...Girls and Gangs For much of history, gang members who are female have generally been left out of the equation. When both the layman and the researcher looked at gang life, gang members, and how they function, rarely have women and their role in gang culture been considered. However, women have long played important roles in gang life, culture, and membership, and the importance of such cannot be ignored. When women in gangs are studied, patterns emerge, the paths that often lead to gang life are able to be greater understood, and this understanding may lead to better practices in gang prevention and intervention. Women and girls have not been well-studied in relation to gang life until recently. According to Holsinger (2000), female delinquency has historically been ignored altogether, or researchers have tried to plug the female experience into theories formulated for males. Female roles in gangs were viewed as unimportant, and when they were studied, it was only in relation to their male counterparts (Campbell, 1990). Because the female experience is so much different from the male experience in a wide array of ways, it is important to take into consideration the different factors that may lead girls and women to pursue the gang life and join gangs. It is estimated that between 8-and-32% of gang members are female. That number has been disputed by several surveys, but as one researcher clarified, 32% of the jurisdictions surveyed did not even consider females as gang...
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...Term Paper The novel ‘joys of motherhood’ has brought different questions to light, with its clever plot of flash back on flash back and the clear illustration of themes and morals in the novel. The novel is said to be the best of the author, Buchi Emecheta’s collection. Nnu ego, the main character of the novel shows us the unfamiliar side where the relationship of females to motherhood, and how our cultural norms provide basics for judgement by humans. The novel rejects the feminist codes normally associated with motherhood. In the world we live in, we come across different societal cultures and norms, in this very essay we discuss the negative aspects of women adhering to societal norms and how women all round the world are likely to end up like Nnu Ego. Nigeria is a larger country with different cultures where some believe the first born child must be a girl, while others also believe in sending off their female children as soon as their ready for marriage. Such actives have been responsible for many societal problems faced in Nigeria. The novel by Buchi Emecheta shows us the violence that our culture causes makes people to develop some kind of violence against people who do not follow cultural norms, a good example was when it was time for Agunwa to be buried, Nwokocha Agbadis eldest wife who is said to have died due to the unpleasant scene of her husband and Ona. It’s a culture in their land that the personal slaves of Agunwa be buried with her as she will need them...
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...perhaps the most significant feature of recorded crime * Higher propotion of female than males offenders are convicted of propert offences. Most males are convicted of violence/sexual offences * Males are more likely to repeat offenders and commit more serious crimes Do women commit more crime? They underestimate the amount of females as against females offending * Females crimes such as shoplifting are less likely to be reported * Even when women’s crimes are detected or reported, they are less likely to be prosecuted The chivalry thesis It argues that most criminal justice agents are men, and men are socialised to act in a chivalrous way towards women * Otto Pollack: men have a protective attitude towards women * Criminal justice system is more lenient with women and so their crimes are less likely to end up in oficial statistics, so gives and invalid picture exaggerating gender differences. Eg. males were 2.33 times more likely to admit committing crime, whereas oficial statistics shows males as four times more likely * Evidence * David Farrington and Alison Morris- study of sentencing 408 offences of theft in magistrates court * Women aapear to be treated more leniently, may be because offences are less serious * Box: women who commit serious offences are not treated more favourably tan men * Bias against women * Courts treat females more harshly tan males when they deviate from gender norms. Eg. * Double standards ...
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...AS RESEARCH METHODS (UNIT 3) REVISION NOTES A. QUALITATIVE PRIMARY SOURCES (Used by Interpretivists) CASE STUDIES |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Enables you to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of a group under |Not possible to generalize on the basis of its findings. Solutions = carry | |study (Ken Pryce = single West Indian Community in Bristol. Blackman |out a number of case studies of the same type of phenomenon (Zuboff ’88 = | |(’97) = detailed study of homeless in Brighton.) |case studies of 8 organizations to discover the impact of I.T.) | |Generate new hypothesis which can be tested against other data or in | | |later studies (P. Willis = produced a no. of hypothesis about the | | |relationship between education & capitalist societies.) | | LIFE HISTORIES |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Allows the researcher to see the world from the social actor’s point of |Questions raised about the accuracy...
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...The Gender Gap Team A Lori Iles, Nathan Casteel, and Sami Toa SOC/100 October 06, 2011 Carla Bolden The Gender Gap “Of all the ways that one group has systematically mistreated another, none is more deeply rooted than the way men have subordinated women.” “All other discriminations pale by contrast.” (Wolf.1994) When Alan Wolfe penned these words, he was surely speaking about the atrocities that have occurred and continue to occur to women all over the world. Women have been beaten, raped, killed, mutilated, imprisoned, abused, enslaved, and forced to endure subhuman standards to claim dominance and control over them. Women have certainly bore the brunt of this power struggle with the opposite sex and have even been willing to die as the only means to their personal freedom. They are mothers, daughters, sisters, and grandmothers who united are the larger portion of society, yet are rarely acknowledged for their vital contributions. Much of their work goes unnoticed and unpaid. Despite international laws guaranteeing women the same rights as men, women around the world are denied their rights to land and property, financial resources, employment, and education, among others necessities. (weforum.org) Men hold the majority of power positions and decision power within the authorative sphere of public office. Often, the result of those decisions initiates policy that tends to reflect the needs and preferences of men, not women. Woman have an insufficient ratio of representation...
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...Franklin Ewesiobi Ashby For Mayor and Positivity For Sacramento Professor Nalder Government 1 May 5th, 2016 Angelique Ashby is a council member, a business owner and a mother running for Mayor in the June 7th primary elections. I chose to volunteer for this particular campaign because it was something that was focused on our local community. Ashby is a family orientated woman who believes Sacramento’s most precious resource is its people. She is pushing for a safer and more vibrant city, while protecting families and developing local neighborhoods. Overall positivity for Sacramento. Section I: Volunteer Report Phone banking is one of the most efficient ways to get in contact with the community and inform them about issues and decisions that would be effecting them directly. So it would only make sense for a lesser known candidate running for mayor to pick up this strategy. Unlike the presidential elections, there isn’t really an accurate depiction of who has a certain number of voters supporting them. The purpose for Angelique’s phone banking operation was to get in touch with the community and notify them that she is a mayoral candidate. Also she wanted us to tally up how many citizens were confirming that they were going to vote for her, in an attempt to get an estimated number of supporters backing her during the election. The phone banking operation took place in a meeting room with a capacity of about a dozen people that was located in a living complex in...
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...Single parenting Single parenting is where a parent lives alone and takes most of the day to day the responsibilities in taking care of a child or children without a spouse or partner, in other words single parent involves a single person plus a dependent child (more likely to be a female parent) and is sometimes referred to as the broken nuclear family (where mom and dad and kids live under the same roof but parents decide to spilt-up). In Trinidad and Tobago there are 18 percent single parent and 9 percent single parent extended families (extended single parents is where the parent is living with their family such as mom, dad, siblings etc). How does one emerge as a single parent? There many reasons people in society become a single parent. Some reasons are:- Divorce -this is where a couple who have been married and have taken legal action of ending the marriage contract. In Trinidad and Tobago within the period of 2011 to 2013 there are 7,123 couples who applied for divorce. The rate of divorce in Trinidad and Tobago is 26.6 percent. Families are rapidly declining in our country and family foundations are weakening which brings a lot of negative side effects. In the U.S. the divorce rate is 40 to 50 percent of married couples divorce. Divorce can stem from misunderstandings between couples, the relationship grows apart, financial problems, intimacy disappears, not having a shared vision of success and also getting into the marriage for the wrong reasons. Unwanted...
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...Despite having done so much for her boy children whom she loves dearly, my mother still questions where she went wrong in the upbringing of two of them, which could have led to the unacceptable paths which they have chosen. She was sitting as she usually did, whenever the chance permitted on Saturday mornings; hunched over the large galvanised wash pan filled with white linen, most of which was our school shirts, blouses and socks. She loved to wash whites, and to this day that trait has remained with her. She cries out from time to time from the excruciating pain which would rush through her hands, and into her fingers. A pain probably resulting from the length of time she spends not only rubbing white clothing after lathering them with blue soap, but the long hours washing for her large family. Perhaps it could have been from years before when she would use the cutlass to chop cane, then have to pile and load them to be sent off to the factory. Maybe the farming and reaping of potatoes and yams, where she would have to pull the weed or doubled grass from between their sprouts.Was it the washing, ironing and cleaning of many homes in order to gain a living in order to pay my exorbitant school fees? I hated these days for being the older of only two daughters, I always had to be part of this predicament. Some Saturdays before sunrise, and until late evening after the sun had set, we would be labouring over laundry. Although poor, she ensured that her children were always sent...
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...WOMEN IN COMBAT AN INDISPENSIBLE ARMY 21 COMPONENT OR A SIMPLE CASE OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITY? Your mission remains fixed, determined, inviolable – it is to win our wars. Everything else in your professional career is but corollary to this vital dedication. All other public purposes … will find others for their accomplishment; but you are the ones who are trained to fight; yours is the profession to arms. General Douglas A. MacArthur to the West Point Graduating Class of 1962 INTRODUCTION Like the United States military, the infusion of women into the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) was announced with great fanfare and the proclamation of the politically-correct notion that “women have as much a role to play in the Nation’s defence as the men”. Thankfully, unlike the US military, the inclusion of women into SAF did not result in controversies and scandals that the US military faced in recent years as exemplified in the Tailhook[1] and Aberdeen[2] scandals. Amidst continued declining birth rates and greater economic opportunities, the participation of women in the SAF has been generally accepted as an inexorable development within the organisation without much ado, trusting that the authorities have performed the necessary analysis. Is this naturally the case? Are there larger issues that we need to grapple with, given our unique circumstances, noting that up till today, the US military is still debating on the wisdom of opening up military career opportunities...
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...Dorie Love-Ashby P. Elmore Composition II 1302-7420 5/25/11 FAULKNER Faulkner was born in 1897, to a genteel southern family. His father, Murry Cuthbert Falkner, was a railroad worker, owner of a cottonseed oil and ice plant, livery stable operator, hardware store employee, and secretary and business manager at University of Mississippi. His mother was Maud Butler Falkner. Falkner grew up and spent most of his life, off and on, in Oxford, Mississippi. He trained for the Royal Air Force in Canada, and later the British Royal Air Force during World War I, but the war was over before he saw action. After the war he briefly attended the University of Mississippi. He married Lida Estelle Oldham Franklin, June 20, 1929. The Faulkner works were greatly influenced by his family history. The area in which he lived had a great deal to do with his sense of the doleful position of Black and WhiteAmericans. This also influenced his sense of humor and is said to be the legacy of earlier writers like Mark Twain. Faulkner was best known for his novels, but he also wrote short stories, poetry and occasional screenplays.. Film versions have been made of several of his works: Sanctuary (1961), Intruder in the Dust (1949), The Sound and the Fury(1959), The Reivers (1969), and Pylon (1957; or Tarnished Angels). Others (Requiem for a Nun, 1951, and "Barn Burning") have been filmed for television. (Pierce, Constance, and Heller) Faulkner received the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature for "his...
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...Functionalism, strain and Subcultural theories Durkheim’s functionalist theory Functionalism – society based on value consensus. Members of society sharing common culture. In order to achieve this, two things needed: - Socialisation – helps ensure individuals share the same norms and values. Shows the way to act. - Social control – rewards for conformity and punishment for deviance. Controls behaviour. Inevitability of crime – functionalists see crime as inevitable and universal. Every society has crime. Two reasons why crime and deviance are in all societies: - No everyone is equally socialized into norms and values. Some are likely to be deviant. - Diversity of lifestyle and values. Different groups have their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values. Some may see deviant acts as normal. > Durkheim says in modern societies there is tendency towards anomie. The rules for behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut. This is because modern societies have a complex division of labour meaning individuals become more different from each other. Crime is more likely. Positive functions of crime – it also performs two positive functions Boundary maintenance - produces a reaction from society, uniting members in disapproval of criminals and reinforcing their commitment to shared norms and values. Adaptation and change – all change starts with an act of deviance. There must be scope to challenge existing norms and values and this will seem deviant in the...
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...only carry the seed of life they also have the power to create a mini God in his image. An offspring of himself that can make the world a better place. For the past two decades their role is being stripped from them, society not only says but also states that the father role is no longer needed or necessary, because he is the reason why there is complete discord and mayhem running rampant in the world. But society is wrong. Fathers are not to blame. Only society is to blame for the decline of the gods. In fact, I could argue that fatherless girls have a more profound and long-term impact on society than fatherless boys. You see, boys without dads often act out in spectacularly violent and disruptive fashions, whether it’s flash mobs or gang membership or rapes or robberies. When a fatherless boy is acting out his pain, we know it. However fatherless girls are seldom this dramatic. Instead, they act out their pain and suffering in different ways. Fatherless girls are far more likely to drop out of school, suffer from depression or other emotional disorders and mask their pain through increased promiscuity. In short, fatherless girls have babies. Without fathers. Since the 1960s, women have been sold a bill of goods when they were told they could have it all. And for too many women, “having it all” includes having children without the financial support of a husband. For most men, marriage instills a sense of maturity and responsibility. They will work hard at whatever job they...
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...Crime and Deviance AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE Definitions * Crime- An act which breaks the criminal laws of society. * Deviance- refers to the behaviour which is disapproved of by most people in society and which does not conform to society's norms and values. TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONALIST, STRAIN AND SUBCULTURAL THEORIES Durkheim's functionalist theory: * Socialisation and Social control are two key mechanisms which allow social solidarity to occur in society. The inevitability of crime: * Functionalists see too much crime as destabilising society. * They also see crime as inevitable and universal- Durkheim, 'crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies.' * There are two reasons why C&D are found in all societies; 1.Not everyone is equally effectively socialised into the shared norms and values. 2. Different groups develop their own subculture and what the members of the subculture regard as normal, mainstream culture may see as deviant. * Durkheim also discusses that in modern societies there is a tendency towards anomie (normlessness). The diversity of modern societies means that the collective conscience is weakened, and this results in higher levels of C&D. The positive functions of crime: * For Durkheim, crime also fulfils two important functions; boundary maintenance and adaptation. * Boundary Maintenance- In Durkheim's view, the purpose of punishment is to reaffirm society's shared rules and reinforces...
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...Social Work Research on African Americans and Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic 25-Year Review Sean foe and Danielle M. Niedermeier Suicide among African Americans is a neglected topic. Social workers practice in both clinical and nonchnical settings, and as the largest occupational group of mental health professionals, they have a unique opportunity to reach this underserved group. However, little is known about social work's empirical knowledge base for recognition and treatment of suicidal behavior among African Americans.The authors performed a systematic critical review of published articles by social workers on African American suicide and suicidal behavior, to ascertain the state of social worker's contribution to and knowledge of suicide risk factors and effective treatments. They conducted Web-based (for example. Social Work Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed,JSTOR) and manual searches of suicide research conducted by social work investigators and pubhshed in peer-reviewed journals from 1980 to 2005. References cited in the articles were used to identify candidate articles. According to the search results, social workers contributed only 11 empirical research articles focusing on African American suicide or nonfatal suicidal behavior. Risk factors for suicide are reviewed, and the implications for clinical social work practice and research are addressed. KEY WORDS: African Americans; clinical knowledge; ethnic minority populations; suicide S uicide is one of the leading...
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...ADOLESCENT AND EPRODUCTIVE YOUTH REPRODUCTIVE EALTH HEALTH IN PHILIPPINES Status, Issues, Policies, and Programs POLICY is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00, beginning July 7, 2000. The project is implemented by Futures Group International in collaboration with Research Triangle Institute and the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA). Photos selected from M/MC Photoshare at www.jhuccp.org/mmc. Photographers (from top): Lauren Goodsmith, Tod Shapera, and Reproductive Health Association of Cambodia (RHAC). Adolescent Reproductive Health in the Philippines Status, Policies, Programs, and Issues C. A. Varga Consultant I. Zosa-Feranil POLICY Project January 2003 POLICY Project Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 1 Terminology and age categories............................................................................................................... 2 Data...........................................................................
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