...College men’s alcohol use is related to both power and powerlessness. Many men choose to drink in order to be sociable and fit into a place of perceived social power within their friend groups (p. 307). Based on Capraro’s research, college men’s alcohol use is also influenced by the fact that heavy drinking can make them feel more strong and assertive (p. 310). This once again shows their motives to conform to traditional masculinity and achieve the social power within the ranks of college groups (p. 310). Yet at the same time, many men drink as a form of “escapism or to get drunk,” showing their desire to become powerless through alcohol use (p. 308). Even if a man is drinking to appear masculine and become socially empowered in the eyes of other people, they individually feel powerless and numb the stress of conforming to college masculine culture (p. 310). Thus, we have the paradox of power and powerlessness....
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...obviously drawn between the preps and the las chicas. Preps refer to white, middle-class girls, characterized by good academic performance and enrollment in the college-prep curriculum. They usually plan to attend four-year college after graduation. Las chicas, on the other hand, are Mexican-American settled-living working-class girls who are usually tracked into vocational courses. Teen pregnancy is more common among and more often associated with las chicas. Symbolic boundaries between the preps and the las chicas are manifested in the different styles of dress and makeup. Unlike the preps who dress relatively nonsexual and wear light-colored or no makeup, las chicas wear more sexualized apparel...
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...Not to say that women today have no rights at all: yes, we can “vote, work, attend college, get divorced, run for public office, and own businesses.” (Young, 2014) That’s not the point. The point is, even though we are technically allowed to do these things, women are much less likely to hold public office, own businesses, and pursue jobs or college degrees in fields that are typically considered masculine. Something in society is keeping women from pursuing these fields and being successful, and it isn’t feminism. What keeps the sexism and oppression alive today is not a violent male oppressor; it’s the violent ideas of oppression that have become commonplace in our...
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...Gender Identity Claye Exantus PSY/265 Psychology of Human Sexuality 06/22/2014 Instructor: Kimberly Sampson Axia College of University Of Phoenix Factors that determine gender identity: When determining factors of gender identification and gender roles, I have made some research and discovered that biological factors play an important role in shaping children’s physical development. Children such as boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs and become further differentiated when secondary sexual characteristics emerge upon puberty, and naturally there are chemical messenger compounds in the body that are known as hormones are responsible for coordinating the appearance of these physical differences. I addition to that, there are some research that suggest the same hormones that enable sexual organ differential in utero and later trigger puberty, which also play an important role in shaping gender identity. In addition, Gender identity can be defined as a personal conception of male or female, or rarely both or neither. Further information have helped in understanding that this concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender identity. However people may view gender identity, I have read and understand that it is self-identified, and as a result of a combination...
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.... College students, especially freshmen, are a group particularly prone to stress (D'Zurilla & Sheedy, 1991) due to the transitional nature of college life (Towbes & Cohen, 1996). They must adjust to being away from home for the first time, maintain a high level of academic achievement, and adjust to a new social environment. College students, regardless of year in school, often deal with pressures related to finding a job or a potential life partner. These stressors do not cause anxiety or tension by themselves. Instead, stress results from the interaction between stressors and the individual's perception and reaction to those stressors (Romano, 1992). The amount of stress experienced may be influenced by the individual's ability to effectively cope with stressful events and situations (D'Zurilla & Sheedy, 1991). If stress is not dealt with effectively, feelings of loneliness and nervousness, as well as sleeplessness and excessive worrying may result (Wright, 1967). It is important that stress intervention programs be designed to address stress of college students. However, in order to design an effective intervention, the stressors specific to college students must be determined (Wright, 1967). The Student Stress Survey (SSS) was used to determine the major sources of stress among college students. The scale consisted of 40 potentially stressful situations. The scale addressed interpersonal, intrapersonal, academic, and environmental sources of stress. The items in the scale...
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...and research allowed me to back that idea with viable evidence from factual sources. High school writing is valuable to me because it helped me to prepare for college. The English teachers at my high school expected all students to put forth effort. Student’s writing needed to clearly express their main idea while providing evidence to enforce that idea. Teachers prioritized the student’s ability to get their point across, or to persuade their reader; then their word choice and grammar. I believe that all my teachers grader fairly because if I did not put forth maximum effort, it would reflect in my grades. As previously stated, I believe that high school writing is valuable because it helps prepare students for the writing that is necessary for college. 3. Course Theme Topic: Gender as Product I associate masculinity with the idea of something being a mostly male trait, such as strength, beards, deep voices, or excessive competition. While femininity, I associate with mostly female traits: makeup, accentuated curves, or care. I believe that both masculinity and femininity require confidence to be acknowledged, and both can be expressed in outward appearance or how someone presents themselves. Confidence in oneself and not allowing the opinions of others change your views is when true masculinity/femininity emerges. When speaking of masculinity, I think of Dwayne (The Rock) Johnson, and Neil Patrick Harris. To me, The Rock represents outward masculinity, while Neil...
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...1960’s several federal laws improved requiring equal wages for men and women doing equal work, but discrimination still persisted. The status of women in the United States today has improved considerably compared to previous generations. Women today have caught up to men in college attendance, and now women are more likely than men to gain a college degree. Women in the United States are working more and the number of women in the labor force is nearly equal to men. Gains in education and involvement in the labor force have yet to translate in to wage and income equality. Unmarried and divorced women holding the responsibility of raising and supporting their child is to blame for women’s lowered earning. Women today are less likely than in the past to be the target of violent crimes, including homicide. Examples of concepts or constructions of masculinity and femininity in society and in the media are that men are to be masculine by being strong, brave, and dominant. Society and the media say women are to be feminine by being emotional, passive, and sensitive. These concepts or constructions date far back in history and is still pushed in today’s society and in today’s media. If a man is to display femininity or a woman to display masculinity, they could be viewed as mentally ill, gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. Society and media believe that this cross between...
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...Gender in Language: A Global Evolution Rachel Walker Kaplan University SS 260-01 Gender and Society April 10, 2014 What is the difference between masculinity and femininity? There is a psychological way of saying that masculinity is a trait of the male species that emphasizes strength, logic, and dominance. Femininity is considered to be a trait of the female species that emphasizes weakness, emotions, and being submissive. This may be how a good number of individuals believe it truly is. However, in today’s world and through my discoveries, it is a lot different and I will explain why. I went to a few different places to gather information on proving that both males and females carry a lot of the same traits now days. I went to a gym, a beauty salon, and a coffee shop and the results was no surprise to me. What made me decide on these specific places? A gym is characterized as a place to “get buff,” which represents a good portion of the male trait of strength. A beauty salon is characterized as a place to get “primped,” which represents part of the female traits. The coffee shop really does not represent either trait. Both males and females come here and it was the one place out of the three where the species were blended rather than separated. I will describe my finding for each place. When walking into a gym, some may believe they will find more males than females inside. I had a hard time deciding just which one to choose. I went into a place called Planet Fitness...
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...drug use were conducted among males. Early studies that included women suffered from the "add women and stir approach." Females were added to samples, but no gender-related concepts were used. The result was that women's and men's drug use were viewed through a male lens. Fortunately, the 1980s witnessed the first series of studies that placed women and gender at center stage. For instance, Rosenbaum's (1980) book on women heroin users was one of the first major U.S. publications to challenge conceptual frameworks on drug use, abuse, and treatment by gender socialization (e.g., gender roles). The gender lens asks us to study substance use more carefully and to recognize the impact of social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity on individual and group drug use. Fortunately, gender oriented research has blossomed since the early 1980s. However, more is still known about male's drug use and abuse than female's. Following is a review of differences in rates of drug use. abuse, and drug-related problems and also gender-oriented explanations for them. PREVALENCE OF DRUG USE Currently, the two leading data sources on substance use-National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) and the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study-report a greater occurrence of...
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...According to Marshall University, rape culture is an environment in which rape is prevalent and sexual violence is normalized and excused in the media and popular culture. It is perpetuated through the use of misogynistic language, the objectification of women’s bodies, and glamorization of sex violence. College female students are at the highest risk of falling victim to predatory college men. Furthermore, 88% of sexual assault survivors do not report. When victims build up enough courage to come forward to the university system, the universities either blame the victim, encourage victims to not report to the police or to suppress all knowledge of the sexual assault. With that, victims of sexual violence are discouraged to come forward about their traumatic experience. Because of this, 99.4% of sexual violent perpetrators will walk free and not face criminal charges or even expulsion. The #metoo movement helps and supports young women who suffer from sexual violence by breaking the silencers through empowerment and empathy. In addition to, holding men accountable for their actions by not settling or falling complacent to the universities resistance to discipline and expel the college...
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...Dorothy Roberts in her books speaks directly on issue affecting African American women whether social or moral such as: gender segregation, mistreatment, oversexed all of these all in a negative way. Yes, many persons are of the view that the topic of Africans in general is one of pity, desperations, poverty and worthlessness. So much so, that when it involves African women the thoughts even goes much deeper to a great extent. Enslaved African women were dealt with like animals rather than children. They were forced to take part in long stretches of physically requesting fieldwork and regarded pretty much as cruelly as subjugated African men. Furthermore, subjugated African women were beaten and over and again raped. African women were not regarded as woman, yet were spoken to and esteemed as sexual objectives and workers. Racism and gender discrimination towards African women has also been around from the days of slavery, with whites abusing and mistreating African women who worked on their plantations. Because of this sexual abuse, many African women were given sterilization in order to suppress fertility in black women and to reduce the burden of unwanted pregnancy on society. There are delights and distresses that most moms share. They are the delight of nursing her child, the depletion from pursuing her toddler, the satisfaction of viewing her kid accomplish whatever goal, the dread of undesirable pregnancy and the lose faith in regards to surrendering yet another dream to...
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...Every spring avid sports fans look forward to the biggest college basketball tournament of the year, most commonly known as March Madness. This competition consists of both men’s and women’s NCAA basketball teams who compete in hopes of making it to the respected and heavily televised Final Four. The Final Four is the last game for each remaining team before the National Championship game, where the two deserving teams are matched up against each other. This series of competition creates a rich supply of content for sports media networks to influence viewer’s values and attitudes. Networks have become increasingly knowledgeable and schematic in using sport entertainment as a way to promote their ideologies, values, commercialization and interpretations of sport. Studies have found that people turn to sports in the media for entertainment. The different forms of media are evolving and moving in a more prevalent direction than they have been in the past. With the explosive growth of internet users in the past decade, media companies have created a domain where they can input their interpretations of sporting events and coverage. These domains have become dominated by the 18-34-year-old demographic (Kian, Mondello & Vincent 2009) who use websites such as ESPN, the most widely used website for obtaining sports related news (Lefton, 2006 as cited in Battenfield, Redmond & Ridinger 2014), and Sports Illustrated to read about upcoming games, watch live coverage, or get the low...
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...organization etc. a place with a high power distance is like a communist country! The except who is in power and listen to what they say. A organization or place with a low power distance usually try to spread the power out amongst everybody, so there is no one absolute ruler. Everybody then has a say in what happens. • Collectivism vs. individualism, collectivism is like me counting on my best friend to be there for me when I need him and visa versa. Individualism would be like me depending on no one but myself! My fate rest in my hands! •masculinity vs femininity, the masculine side has a higher since of achievement they do what is necessary to achieve their goals and dreams! It would be like me going to school for four years to get a degree, and then that degree getting me my dream management job at my dream company! I want to achieve these things so I can buy and get the things that I want. The femininity side has a higher since of belonging and...
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...argues, “gender emerges in reality programming as a set of generic conventions in which individual shows frequently transgress and then reassert traditional gender role expectations.” Many reality series picture a man or woman departing from these gender codes and norms in the participation and hopes of a positive reinforcement in terms of a competition based reality show. Two gender categories that have dominance are “hegemonic masculinity” and “emphasized femininity.” Hegemonic masculinity is an almost unreachable ideal fantasy described as: “a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, father, of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight, and height, and a recent record in sports.” “’Emphasized femininity’ describes an ideal in which women comply with male desires, privilege social over technical skills, accept gender inequality, and comply with the hegemony of a patriarchal social and labor organization.” While reality shows critique the models of a masculinity and femininity as outdated, they also norm them and reinforce their dominance (Edwards). This is evident in the challenges of both The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. They are often challenged to do activities against...
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...This study finds that although both female and male cadets believe Police College and the Police Force has been providing equal opportunity for them and have equally attainable requirements, perceptions generated from traditional gender stereotypes remain very strong. Such strong bias has not only affect female cadets’ experience in the College, but their job role as a police officer when they graduated from the College as well. Tokenism is believed to have an effect on female cadets’ training. There is only one class of female cadets in the Co llege. Being a member of the token class, the female cadet believe they suffer from a more demanding training than the males. When interviewees were asked to recall their experience in the Police College, the female cadet has negative responses such as “painful”, “keep on being scolded” whereas the male cadet only put stress on the difficulties to deal with the interpersonal relationship. The female cadet said, “I believe days are harder for female cadets than male. We get punished more …we are easily targeted”. Female class, may be because of that they are the token class or that they get more punishment together, appears to be more united and closer than the male class....
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