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Magi er en del af menneskets natur
Af: Jesper Sørensen, lektor, Institut for Kultur og Samfund, Aarhus Universitet
7. juni 2014 kl. 11:44

TÆNKEPAUSER: Magi er ikke et overstået kapitel i menneskets historie. Det hører ikke blot fortiden til. Menneskets tro på magi er så dybt indgroet i os, at vores tendens til magisk tænkning altid vil komme til udtryk. Også her i det 21. århundrede. Forestillingen om, at bestemte typer objekter, adfærd eller begivenheder kan påvirke til et bestemt udfald, er vidt udbredt. Fodboldspillere bruger eksempelvis bestemte beklædningsgenstande, ritualer eller amuletter for at få heldet på deres side. Nogle binder altid snørebåndene på den højre støvle før den venstre, andre placerer bolden på en bestemt måde før et straffespark.
Disse forsøg på at få kontrol over usikkerheden skyldes måske, at menneskets overlevelse i det meste af dets historie har været underkastet særdeles usikre vilkår. For ikke så længe siden var de store spørgsmål, vi stillede os selv, om der er byttedyr i de traditionelle jagtområder?
Kan vi afværge risikoen for selv at blive bytte for rovdyr eller fjender? Vil vi få en tilstrækkelig høst, så vi selv og familien ikke skal sulte?

Verden er grundlæggende usikker
Vi har altid været underkastet kræfter, vi ikke selv har kontrol over. Selv i det 21. århundredes industrialiserede samfund, hvor mennesket har opnået en hidtil uset grad af kontrol med omgivelserne, sniger usikkerheden sig ind. Vi ved ikke, om netop vores flyvetur ender som den næste flykatastrofe.
Verden er altså grundliggende usikker, og den usikkerhed medfører en mental splittelse. På den ene side har vi gennem vores forstand adgang til mange forskellige simulationer af, hvilket resultat vores handlinger vil føre til. Vores hjerner er faktisk bygget til at forudsige, hvad vores egne og andres handlinger mon vil medføre – og i særlig grad, hvad der kan gå galt.
På den anden side giver denne viden os et behov for at forsøge at fremme et bestemt resultat ved at søge kontrol over usikkerheden. Det er altså paradoksalt nok vores uovertrufne intelligens, der er kilden til overtro og magiske forestillinger.

Hjernen er opdelt i systemer
Den amerikanske nobelpristager, psykologen Daniel Kahneman har opdelt menneskets sind i to systemer. System et er det evolutionært ældste system, som leverer netop hurtige slutninger, associationer og intuitioner, der hjælper os til at overleve i en usikker verden. Er man én gang blevet angrebet af en løve ved bredden af søen, er det en naturlig og ganske fornuftig reaktion for fremtiden at være særdeles forsigtig, når man kommer forbi stedet. Det sker helt automatisk ved, at vi forbinder stedet for overfaldet med frygt.
System to er af nyere dato og fremkommer med det moderne menneske. Det er langsommere, kræver bevidste overvejelser og benytter sig i højere grad af logiske slutninger. System to lader os distanceret overveje, om der nu også er en forbindelse mellem stedet og løvens angreb, eller om det blot var et rent tilfælde.

Magi har en psykologisk funktion
Inderst inde ved fodboldspilleren også godt, at hvilken trøje, han bærer, ikke påvirker kampens resultat.
Da er det system to, der overtrumfer det første systems intuitive association af tidligere succeser med bestemte beklædningsgenstande.
Men er vi under følelsesmæssigt pres, i tidsnød, eller er fodboldholdet endnu en gang i nedrykningsfare, overtrumfer det første system ofte det andet systems mere rationelle og kolde tilgang.
Ifølge den britisk-polske antropolog Bronislaw Malinowski har magi nemlig en psykologisk funktion:
Ved at udføre et magisk ritual indgyder vi os selv en følelse af kontrol over en handling, som vi ellers ikke har fuld kontrol over. Denne følelse begrænser vores usikkerhed og vil i mange tilfælde forbedre vores almindelige handlinger.
Det er faktisk meget sandsynligt, at den fodboldspiller, der har bundet sit højre snørebånd før det venstre, spiller en bedre kamp på grund af et ellers ligegyldigt ritual. Magi virker faktisk, fordi den beroliger os i usikre situationer.

Voodoo, vampyrer og miksturer
Men hvad forbinder vi egentlig med ordet magi? Måske kommer vi til at tænke på cirkusartister. I manegen manipulerer tryllekunstneren kyndigt vores opmærksomhed for at lade os 'se' de mest utrolige ting. Yndige damer i pailletkjoler saves midt over, tørklæder forvandles til duer, og stokke svæver i luften. Vi spørger os selv, hvorledes det er muligt, og vi bedømmer tryllekunstnerens evner ud fra, hvor forbløffede vi bliver. Der er nemlig en uudtalt aftale mellem tryllekunstneren og publikum. Vi ved, at vi bliver manipuleret, men det pirrer os, at vi ikke umiddelbart forstår hvordan.

Men magi har også en anden betydning – som vi forbinder med en fremmed, oprindelig, eksotisk og ofte primitiv verden. Og så dukker der nogle helt andre billeder op på nethinden. Mennesker bliver forhekset og helbredt af mystiske miksturer. Man skader sin fjende ved hjælp af voodoo-dukker. Man vinder kærlighed eller visdom takket være mystiske formularer på for længst uddøde sprog.

Magi er en pirrende modsætning til en rationel verden
Tilsvarende rummer populærkulturen en overflod af film og fortællinger. Troldmænd og magikere kæmper om verdens skæbne. Vampyrer med magiske evner udkæmper episke slag, og den udkårne vindes ved magiske eliksirer. Verden genfortrylles ved at indlejres i en langt mere fantastisk verden – en paralleltilværelse uset af os 'almindelige' mennesker, selvom vi befinder os midt i den.
Vi er på den måde alle sammen mugglere – sådan som mennesker uden magiske evner kaldes i Harry
Potter-universet. Vi aner slet ikke – eller i hvert fald kun sjældent – eksistensen af en magisk verden lige ud for vores næsetip.
Men det ændrer ikke på, at vi er nysgerrige efter at vide mere om magiens verden. I mange større byer kan man komme med på 'spøgelsesture', der – uden garanti for paranormale oplevelser – skal give os et glimt af den magiske verden.(…) Og på samme måde kan vi i fjernsynet i programmer som Paranormal
Witness, Åndernes magt eller Det uforklarlige ved selvsyn konstatere, at der er mere mellem himmel og jord. I alle tilfælde oplever vi magi som på en gang tillokkende og skræmmende, som primitivt og som udtryk for en mere autentisk og fortryllet verden. Magi er repræsentant for det primitive, oprindelige og fremmede, som dermed bekræfter den vestlige verdens videnskabelige og teknologiske overtag.
Samtidig fungerer magi som en pirrende modsætning til en rationel verden. Et sted hvor irrationaliteten, det forunderlige og ofte også det erotisk ukontrollerede viser sin virkelige magt.

Lad os være som børn igen
Børn er begejstrede for tryllekunster og magi. Intet kan vække børns interesse og morskab som når de bliver overrasket og deres forventninger til, hvad der skal ske, bliver brudt. Som når en onkel får en mønt til at forsvinde og bagefter kan trække den ud bag barnets øre.
Magi er derfor en fast bestanddel af eventyr og fantastiske fortællinger, og i de seneste år har især Harry
Potter-serien cementeret fantasy som den foretrukne litterære genre blandt større børn. Man kan derfor forledes til at få den tanke, at magi er baseret på barnlige forestillinger og umoden tækning.
Ved første øjekast virker børn da også mere tilbøjelige til magisk tænkning. Børnepsykologer peger
f.eks. på, at børn i højere grad end voksne har magiske og animistiske forestillinger. De tror, at et dyr kan blive forvandlet til et andet dyr, og at skyer, bjerge eller træer har forestillinger og ønsker.

Børns tilgang til verden skyldes begrænset viden
Indtil for 20 år siden var det en udbredt ide, at barnets magiske forestillinger skyldes, at det endnu befinder sig på et tidligt stadie i sin psykiske udvikling. Ligesom mælketænder ville tendensen til

magisk tænkning forsvinde med alderen og blive erstattet af et mere korrekt og rationelt baseret verdensbillede. Nyere forskning har dog sat spørgsmålstegn ved denne fortolkning. Børnenes tilgang til verden skyldes ikke nødvendigvis magisk tænkning, men snarere at de har en begrænset viden.
Ved et barn ikke, hvad skyer er, er det måske ikke så mærkeligt, at det kan tro, at de kan tænke og føle
– de bevæger sig jo ligesom andre levende ting. Og at en lille grim larve på kort tid forvandles til en flot sommerfugl, er vel selv for de fleste voksne et af naturens små mirakler.
Børn tænker altså ikke helt så magisk, som vi voksne gik rundt og bildte os selv ind. Til gengæld tænker vi voksne mere magisk end antaget – forestillingen om den rationelt tænkende voksne (hvide mand) er en illusion.

Voksne er ikke immune overfor magiske forestillinger
Som vi også kunne se i forbindelse med vores overtroiske fodboldspiller, har vi alle tendens til magisk tænkning i bestemte situationer. Men efterhånden som vi bliver ældre, gør vi det på andre måder.
Voksne tror sjældent, at skyer er levende, at julemanden virkelig bor på Nordpolen, eller at en heks kan forbande os. Men vi går glædeligt til en alternativ behandler for at få has på vores rygproblemer, til numerolog for at fremme karrieren eller til astrolog for at få råd om parforholdet.
Vores viden om verden bliver måske mere stabil, men der er stadig rum for magiske forestillinger – særligt når det drejer sig om helbred, karriere og kærlighed.
Voksne er altså ikke immune over for magiske forestillinger, og selv etablerede religiøse ritualer rummer en række magiske elementer. I den kristne dåb genfødes barnet som kristen ved, at dets hoved berører det helliggjorte vand, og hinduen renser sig fra negativ karma ved at bade i den hellige flod
Ganges.

Magi er del af den menneskelige natur
Magien er altså ikke forsvundet fra den moderne vestlige verden. På trods af over to århundreders videnskabelige fremskridt, oplysning og velstandsstigning benytter vi stadig magisk tænkning i en række situationer.
Magien er naturligvis presset af videnskaben og den teknologiske udvikling. Det barnløse par besøger en fertilitetsklinik i stedet for den kloge kone, og er vi syge, tager vi til lægen. Det er først, når teknologien svigter os, eller det teknologiske fix giver uventede bivirkninger, at vi igen søger mod det magiske ritual og dets skjulte virkning.
Magien er altså til en vis grad presset ud af det officielle verdensbillede. Så meget mere bemærkelsesværdigt er det, at magiske forestillinger og ritualer overlever den dag i dag. Magi er formentlig så indgroet en del af den menneskelige natur, at den altid vil komme til udtryk på en eller anden måde.
URL: http://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/magi-er-en-del-af-menneskets-natur

© Ophavsretten tilhører Videnskab.dk

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