...the transfer of electrons. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The atoms in a compound are held together by a chemical bond. There are two types of chemical bond: ionic and covalent bond. An ionic or electrovalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction between metal and non-metal atoms by the transfer of electrons. One example is the formation of bond between a sodium metal atom and a chlorine non-metal atom [1]. In contrast, covalent bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between non-metal atoms. A covalent bond becomes polar when there is unequal sharing of bonding electrons. This happens when the elements involved in the bond has a significant difference in their electronegativity, such as in hydrochloric acid, HCl. Equal distribution of bonding electrons leads to the formation of a non-polar covalent bond. This happens when there is small or no difference in electronegativity between the atoms in a bond. Chlorine gas, Cl2, has a non-polar covalent bond. Electrical conductivity, the flow of electric current, can be used as a basis for determining the type of chemical bond present in a compound. An ionic compound, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, conducts electricity because it contains...
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...polar bond | c. | structural formula | f. | hydrogen bond | ____ 1. a depiction of the arrangement of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions ____ 2. a covalent bond in which only one pair of electrons is shared ____ 3. a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared ____ 4. a covalent bond in which the shared electron pair comes from only one of the atoms ____ 5. a covalent bond between two atoms of significantly different electronegativities ____ 6. a type of bond that is very important in determining the properties of water and of important biological molecules such as proteins and DNA Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | network solid | e. | tetrahedral angle | b. | bonding orbital | f. | VSEPR theory | c. | dipole interaction | g. | sigma bond | d. | bond dissociation energy | ____ 7. energy needed to break a single bond between two covalently bonded atoms ____ 8. symmetrical bond along the axis between the two nuclei ____ 9. molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond ____ 10. 109.5 ____ 11. shapes adjust so valence-electron pairs are as far apart as possible ____ 12. attraction between polar molecules ____ 13. crystal in which all the atoms are covalently bonded to each other Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 14. What information does a molecular formula provide...
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...Unit 7 Unit 8 Study Guide 1. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Ionic bonding results from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. B) Dipole moments result from the unequal distribution of electrons in a molecule. C) The electrons in a polar bond are found nearer to the more electronegative element. D) A molecule with very polar bonds can be nonpolar. E) Linear molecules cannot have a net dipole moment. 2. Atoms having greatly differing electronegativities are expected to form: A) no bonds B) polar covalent bonds C) nonpolar covalent bonds D) ionic bonds E) covalent bonds 3. Choose the compound with the most ionic bond. A) LiCl B) KF C) NaCl D) LiF E) KCl 4. Atoms with very similar electronegativity values are expected to form A) no bonds. B) covalent bonds. C) triple bonds. D) ionic bonds. E) none of these 5. Which of the following bonds is least polar? A) C—O B) H—C C) S—Cl D) Br—Br E) They are all nonpolar. 6. For the elements Rb, F, and O, the order of increasing electronegativity is: A) Rb < F < O B) Rb < O < F C) O < F < Rb D) F < Rb < O E) None of these 7. For the elements Cs, F, and Cl, the order of increasing electronegativity is: A) F < Cl < Cs B) Cs < Cl < F C) Cl < Cs < F D) F < Cs...
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...Phases of Interpersonal Relationship Development A relationship is the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. It involves building and maintaining a bond of trust and transparency. The development of interpersonal relationship involves the initiation, development and maintenance of the relationship. The ability to identify and control the deterioration of the relationship will determine whether the relationship will continue or end on a negative note. A relationship goes through six stages that will ultimately end up in one of two endings, repairing stage or dissolution stage. They are: * Contact- When people first meet, the first perceptual reaction is to evaluate the other person and decide whether or not to engage. This takes place in a matter of seconds and is an involuntary response related to our "fight or flight" instincts. * Involvement- At the second stage, individuals disclose information about themselves and engage in deeper conversations. The involvement process may also include testing to see if the other person is ready to commit to the next level or if it is better to leave things as they are and not bother developing the relationship further. * Intimacy- A relationship is at its deepest and most committed level. Individuals self-disclose and the commitment moves into the public forum. Changing minds occur in this stage. This involves such demonstrations as getting married or individuals...
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...Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 8: Covalent Molecular Structure Bonding and Chapter In Context In this chapter and the next, we examine chemical bonding in detail. We examined ionic bonding briefly in Chapter 2 and will do so in more detail in Chapter 11. We will also examine intermolecular forces in detail in Chapter 11. Here we will apply what you have learned about atomic structure (Chapter 6), electron configurations, and periodic trends (Chapter 7) to the chemical bonds formed between atoms and ions and the shapes of molecules and ions that contain covalent bonds. • 8-1 Biology: Molecular shape of enzymes specifically allow only certain reactions to occur. Drugs are developed that specifically fit into active sites in the enzyme to affect or even stop its action. Chapter 8 8.1 Interactions Between Particles: Coulomb’s Law 8.2 Covalent Bonding Basics 8.3 Lewis Structures 8.4 Bond Properties 8.5 Electron Distribution in Molecules 8.6 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory and Molecular Shape 8.7 Molecular Polarity Chapter Goals • Apply Coulomb’s Law. • Understand forces involved in covalent bonding. • Write Lewis symbols and Lewis structures. • Predict bond properties. • Understand charge distribution in molecules. • Use VSEPR theory. • Identify polar and nopolar species. Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure 8-2 8.1 Interactions Between Particles: Coulomb’s Law OWL Opening Exploration 8.1 Coulomb’s Law Matter is...
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...The truth about male friendship ‘’For men to really become friends there has to be an element of adventure.’’ Michael Chabon says this in his Pulitzer prize-winning The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay, and it is the basic line in male friendship. The thing that happens with men when they are in each other’s company is the very idea of adventure. It doesn’t have to a big adventure, as long as the two of you makes it big. Safraz Manzoor has taken it upon his shoulders, to describe this phenomenon in the text, ‘‘The truth about male friendship’’. In the text we are introduced to the man Safraz Manzoor, the writer of the text, and his all-time best friend Amolak, who is a banker. He tells us about how he and Amolak shares different passions, among them music, which is known as a great way to bond, not just with your friends, but with anybody. Safraz and Amolak have been friends since they were 16, so 25 years of friendship by the time that Safraz wrote the text. This doesn’t mean 25 years of a happy friendship with cake and flowers, which isn’t the case in many long-running male friendships. My father has this friend called Søren. They shared the most of their teenage years with each other, and were inseparable until the age of 23. What happened here was Søren’s girlfriend, drunk as she was, asking my father for a kiss, and, drunk as he was, he said yes. Søren quickly knocked out my father, still has a scar under his beard, and they didn’t talk to each other for...
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...between an ion and a neutral polar molecule which possess a dipole moment. Polar molecules are dipoles; they have a positive end and a negative end. The positive ions are attracted to the negative end of a dipole, while negative ions are attracted to the positive end. An example of ion-dipole interaction is K+ ---H2O d. Dispersion forces (London forces): London forces are weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary multi-pole interactive forces between molecules without permanent multi-pole moment. A good example of London forces is CH4 (methane). e. Van der Waals forces: Van der Waals force is the attractive or repulsive force between molecules (or between parts of the same molecule) other than those due to covalent bonding or electrostatic interaction of...
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...Malayan Colleges Laguna S.Y 2012-2013 Fastech Synergy Philippines Incorporated Ergonomic Case Study In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course Ergonomics (IE115) Submitted by: Buenflor, Mary Abigail L. Cacayan, Gellie L. Nagpala, Ivan Jesrael E. Pablo, Mark Joseph E. Ramos, Charisse Joyce N. Submitted to: Prof. Ezrha C. Godilano IE115 – B31 December 3, 2012 INTRODUCTION Established in 1983, Fastech is one of the leading providers of assembly and test services to the semiconductor integrated device manufacturers (IDM) in USA, Europe, and Asia. This company was formerly known as Circuit Packaging, Inc. and changed its name to Fastech Synergy, Ltd. in 1989. This is a Filipino-owned company and managed by Mr. Saturnino G. Belen, Jr., the current Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the group. In 1992, Fastech has established a manufacturing site located in Light Industry and Science Park I, Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines. Fastech Synergy Ltd. offers a complete range of manufacturing capabilities including the full spectrum of RF and microwave testing and tuning. It is positioned to meet high demand for semiconductor and microwave manufacturing services for applications in the field of computers, telecommunications, consumer and automotive products. Fastech Synergy has currently 359 employees consisting of 125 males and 234 females. It operates in three shifts: Shift A (6am – 2pm), Shift B (2pm – 10pm) and Shift C (6am – 6pm). Office working...
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...During the early months of a growing infant, there is an opportunity for optimal attachment to the mother or both parents. This is a crucial time for the baby, during this time the infant will attachment to its parents and forms either a secure attachment, insecure avoidance attachment or insecure ambivalent attachment. Attachment is considered a social concept in childhood development because; it lays the foundation for relationships with parents, siblings, friends and relatives. It also effects whether or not the child will grow up with the ability to hold fulfilling and successful relationships. When a child grows up with a secure attachment to both parents, they tend to have great problem solving skills as well as social skills. It also provides the starting point for the child to grow into a secure individual capable of have strong and stable emotional bonds with others. There are three attachment qualities in the developing child; secure attachment, insecure avoidance and insecure ambivalent attachment. When a child is securely attached to the parent they have a stable emotional bond with the parent. They are upset with the parent leaves however they experience a smaller amount of separation anxiety than the others. Also when the parent returns, the child actively seeks to be near the parent once again. Insecure avoidance attachment is just the opposite; they have anxious emotional bond with the parent and tend to shy away from the parent when he/she returns. A child...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...I Cannot Live With You The poem “I Cannot Live with You” talks about a relationship that can’t be. How they can’t live together or die together because they are so different. This poem actually hits really close to home. A few months ago I was in a relationship where I just couldn’t live with someone. It all started in June during Badger Connection. That’s where I met Brittany Dyson. We spent the entire day together where we really learned a lot about each other. Brittany is from New Orleans, Louisiana where she graduated top of her class. We left Badger Connection being really good friends. We kept in contact over the rest of the break. Once school started we were right back where we started. We hung out a lot during the first week of school. Everyone thought that we were dating because we spent so much time together. We were not dating. One night we were sitting in the lobby in Toolen Hall watching “House M.D,” and she leans over and kisses me. It got so awkward that she left Toolen and I didn’t see her for two days. During those two days I started to think about our friendship and the kiss just kept playing over and over inside of my head. When I finally saw her again it was still pretty awkward between us, but I swallowed it and just talked to her. I told her that I had feelings for her and she told me the same. That day we decided to date. Dating lasted all of three days, then we decided to become official. Our friends were relived because it killed all of the tension...
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...reactions, the properties of synthetic material, or the intricate life-sustaining processes of living cells, molecular shape is a crucial factor. 10.1 Depicting Molecules and Ions with Lewis Structures Lewis structures, also called electron-dot structures or electron-dot diagrams, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. Using the Octet Rule to Write Lewis Structures The octet rule tells us that all atoms want eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen, which wants only two), so they can be like the nearest noble gas. Use the octet rule to figure out how many electrons each atom in the molecule should have, and add them up. The only weird element is boron - it wants six electrons. Lewis Structures for Molecules with Single Bonds The atoms share a pair of electrons, and that pair is referred to as a bonding pair. The pairs of electrons which do not participate in the bond have traditionally been called "lone pairs". A single bond can be represented by the two dots of the bonding pair, or by a single line which represents that pair. The single line representation for a bond is commonly used in drawing Lewis structures for molecules. · Hydrogen atoms form one bond. · Carbon atoms four bonds. · Nitrogen atoms form three bonds. · Oxygen atoms form two bonds...
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...SCH4U – The Chemistry of Covalent Bonding Date_____________________ Orbital Hybridization One of the most influential chemistry books ever written was The Nature of the Chemical Bond by Linus Pauling (1901-1994). Published in 1939, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. Pauling received a second Nobel Prize for peace in 1962. Pauling made tremendous contributions to the field of chemistry, and was an outspoken activist against war and nuclear weapons. If you consider the energy level diagram for carbon it presents a problem to the VB theory. If bonds are formed between orbitals that contain unpaired electrons, how many bonds does it appear carbon can form? | | 2 | | 1 | | Since Carbon only has 4 different 4 valence electrons, according to the Aufbau principle, the 2s orbital is filled first, and then the 2p sub shell has 2 orbitals with unpaired electrons. This suggests that Carbon can only form 2 bonds. However Carbon is clearly able to form 4 bonds, as evidenced by any carbon compound (e.g. methane, CH4). Linus Pauling suggested that carbon is able to create four unpaired orbitals by promoting one electron from the 2s orbital to the empty 2pz orbital. This hybridizes the one 2s and three 2p orbitals together. This configuration is called ‘sp3’. Like s and p orbitals, the ‘shape’ of sp3 orbitals can be defined by a probability density map of electron location around the nucleus. The shape of a sp3 orbital looks like this: Since carbon...
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...Jacinta Houng Comparing the Solubility of Chemicals in Water “Water is known as the “universal solvent” because so many different substances dissolve in it and we rely on this for many of our daily needs.” Introduction: Water is known as the ‘universal solvent’ as it is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances and dissolves more substances than any other liquid. However the ability to be soluble depends on a substances polarity and bonding. This then contributes to the various ways that different types of chemicals interact in water. Solubility is crucial to every living thing on earth as water can carry along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients necessary for survival. In fact Water covers 70% of the Earths surface and composes 55-70% of the human body. Water is an excellent solvent due to its chemical composition and physical attributes. According to USGS (http://water.usgs.gov/edu/qa-solvent.html ) Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and the other side (oxygen) has a negative charge. A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. "Like dissolves like" is an expression used by chemists to help them remember how solvents work. The expression refers to...
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...64 Practice Problems – Chapter 14 – Chem 1C 1. Which of the following molecules contains a nitrogen atom that is sp2 hybridized? A) NH3 B) NO3- C) N2 D) HCN E) C2N2 2. Consider the structure of glycine, the simplest amino acid: What is the total number of bonds in the molecule? A) 0 B) 1/2 C) 1 D) 2 E) More information is needed. 3. What is the hybridization of I in the molecule ICl3? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 4. What is the hybridization of S in the molecule H2S? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 5. What is the hybridization of C in the ion CN-? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 6. Atoms that are sp3 hybridized form ____ pi bond(s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 7. What is the hybridization of the central atom in SF6? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 8. What is the hybridization of the central atom in PCl4+? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 9. What is the hybridization of the central atom in IF5? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 10. What is the hybridization of the central atom in SF4? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 11. What is the hybridization of O in OF2? A) sp B) sp2 C) sp3 D) dsp3 E) d2sp3 12. Consider the following molecule. (Lone pairs are not drawn in.) Specify the hybridization of each carbon atom (in numeric order: C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5). A) sp2 sp2 sp2 sp3 sp B) sp2 sp2 sp2 sp3 sp3 ...
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