...THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution, which erupted in 1789 marked a turning point inthe history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It put an end tothe age of feudalism and ushered in a new order of society. An outline of this revolution will explain to you the kind of turmoil that occurred inEurope. This revolution brought about far reaching changes in not onlyFrench society but in societies throughout Europe. Even countries in othercontinents such as, India, were influenced by the ideas generated duringthis revolution. Ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality, which now form a part of the preamble to the Constitution of India, owe their origin to theFrench Revolution. It changed the political structure of European societyand replaced the age of feudalism by heralding the arrival of democracy.There were many significant themes, which arose due to the impact of thisRevolution, which have been the focus of interest of the early sociologists.These significant themes included the transformation of property, the socialdisorder, caused by the change in the political structure and its impact onthe economic structure. A new class of power holders emerged - thebourgeoisie. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution began around 1760 A.D. in England. It broughtabout great changes in the social and economic life of the people first inEngland, then in the other countries of Europe and later in other continents.In Europe, especially England...
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...statement of the authors Karl Marx and Frederick Engels for a revolution. In The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels make a call for all proletarians, or workers to unite against the Bourgeoisie, or the owners of the factories during this time. Marx and Engels along with the proletarians, were against the Bourgeoisie due to their exploitation on the workers in the factory. Marx and Engels believed that society adapts and evolves throughout time. Yet, to change there needs to be an upset or revolution in order to do so. Such as, the change from a feudal society to a capitalist society was caused by the French Revolution. Through class struggle and revolutions Marx and Engels plan to unite the proletarians and remove the bourgeoisie from power and in doing so, they will create a communist society which seeks to eliminate inequality and classes. The communist society would be defined as a utopian society in which society benefits from means of production. Marx and Engels show negative aspects of human nature, but also discuss how to bring out the positive aspects of human nature. The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848. This was during the time of the industrial revolution in Europe. The industrial revolution started in Britain and had a massive change and influence on how things could be mass produced, making the factory owner receive profits faster. This also caused problems in Europe as well. The industrial revolution also caused urbanization in the cities of Europe which,...
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... INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY QUESTION; DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AT WORK UNDER DIFFERENT MODES OF PRODUCTION. Social relationships at work have been changing over time under different modes of production. However, the definition of work has been a contested area due to factors like the differentiation and work and labour, work and non-work and work as employment among other factors. Even though Arendt (1958) defines work as activity undertaken with our hands which gives objectivity to the world. Social relations have been changing to meet the demands of the type of mode of production. In broad outline, Marxist theory recognises several distinctive modes of production characteristic of different epochs in human history. Primitive communism is the first mode of production in the Marxist theory. This is described as a traditional type of cooperation which first appeared about two million years ago. During this period relations of production were based on collective ownership of the means of production by individual communes. They used extremely backward productive forces and primitive forces of labour which can also be called collective labour thus social relationships at work were characterised by collective labour. Due to these characteristics there was economic equality among the primitive people and the absence of exploitation of man by other man. These people were independent with no one to push anyone. During this period, according...
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...What is Human Services? Manuel (Matthew) Custodio BSHS/302-Introduction To Human Services 1/21/13 Instructor: Joseph Spalding What is Human Services An explanation of Human Services exploring the nature, history and purpose will demonstrate the importance of this field for individuals, which goal is based on assisting individual in meeting their own basic needs. Human Services is a profession that serves the public and was design to promote improvement in society for those individuals that cannot meet their own basic physical and emotional needs (Martin, 2011). A good example of understanding an individual needs is Maslow’s Hierarchy, which is based on five different stages of development (Feldman, 2009). The lowest stage of this hierarchy is basic needs such as: water, food and the highest stage is self-actualization where the person reaches his or her highest potential (Feldman, 2009). According to the Maslow’s Hierarchy theory a person cannot reach the highest level if they are struggling with the a lower level and each level is a type of progression to reach the highest level. This understanding of Maslow’s Hierarchy assist professional in evaluation where their clients are at in their stage of needs development. The goal of human services is to assist individual in the community to overcome their personal struggle to meet their needs caused by personal and social obstacles (Martin, 2011). Human services support these people by teaching them to maximize their...
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...century. He founded with Friedrich Engels the scientific socialism and he is the initiator of the international labour movement. During his life, he wrote several manuscripts in which he predicted the collapse of industrial capitalism and its replacement by communism and his theory has resulted in the establishment of communist political systems in many countries. He also became a member of the Communist League. After that, he published the Communist Manifesto just before a wave of revolutions struck Europe. The Communist Manifesto opens with the famous sentence "The history of all hitherto societies has been the history of class struggles" This expression is the basis of the Manifesto and reveals two key points. First, different social classes emerge and oppose themselves throughout history: free man/slave, baron/serf, or more generally oppressor/oppressed. It therefore defines the existing classes, contemporary to the manifest, explaining (in order to demonstrate) their emergence and reality. The second point is considering the theme of the "struggle". When two classes are opposing, a continuous struggle is taking place in various forms. Its outcome is the revolutionary transformation or the disappearance of the two classes. When analysing human relationships in a society, we consider that modern bourgeoisie, in comparison with the feudal society, has made a revolutionary transformation in the substance (different conditions of oppression, different struggle, different...
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...Topic 4 Essay 2/23/2016 In the middle of the nineteenth century, European societies were going through tremendous changes due to politicization of the ordinary, helped by the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution. During these changes and challenges, intellectuals and political activists proposed different approaches to making society function better. Different bodies of thoughts were proposed and political organizations that supported different ideologies were created. These groups and organizations stemmed from liberalism, feminism, romanticism and Social Darwinism. These groups, the liberalists, feminists, romanticists and the Social Darwinists, had to try to cope with the rapid modernization of the west precipitated by the Industrial Revolution. In this essay we are going to talk about how each group was able to cope with the rapid modernization and how they were able to face the changes and challenges. First of all, we saw liberalism try to cope with the rapid modernization of the west precipitated by the Industrial Revolution. These liberals thought that human life and society could progress without having violent revolutions or relying on tradition. Non-violent approaches to changing society is called liberalism. The liberals during the time of the Industrial Revolution believed that individuals had the power to reason and that they are rational. In other words, it means they are capable of bettering themselves without destroying the society or resorting...
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...The rollercoaster through time had its bumps but overall the economy, social status, and political views were influenced the most. The Industrial Revolution not only brought economic changes to the north and south but it greatly influenced the social and political standings of the two regions. The North and South had lots of differing components. The South was flourishing through agricultural and the North was based on industrialization. The political parties of the north and south were facing struggles with the electoral college more slaves in the south represented a party with no voice but counted for many votes going towards what the south wanted.This affected the north it wasn't fair that the south choose to use slaves not only for free...
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...Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution Two significant social consequences of the First Industrial Revolution were working conditions in the factories and urban living conditions from the growth of cities. The Industrial Revolution of the 1700s was a time of drastic change and a major move towards technological and social and economic changes. Socially, this was a transfer from a largely rural population in which a livelihood from agricultural and artisan craftsmanship moved towards urban centers which engaged in factory manufacturing (Fitzgerald, 2000). This was the forefront to a new way of life. The Industrial Revolution grew out of the development of the Industrial Economy with the appearance of factories from the technological inventions in several areas such as mining, iron, chemicals, and steam power. It was steam power that drove a widespread growth of several areas in particular the textile industry. Out of this innovation a new concept of the industrialized factory was introduced to society. The factory would be largely responsible for the growth of urbanization as workers moved to these urban areas in search of employment at the new factories (Fitzgerald, 2000). Due to the urbanization of these cities, the infrastructure could not keep up with the population growth. These urban areas became inundated with people looking for work. Urban areas lacked decent housing, sanitary codes, education, and police protection. The densely packed and poorly constructed...
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...The Bolshevik Revolution At the turn of the 20th century, Russia was a vast empire. The country spanned across the entire northern half of Asia, from the Pacific coast in the east, and into Western Europe. Tsar Nicholas II ruled the country as it had been ruled by his family for centuries before. The strict feudal traditions were upheld with brutality; Tsarist policies prolonged the agony of the lower classes and supported the opulence of the royal family. In the early 1900s, the poor social and economic conditions coincided with the spread and increased study of Karl Marx’s communist philosophy. The Russian people, determined to establish a new government, initiated a chain of events that climaxed with the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917. The Bolshevik Revolution transformed Eastern Europe and Asia and had a significant impact on the entire world throughout the twentieth century. The fallout of the Bolshevik Revolution still impacts Russia and the rest of the world today. There was no singular cause or event that sparked the Bolsheviks to take to arms in 1917, instead the action resulted from the culmination of a history of social, political, and economic issues. Prior to the Bolsheviks’ rise to power in October 1917, there were two Revolutions that set the stage for the Soviet takeover. The First was the revolution of 1905. This revolution resulted in Russia transitioning from a strict feudal system to a constitutional monarchy; the power of the Tsar was limited...
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...It was characterised by the introduction of machines for laborious work, the replacement of animal labour with human labour and the widespread use of mineral sources. Other changes involved the concentration of workers into factories, mills and mines, access to fast transport and the emergence of the middle class. The Industrial Revolution brought about many cultural changes. Before the revolution, most people lived in the country, worked on farms, and travelled by horse, walking or boat. However, during the revolution, people moved to the cities to work in factories, cities became overcrowded, unsanitary, and polluted, and new ways of travelling were introduced including railroads, steamboats, and automobiles. This was a dramatic shift in the way of life for the average person and has made a huge impact on how the world works...
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... Student: Yen Hoang Keuka College How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Industrialization, Population Growth and Urbanization are in dynamic relationship with each other that also has been contributing to change various aspects of Social Relations, Social Control and Law. America is taken as the typical example illustrating this topic because this country is one of the pioneers starting up those processes and witnessing their pros and cons in spectacular aspects. First of all, industrialization is the transformation from an agricultural an industrial society, in which the new technology as well as mechanization of industry is dominant. It first took place in Britain from the middle of the 18th to the early 19th century and presented a prototype for industrial revolution spreading throughout Western Europe and North America afterwards. The greatest significance of this process is that it replaced manual labor by machinery as well as mechanical production took the place of manual production. Furthermore, the industrialization was made possible by the great, incredible and numerous inventions, such as steam engine technology, electric power, cotton gin, elevators, telegraph code, telephone, railroads, steel mills, refrigerator, washing machines, skyscrapers, diesel engine, airplanes, the discovery of oil and the production of petrol and so on. The impacts of those inventions cannot be underestimated...
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...America Transformed HIS 110 June 13, 2011 Abstract Some individuals have a curious thought of how Americans built their society. In this reading the reader will understand a historic timeline from 1780-1850. Learning the important information during certain years and how they overcome each event. The Agricultural Revolution of Europe started in the 1700’s; it was widely spread throughout Europe and America by the 1800’s. The results of the revolution, was the farming processes became more efficient, and productive due to several inventions, and discoveries. The Agricultural processes became faster, and less manpower is required in the field, as a result the population from the countryside had no means of supporting themselves. They were forced to move into the urban cities in search of factory jobs. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s. The term Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the period itself. During the 1700s and early 1800s, great changes took place in the lives and labor of people in several parts of the world. These changes resulted from the development of industrialization and it started spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s, industrialization had become widespread in Western Europe and the northeastern United States. America Transformed In 1781 Peace Commission occurred and what it meant was Congress appoints a Peace Commission comprised...
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...SOC 100 Week 5 Part 1: Introduction to Sociology – Social Stratification | Slide # | Slide Title | Slide Narration | Slide 1 | Introduction | Welcome to Introduction to Sociology. In this lesson we will introduce and discuss Social Stratification.Next slide. | Slide 2 | Topics | The following topics will be covered in this lesson:What Is Social Stratification?;Caste and Class Systems;The Functions of Social Stratification;Stratification and Conflict; andSocial Stratification: Facts and Values.Next slide. | Slide 3 | What Is Social Stratification? | Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. The study of social stratification across cultures shows that it has four basic principles.First, Social stratification is a trait of society. While personal ability and achievement play an important role in a person’s position in the stratification hierarchy, it is also a function of the social organization one operates under. As an example, children who are born into a wealthy family are more likely to enjoy good health, do well in school, succeed in a career, and live a long life.Second, Social Stratification persists over generations. We can see that stratification influences society by observing how parents pass along their social position to their children. Social mobility, a change in one’s position in the social hierarchy, is a product of a high-income society, but it is constrained by the social stratification processes...
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...developments of the industrial revolution during the middle to late nineteenth century. His assertion was that newly founded industrial processes’, which were much different from imperial and feudal societies, isolated workers from their labor under the confines of the capitalism system. Because of the industrial revolution, many workers had to endure low wages, long hours and a substandard working environment under the exacting observation of profit driven owners. Alienation from Marx can be summarized into four different aspects: 1) the alienation of the worker from the product of his labor; 2) the alienation of the worker in the process of production; 3) the alienation of the worker from his creative self; and 4) the alienation of the worker from society (Hodsen & Sullivan, 2007). The worker no longer carries any connection to the product that they produce. Work is carried out in a monotonous and routine process where the worker is focused on a specialization of labor and they have little to no control over the disposition of the product. When a product is produced, he does not own it and only provides tangible goods for the capitalist to sell and make a profit. Products are not a conceived out of desire but rather as a means to an existence and consequently becomes a slave to the object. For Marx, the monotonous redundancy of this labor is highly detrimental because the worker loses himself in his efforts. The process of production separates both worker and capitalist...
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...believed that the proletariat, or the poor people, must rise up and take from the bourgeoisie, or the rich upper class. He also believed in a government that is run by the workers and for the workers. Communism and capitalism are two entirely diverse government systems in which nations employ in order to have a strong and stable economy. The basic ideology of communism is the dialectic, or force of change, in the class systems. Marx believed that the Proletariats must come together and overthrow the bourgeoisie. Therefore gaining political power and eliminating the class struggle. For example, we can see the conflict between feudal lords, vassals, guildmasters, journeymen, apprentices, and surfs in the Middle Ages, in which almost all of these classes had subordinate gradations, which represent this class struggle that Marx is describing. In addition, during the French revolution the lower class, or Third Estate, took a stand against the higher classes in order to have a better life. We can also see this historical struggle through the industrial society in which the workers fought against the wealthy to have a system organized by the workers and for the workers. Marx also knew that if the profit-seeking capitalists continue to exploit the poor workers in pursuit for greater and greater profit, a revolution would be triggered as it was in France. Marx based his writings historical struggle...
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