...Log My Personal Interest Project topic was chosen with my micro world in mind, due to my interest in art as well as being a Visual Art student. Through studying gender roles during my Visual Art course and exploring social exclusion in Society and Culture, it compelled me to want to learn more about the representation of women within the art world. As a socially aware individual with an interest in art, I felt the need to explore these inequalities to see if they still exist and how this may impact on other young artists. The research methods that I chose were interview, statistical analysis and content analysis, which would provide me qualitative results, as well as quantitative by being able to collect data and statistics. Originally, I planned on conducting a focus group discussion, however as my project progressed, I decided on content analysis as it allowed me to observe a variety of sources and immerse myself in the art world. By choosing an interview I was able to gain insightful knowledge from four females who were either art curators or historians and one male who is an art historian. This gave me qualitative results as I was able to receive in-depth answers from numerous people and allowed and exploration of my cross-cultural by interviewing both genders and gaining their perspectives on this. However, there were some limitations such as by completing my interviews through e-mail, I was not able to ask any follow up questions for answers to be further elaborated...
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...Semulka Modern Art in London 18 November 2015 How has the representation of women and female identity changed over the course of modern and contemporary art? Women have always been a common subject of art not only created by male artists, but female artists as well. In the late 1960s, the feminist art movement emerged following the women’s suffrage movement. The art during this era included works that obviously dealt with the female body even if the artists did not fully establish themselves as feminists. On the other hand, there were artists, like Paul Gauguin, who represented women in a different way. He spent some time in Tahiti to change his inspiration for art and discovered different subjects that included young Tahitian women. His pieces were so different from the pieces during the feminist art movement because his art typically did not give a precise purpose or meaning. Feminist art was representing something so powerful that it almost always needed a strict meaning. Another piece of art that almost contradicts the feminist art movement is Olympia by Edouard Manet. Consisting of a nude woman, this painting could suggest the views of women by the artist and even their role in society. Looking at these three different types of art really helps understanding the difference of representation of women over the course of the years. The feminist art movement started in the 1960’s shortly after women gained the right to vote due to the women’s suffrage movement (Feminist...
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...Art and Culture The role women and their influence in the twentieth century started when they were challenged, by men, not allowing women to be included in the art exhibits and therefore the feminist movement had begun. The feminist movement was started with four women artists: Yoko Ono, Adrian Piper, Carolee Schneemann, and Eva Hesse who participated in and prompted the artistic directions. The purpose of the feminist movement was to protest for equal rights, sexism, gender roles, and reproductive rights so women could be allowed in the American art world. In 1971, art historian Linda Nochlin published an essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” In this article she argued with art critics and historians. Nochlin explained how women were being excluded from all art exhibits and collections. Women started protesting by picketing museums and staging demonstrations. In 1972, women started shaping American society by opening their own art galleries all over the world to show their work. They opened feminist art programs at Fresno State College and California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts) in early 1970. By 1974 over 1,000 United States colleges and universities offered women’s studies courses. In 1975, women started creating images of their bodies to proclaim women’s right to control and enjoy their bodies, which was the start of women’s liberation, while other women decided to dress up their painting with embroidery, knitting, quilting, and china paintings...
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...Question 1: Discuss in detail how feminist art challenged the existing conventions and expectations of art practice (practice) The feminist art movement began in the 1960’s as a result of various factors that based around the central premise of supporting women’s empowerment and equality and aims to equalise women in society. Feminist art practice challenged the conventions and boundaries established by previous art movements like Renaissance and Modernism, these were periods in art which were strongly male driven and male dominated. Feminism challenged this standard to various extents, as in many ways women in the art world were not entirely respected and their practice could not produce ‘fine art’. Instead females artists were only associated...
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...twentieth century, known internationally for her boldly innovative art. Born November 15, 1887, grew up on a farm near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin and was the second of seven children. She studied at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1905-1906 and the Art Students League in New York in 1907-1908. In 1908, unable to fund further education, she worked for two years as a commercial illustrator, and then spent seven years between 1911 and 1918 teaching in Virginia, Texas, and South Carolina. Under the influence of other artists that she was close to while studying in New York she learned the techniques of traditional realist painting. After some time learning the techniques of traditional realist painting, the direction of her artistic practice shifted dramatically in 1912 when she studied the revolutionary ideas of Arthur Wesley Dow, who espoused created works of art based upon personal style, design, and interpretation of subjects, rather than trying to copy or represent them. This caused a major change in the way she felt about and approached art, as seen in the beginning stages of her...
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...The term “modern” in everyday language means contemporary, new, the latest thing. When we talk about “Modernism” term, modernism is a literary and cultural international movement which flourished in the first decades of the 20th century. It was an intellectual movement and a change that defined itself as the latest thing. During Modernism it seemed like religion and culture fell apart. In modernism people tried to reject tradition and tried new things. This period was marked by large technological advances such as invention of new building material, cars, speed and locomotion. Although modernism brought up innovative and experimental changes, this time period witnessed the First World War and the Great Depression. Those events led people to feel a sense of loss and uncertainty. When it comes to literature, experimentation with the form was another defining characteristic of modernism is not a term that can be described in single term. It may be applied both to the content and to the form of a work, or to either in isolation. It reflects a sense of cultural crisis which was both, exciting and scary. Modernism opened up a whole new pallet of human possibilities at the same time as putting into question any previously accepted means of grounding and evaluating new ideas. “Modernism is marked by experimentation, particularly manipulation of form, and by the realization that knowledge is not absolute.” (Ciaffaroni, 2009). While New York City is in the middle of a heat wave, the residents...
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...Women Art Revolution Limited 2010 The video began by discussing the hardships women faced as artists. The coalition called WAR (Women Artist Revolution) was founded in the late 1960s by a small group of women artist to bring these hardships to light. These women began to express what they stood for and made it know that they were just as important as their male counterparts. Women artists were not represented in the manner that male artist were. When a woman was mentioned, which was on rare occasion, in any form she was belittled and criticized just because she was a women. In the first section of this video several people in different cities were asked to identify three different women artist. Everyone they asked struggled with identify three different artists. Without access to knowledge about women artist anyone would have a difficult time listing any female artist. As the video continued the works of several different women artists were displayed. Artists such as, Howardena Pindell, Betye Saar, Joyce Kozloff,, and many others were all mentioned as a means to describe how women artists are kept a secret. Still even today the work of women artist is rarely mentioned unless you take...
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...to outline how feminism has and continues its attempt to achieve women’s liberation.This essay will reflect the current situation in Europe. The essay begins by describing the first and second wave of feminism, providing an overview of the ideas of some important feminist thinkers and activists. It then introduces the third wave, modern feminism and concludes with some remarks regarding the development of feminism insofar as it affects modern organizations willing to tackle gender inequality. The concept defined as the ‘first wave of feminism’ finds it origins in the mid-nineteenth century, with the ‘suffragettes’—as those pioneers were called—and their struggle to achieve equal political rights. These women’s central aim was to obtain the right to vote, even if that meant they had to protest through various hunger strikes, as they did in London. The ‘second wave of feminism’ focused on ending all forms of sexism, and it fought both psychological and sexual oppression towards women. Among others, Betty Friedan realized that women felt frustrated due to the oppression that came from their perceived role in society, namely that of staying at home. The patriarchal culture started to be criticized by many radical feminists. This second wave was very marked by Simone De Beauvoir and her work, The Second Sex. She believed “one is not born a woman, one becomes one”. Eva Figes wrote about how patriarchal values influence the ethical, philosophical, religious and cultural sides of society...
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...Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and or women's liberation. It includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. Nancy Cott defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating the idea of gender hierarchy as a socially constructed concept. Feminism has earned itself a bad reputation, but it never undermined gender differences that exist between males and females. A man can never be as good a mother as a female can. Similarly, a woman can never be as good a father as a male can. While accepting these anatomical and physiological differences between the two genders, feminism seeks for both genders to be equally respected. They are both human and as a species, humans cannot progress without either one of them. Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker divide the history of feminism into three waves. The first wave transpired in the nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, the second occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. In each wave of the movement, though men have taken part in significant responses to feminism, the relationship between men and feminism has been complex. Historically, a number of men have engaged with feminism. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham demanded equal rights for women in the eighteenth century. In 1866, philosopher John Stuart Mill presented a women's...
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...BIOGRAPHY Virginia Woolf, an English author, feminist, essayist and critic, was born on January 25th, 1882 to Sir Leslie Stephen, the editor of Dictionary of National Biography, and Madam Julia Prinsep Stephen, a nurse who published a book on nursing. Virginia’s maiden name was Adeline Virginia Woolf. She grew up in an atmosphere conducive to her future career as a writer since her father, Leslie Stephen, was a respected and well-known intellectual and writer. Although she was not sent to a university as her brothers, she was able to educate herself thoroughly by delving into the volumes of her father's vast library. Woolf grew up during a period of intense feminist activity in London and was an active member of various women's organizations. By the time she came into her own as a writer, significant advances had been made in women's rights. By 1918, a limited franchise had been granted to women in England. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her mother’s sudden death in 1885 and that of Stella, her sister whom she looked up to as a mother were the catalysts for Virginia’s mental breakdown. Modern scholars have suggested that her mental breakdown and subsequent recurring depression were as a result of the sexual abuse which she and her sister Vanessa were subjected to by their half brothers, George and Gerald Duckworth. Virginia married Leonard Woolf, a journalist, in 1912 and they collaborated...
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...explores themes like race and gender, which challenge societal norms and advocates for equality. Born in Harlem, New York in 1930, Faith Ringgold was brought up in a community that embraced creativity. The Harlem Renaissance exposed her to many African-American artists, such as Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes. Additionally, art was very intertwined with her own family, particularly fiber arts. Her mother was a fashion designer who taught Faith how to sew and create patterns with fabric at a young age (Seiferle). Ringgold’s great-great-great-grandmother made quilts as...
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...Introduction Feminism is not one unitary concept; it is instead diverse and multifaceted grouping of ideas and indeed, action. The basis of all strands of the concept may be stated as that it concerns itself with women’s inferior position in society sand with the discrimination encountered by women because of their sex. “Feminism is a doctrine suggesting that women are systematically disadvantaged in the modern society and advocating equal opportunities for men and women.”(The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, second Ed). The term includes many loose like liberal feminism, Marxist and socialist feminism, radical feminism. Liberal feminists work for equal rights for women within the framework of the liberal state; they did not question the structure –economic or political-of the state but they demand the rights and privileges given by the state should be equally shared by man and women. Marxist and socialist feminists’ link gender inequality and women’s oppression to the capitalist system. Women suffer a double exploitation as women and as members of the working class. Radical feminists disregard all questions of political and economic dispensation to concentrate on the roots of the problem. The central root of the problem is the system of patriarchy which leads to all kinds of discrimination against and devaluation of women. Politico-economic questions are not the roots but only auxiliaries. The concept of gender is the real villain and has to be demolished. Lately, more groups like...
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...“understanding.” This served as the basis of reforms in art, religion, and society which...
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...ORAL PRESENTATION SIL 2016-01-13 Introduction on the representation of gender in Modernism - modernist movement a response to the scientific, political and economic developments of the time and the way people dealt with the issues. - the tension and unease these issues brought with them were manifested in the art of the time, it affected music, philosophy, visual art, and of course literature. - Writers at the time reflected on these issues and included them in their works. And from there on the modernist movement, was developed. - issues as gender were embraced by modernists - Gender issues have always been a topic in society as well as in literature, so naturally gender became a major focus of the modernist movement. - - Virginia Woolf stated in 1910, the modernist movement dealt with the way human personality seemed to change, and it embraced disruption and rejection to move beyond the simplistic. - women, their intelligence and their judgment had always been regarded with contempt by a male oriented society - according to Dora Marsden a English feminist, women had been seen and treated more as complements to the men in their lives than as individuals or spiritual entities; they were depicted in literature as womanly, weak, dutiful and stupid. Most authors continued to write with the misguides perception that women were always inferior to men. - the turn of the century and its many changes, industrialization in particular, gave a number of women the change to work outside...
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...Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism Introduction A very basic way of thinking about literary theory is that these ideas act as different lenses critics use to view and talk about art, literature, and even culture. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. The different lenses also allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a work they consider important. For example, if a critic is working with certain Marxist theories, s/he might focus on how the characters in a story interact based on their economic situation. If a critic is working with post-colonial theories, s/he might consider the same story but look at how characters from colonial powers (Britain, France, and even America) treat characters from, say, Africa or the Caribbean. Hopefully, after reading through and working with the resources in this area of the OWL, literary theory will become a little easier to understand and use. Disclaimer Please note that the schools of literary criticism and their explanations included here are by no means the only ways of distinguishing these separate areas of theory. Indeed, many critics use tools from two or more schools in their work. Some would define differently or greatly expand the (very) general statements given here. Our explanations are meant only as starting places for your own investigation into literary theory. We encourage you to use the list of scholars and works provided for each...
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