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Fin/571

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Asignación Semana 2 University of Phoenix
FIN/571
22 de febrero de 2011
Prof. José Berrios Lugo

Capitulo 5 Pregunta 12
Assume that the Federal Reserve unexpectedly raises interest rates. As a result, bond and stock prices both fall. What explanation can you give for this?
Los intereses tienen un efecto inverso sobre los bonos. Al subir los intereses, los bonos existentes se devalúan porque están construidos con intereses más bajos. Lo que hace que se conviertan en bonos de descuento o sea bonos cuyo valor es menor del valor actual en el mercado y pierden atractivo para inversionistas. En este caso un inversionista se arriesga a perder dinero a menos que tenga capital nuevo que pueda invertir en los bonos de mayor valor del momento. A pesar de esto siempre existe el riesgo de perder por las fluctuaciones de los intereses en los mercados ya que los bonos son instrumentos de riesgo. Un ejemplo lo pudimos ver a mediados de la década de los 90. En el 1994 la Reserva Federal subió los intereses para desacelerar lo que consideraban una economía inflacionaria. Esto provocó que los bonos tuvieran uno de los peores años de la historia al sufrir caídas dramáticas. En el 1995 la inflación se controló pero de igual manera la economía se desaceleró. Esto hizo que la Reserva bajara los intereses y los bonos volvieron a recuperarse aumentando sus precios.
Capítulo 5 Pregunta 13
Cite and explain three reasons why a P/E may not be a reliable indicator of a stock’s expected future performance.
El “P/E (price / earnings) ratio” es la relación entre el precio de las acciones de una empresa y las ganancias de las mismas. Por lo general se establece que un P/E alto representa una buena oportunidad de inversión mientras que un P/E bajo no es tan buena inversión. Sin embargo uno de los grandes problemas de este indicador es que por sí solo no provee el escenario financiero de una total. “Se necesita información adicional para complementar una decisión educada y acertada, y establecer categóricamente si es o no una buena inversión” (referenceforbusiness.com). Otro factor que se debe notar es que el P/E se puede influenciar fácilmente por diversos factores que no necesariamente representan un verdadero indicador de la salud financiera de una empresa. Por ejemplo “hasta un rumor de una fusión o adquisición, sea cierto o no, puede impactar un P/E positivamente” porque puede crear un mayor interés en las acciones de la empresa (finra.org). De igual manera un P/E sólido se puede impactar negativamente por condiciones del mercado o la entrada de competidores nuevos. Por otro lado, cuando se analiza un P/E se tiende a comparar con otras empresas de la misma industria. El hecho de que una compañía tenga un P/E más bajo que otra no significa que invertir en esa compañía es menos atractivo. La compañía con el P/E más bajo puede ser la líder en el mercado lo que promete ser una mejor inversión a largo plazo (finra.org). De igual manera una empresa cuyas ganancias históricas hayan sido bastante estables podría tener un P/E alto aún en un mal año. Otro factor importante que pone en duda al P/E como indicador. “El P/E se basa en información histórica mientras que la evaluación de invertir en una empresa se basa más en proyecciones futuras” (referenceforbusiness.com). Razones de peso para establecer que el P/E no necesariamente es un indicador confiable para el comportamiento futuro de acciones. Capítulo 5 Pregunta 15 Explain in your own words why the growth rate in the dividend growth model, g, cannot be larger than the required return, r. El “Dividend Growth Model” es un modelo de evaluación de acciones que se basa en el crecimiento de los dividendos de la empresa. Este modelo asume el crecimiento constante de los dividendos lo que representa una debilidad. Por otro lado la fórmula se cae si el ritmo de crecimiento, g , es más grande que el retorno requerido, r, porque daría un resultado negativo que no haría sentido. En este modelo, g nunca podría ser igual o mayor que r. La variable g es el ritmo de crecimiento de los dividendos y en realidad esto es proporcional a las ganancias de la empresa. Si no aumentas las ganancias no puede aumentar los dividendos. Por lo que no haría sentido bajo este análisis que el crecimiento de los dividendos sea mayor que el retorno esperado. Capítulo 7 Pregunta 10 Respond to the following statement: First you say (omega) measures the risk of investing. Then you say (beta) measures the risk of investing. Which is right? Beta mide el riesgo en el mercado del activo. Mide como reacciona el retorno de un activo que es parte de un portfolio diversificado que es el mercado. Si el valor del beta es uno, el activo reacciona directamente proporcional al mercado. Si el beta es menor de uno reacciona menos drásticamente que el mercado. Si el mercado cae 10%, el activo tiene una caída menor. Esto puede clasificar este activo como uno de menor riesgo. A diferencia si el beta es mayor de uno el activo va tener crecimientos o caídas más grandes que el mercado. El “omega” es la desviación estándar y también se utiliza para medir riesgo. En este caso se utiliza para medir el riesgo del activo individual, no como parte del portfolio. El riesgo depende de como la desviación estándar del retorno del portfolio cambia cuando se añade este activo al portfolio. Capítulo 7 Pregunta 11 Explain why a foreign investment Project might have a lower required return than an otherwise identical domestic project. En inversiones foráneas uno tiende a pensar que puede existir un mayor grado de riesgo por razones económicas y/o políticas de la región a considerarse. Por lo general se considera que los Estados Unidos cuenta con la mayor estabilidad económica en comparación al resto del mundo. Sin embargo los activos en un mismo país se exponen a efectos económicos y políticos de ese país y por ende pueden correr un grado similar de riesgo. La diversificación es lo que permite que ese riesgo no sea de la misma magnitud y se puedan balancear inversiones. Las inversiones foráneas puede llevar esa diversificación a otro nivel por que le permite a los inversionistas a invertir tanto doméstica como internacionalmente. De hecho existen inversiones foráneas que representan menos riesgos que las mismas domésticas. Por tales razones pueden tener un retorno requerido menor que las inversiones idénticas domésticas. Capitulo 7 Pregunta 12 According to CAPM, an asset with a beta of zero has a required return equal to the riskless return r(f). Does this mean that the asset is riskless? Can an asset with a positive standard deviation of return, (omega), have a beta of zero? Un beta igual a cero no implica necesariamente que el activo no tenga riesgos. Representa que el activo no responde a los cambios del mercado proporcionalmente. Es un activo que no añade riesgos a un portfolio ni altera su desviación estándar. Representa mayor riesgo cuando se posee individualmente. De igual manera un beta de cero no necesariamente implica que la desviación estándar va ser cero. Problemas A1. | (Bond valuation) A $1,000 face value bond has a remaining maturity of 10 years and a required return of 9%. The bond's coupon rate is 7.4%. What is the fair value of this bond? | Solution: Calculating PV factor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | i= required return = 9% = 0.09 | | | | | | | | | n=10years | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Using Coupon Rate to calculate present value of Annuity, | | Using Cash Flow of $1000 to calculate present value, | | Cash flow= $1000 * 7.4/100 = $74 | | | | Cash flow= $1000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PV factor = (1/i)*(1- 1/(1+i)^n) = 6.4176 | | | PV factor = 1/(1+i)^n = 0.42241 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | So, PV = $74*6.4176 | 474.9024 | | | | So, PV = $1000*0.42241= | 422.41 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | So the fair value of bond = 474.9024+422.41 = $897.31 | | | | | | A10. | (Dividend discount model) Assume RHM is expected to pay a total cash dividend of $5.60 next year and its dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 6% per year forever. Assuming annual dividend payments, what is the current market value of a share of RHM stock if the required return on RHM common stock is 10%? | Solution: D1( Cash Dividend)= | $5.60 | | r(Required return on RHM)= | 0.10 | | g(rate of growth)= | 0.06 | | P0(current market value)= | D1/(r-g) = | $140.00 |

A12. | (Required return for a preferred stock) James River $3.38 preferred is selling for $45.25. The preferred dividend is nongrowing. What is the required return on James River preferred stock? | Solution: D(Dividend)= | $3.38 | | | P(CurrentPrice)= | $45.25 | | | RequiredReturn= | D/P= | 0.074696 | 7.46% | | | | | A14. | (Stock valuation) Suppose Toyota has nonmaturing (perpetual) preferred stock outstanding that pays a $1.00 quarterly dividend and has a required return of 12% APR (3% per quarter). What is the stock worth? | Solution: D(Dividend)= | $1.00 | | | | r(RequiredReturn)= | 0.03 | | | | P(Price of stock)= | D/r = | 33.33333 | | | | | | | | | | | | | The worth of stock is calculated by dividing the dividend which is $1 by required return which is 3% i.e. 0.03 | | | | | | | APR (Annual percentage return) which is 12%. Hence quarterly return is 12%/4 = 3% | |

C1. (Beta and required return) The riskless return is currently 6%, and Chicago Gear has estimated the contingent returns given here.
a. Calculate the expected returns on the stock market and on Chicago Gear stock.
b. What is Chicago Gear’s beta?
c. What is Chicago Gear’s required return according to the CAPM? REALIZED RETURN
State of the Market Probability that State Occurs Stock Market Chicago Gear
Stagnant 0.20 (10%) (15%)
Slow growth 0.35 10 15
Average growth 0.30 15 25
Rapid growth 0.15 25 35

a. Expected Return M = 0.20 x -.10% + 0.35 x 10% + 0.30 x 15% + 0.15 x 25% = 9.75% Expected Return Chicago Gear = 0.20 x -.15% + 0.35 x 15% + 0.30 x 25% + 0.15 x 35% = 15.00% b. σM2 = 0.20(-0.10 - 0.0975)2 + 0.35(0.10 - 0.0975)2 + 0.30(0.15 - 0.0975)2 + 0.15(0.25 - 0.0975)2 = 0.0121 Cov(Chicago Gear, M) = 0.20(-0.15 - 0.15)(-0.10 - 0.0975) + 0.35(0.15 - 0.15)(0.10 - 0.0975) + 0.30(0.25 - 0.15)(0.15 - 0.0975) + 0.15(0.35 - 0.15)(0.25 - 0.0975) = 0.018 β = Cov(j,M) / σM2 = 0.018 / 0.0121 = 1.49 c. r = rf + β(rM - rf) = 0.06 + 1.49(0.0975 - 0.06) = 0.1159 = 11.59%

References University of Phoenix. (Ed.). (2007). Corporate Financial Management [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Emery, Douglas, Finnerty, J. D. & Stow, J.D. Retrieved February 15, 2012, from University of Phoenix, FIN/571 - Finance Web site: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu

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