall Picture Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………13 References.……………………………………………………………………15 Introduction Russian economy can effectively develop only in close cooperation with international market of goods and services, in spite of huge potential and resources. It also required by the state reforms inside the country. However, World Trade Organization (WTO) states the rules of game on the international market, on time of international globalization. WTO unify about 160 countries and covers more than 95% of turnover of international trade. Russia should enter to WTO considering strategic...
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...Base of the pyramid (BOP) Economies where people make less than $2,000 per capita per year. BRICA Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Emerging economies term that has gradually replaced the term "developing countries" since the 1990s. Emerging markets A term that is often used interchangeably with "emerging economies." Expatriate manager A manager who works abroad, or "expat" for short. Foreign direct investment (FDI) Investment in, controlling, and managing value-added activities in other countries. Global Business Business around the globe. Globalization The close integration of countries and peoples of the world. Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of value added by resident firms, households, and governments operating in an economy. Gross national income (GNI) GDP plus income from non-resident sources abroad. The term used by the World Bank and other international organizations to supersede the term GNP. Gross national product (GNP) GDP plus income from non-resident sources abroad Group of 20 (G-20) The group of 19 major countries plus the European Union (EU) whose leaders meet on a biannual basis to solve global economic problems. International business (IB) (1) A business (or firm) that engages in international (crossborder) economic activities and/or (2) the action of doing business abroad. International...
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...FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN By Toxeitov Nurlan THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY 2004 Professor Tony Michell 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................(iii) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................(v) INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................(vi) CHAPTER I. INVESTMENT AND THEIR PLACE IN ECONOMIC SYSTEM §1 §2 Definition of investments and their classification ................................................4 Foreign direct investments as the catalyst of economic growth (on an example of the various countries) ..............................................................7 §3 The international investment activity and her institutes .....................................16 CHAPTER II. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN KAZAKHSTAN §1 §2 §3 §4 Appeal of economy of Kazakhstan to foreign investors .....................................22 Fixed capital investment in Kazakhstan by region ...................
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...CHAPTER 5 22 METRICUM”S GLOBAL STRATEGY 22 CHAPTER 6 23 RECOMMENDATIONS 23 CHAPTER 7 26 CONCLUSION 26 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 APPENDIX 29 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Objective of the Research: Metricum is a well-established small medium enterprise (SME) that manufactures materials handling equipment and intelligent handling solutions. Their international activities are complex with manufacturing bases in Sweden and China and a wholly owned subsidiary in Romania from which they source many of their raw materials. As the process of re-structuring their Romanian operation, they would like to explore market opportunities in some of the less developed former Eastern Bloc countries such as Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, which are now collectively...
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...Perspectives on China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment Randall Morck University of Alberta School of Business and NBER Tel: (780) 492-5683 randall.morck@ualberta.ca Bernard Yeung Stern School of Business New York University Tel: (212) 998-0425 byeung@stern.nyu.edu Minyuan Zhao Ross School of Business University of Michigan Tel: (734) 647-6978 myzhao@umich.edu June 2007 * The authors are grateful for the helpful comments from William Allen, Tom Pugel, Myles Shaver, Jordan Siegel, and Changqi Wu. Perspectives on China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment Randall Morck Bernard Yeung Minyuan Zhao Abstract Recent economic data reveal that, at the infant stage, China’s outward foreign direct investment (FDI) is biased towards tax haven countries and South East Asian countries and are mostly conducted by State controlled enterprises with government sanctioned monopoly status. Further examination of China’s savings rate, corporate ownership structures, and bank dominated capital allocation suggests that, although a surge in China’s outward FDI might be economically sensible, the most active players have incentives to conduct excessive outward FDI while capital constraints limit players that most likely have value-creating FDI opportunities. We then discuss plausible firm-level justifications for China’s outward FDI flow, its importance, and promising avenues for further research. I. Introduction Barely thirty years ago, most would consider China a poor agricultural...
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...of foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging market countries. The views expressed should not be attributed to the staff and management of HSBC, members of the CMCG, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. -2- Contents Page Main Findings ..........................................................................................................................3 I. II. III. Introduction....................................................................................................................10 Overview of FDI in EMCs.............................................................................................14 Motivation, Location, and Decision-Making.................................................................15 A. Motivation ...............................................................................................................15 B. Locational Determinants of FDI..............................................................................16 C. Decision-Making .....................................................................................................19 Financing, Global Conditions, and Managing FDI Risks..............................................21 A. Financing Business Ventures in Emerging Markets ...............................................21 B. The Role of Banks and International Capital Markets ............................................23 C. Controlling and Managing Risks to FDI in Emerging Markets ............
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...Confederation of Indian Industry CII 13th Manufacturing Summit 2014 Make In India: Turning Vision Into Reality The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) is a global management consulting firm and the world’s leading advisor on business strategy. We partner with clients from the private, public, and not-forprofit sectors in all regions to identify their highest-value opportunities, address their most critical challenges, and transform their enterprises. Our customized approach combines deep in ight into s the dynamics of companies and markets with close collaboration at all levels of the client organization. This ensures that our clients achieve sustainable compettive advantage, build more i capable organizations, and secure lasting results. Founded in 1963, BCG is a private company with 81 offices in 45 countries. For more information, please visit bcg.com. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the development of India, partnering industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative processes. CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in India‘s development process. Founded in 1895, India‘s premier business association has over 7200 members, from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over 100,000 enterprises from around 242 national and regional...
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... No. 031 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies This thesis consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. While independent from each other, these essays share some common properties. They are all empirical and focus on the interaction between inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and host country characteristics. The primary focus of the thesis lies in how inflows of FDI affect developing and transition economies. Macro-level data are used in all essays. The first essay analyses the FDI inflows that the transition economies of Eastern Europe have attracted and tries to find determinants of these inflows. The following two essays compare the effect of FDI between developing and developed economies. The second essay studies the relationship between corruption in the host country and the volume of FDI inflows. The third essay explores the effect of FDI inflows on host country economic growth. The fourth and final essay analyses the relationship between FDI and trade, focusing on the link between FDI flows and host country exports in eight East Asian economies. ISSN 1403-0470 ISBN 91-89164-64-4 ANDREAS JOHNSON Host Country Effects of Foreign Direct Investment The Case of Developing and Transition Economies Jönköping International Business School P.O. Box 1026 SE-551 11 Jönköping Tel.: +46 36 10 10 00 E-mail: info@jibs.hj.se www.jibs.se Host country effects of foreign...
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...Chapter FIVE gLOBALIZATION AND SOCIETY OBJECTIVES • To identify problems in evaluating the activities of MNEs • To evaluate the major economic impacts of MNEs on home and host countries • To establish the foundations for responsible behavior • To discuss some key issues of globalization and society—ethics and bribery, the environment, pharmaceuticals, and labor issues • To examine corporate responses to globalization Chapter Overview Globalization has become a major socioeconomic force and topic of debate in the twenty-first century. While Chapter One examines the forces and criticisms associated with the globalization process, Chapter Five focuses upon the impact of foreign direct investment on home and host countries. Following an explanation of the balance-of-payments effects of FDI, a series of ethical issues concerning the social responsibilities of MNEs is explored. The cultural and legal foundations of ethical behavior are examined, and the challenges of global warming, pharmaceutical sales, and child labor are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the need for corporate codes of ethics. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR NEWMONT MINING IN INDONESIA [See Map 5.1.] This case illustrates the effects of the changing and conflicting attitudes of the national and local Indonesian governments toward foreign direct investment. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, Newmont Mining is the...
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...Salford and Leeds Universities and Trinity College of Music, London. In April 2008, he was awarded the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa by the Technical University of Košice. He is married to Heather and has two grown-up children, David and Rachel. In his spare time he is a keen amateur pianist and organist. Brief Course Description International business activity is one of the key features of the contemporary global economy. The decision to venture abroad involves the evaluation of alternative entry modes, bearing in mind the degree of risk and the suitability of the business environment in a potential host country or region. Political, economic, cultural and other factors are all of vital importance. This short course aims to explore these issues in the light of current research and with reference to recent developments in the global economy. The course will be delivered through a combination of lectures, discussion groups, plenary discussion and case study analysis. LECTURE PROGRAMME: INTERNATIONAL ENTRY AND COUNTRY ANALYSIS 1. Motives for Going International Businesses venture abroad for a variety of reasons and there is a large international business literature on this...
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