...Decision makers use financial statement analysis to extract relevant information from financial statements in order to assess a company's financial position and prospects. 12-2 In addition to the basic financial statements, annual reports generally contain footnotes to the statements, a summary of accounting policies, management's discussion and analysis of the financial results, the auditor's report, comparative financial data for a series of years, and narrative data about the company, its operations, and its prospects. 12-3 Sources of information include reports to the SEC, press releases and articles in the business press, company Web sites, trade and industry publications, analysts’ reports, investors' services and newsletters. 12-4 No. Past results often aid the prediction of future returns and their risks. 12-5 Equity investors are most concerned with information about profitability and future security prices. In contrast, creditors mainly want to know about short-term liquidity and long-term solvency. 12-6 Yes, to a certain extent. When revenues increase faster than net income, it means that costs are increasing faster than revenues. However, it is important not to jump to conclusions without asking “why?”. There may be a good explanation for the cost increases. So it warrants attention, but one should not automatically conclude that something is wrong. 12-7 Business practices often change and, therefore, expected financial relationships might...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accounting for intangible assets is a major issue within the accounting environment. The issue is identifiable when it concerns accounting for research and development costs, in particular, internally generated assets. With two imperative standards in practice today, one being the IASB’s selective capitalisation of expenses into an intangible asset once a specific criteria has been reached and the other being the FASB’s system of straight expensing of all expenditure. This subject plays a vital role in the accounting world due to the large amount of money invested into research and development activities, with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 reporting that Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) in Australia alone increased 15% to $14, 380 million up from 07-08. In discussing the different styles taken by the Boards it is easier to identify the impact these standards have on a corporation and its performance, with particular reference being made to Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited, an Australian listed company that is currently undertaking research and development to develop a UV medical protection of the skin from UV and light for sun-related ailments. 1. Clinuvel Activities of R&D Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited (CUV) is a listed Australian biopharmaceutical company based in Melbourne. The focus of CUV is to further research and develop, and eventually commercialise, its leading drug candidate afamelanotide as “a preventative treatment for...
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...Assignment 4: Just for Feet Harold Ruttenberg, a native of South Africa, paid for his college education by working as a sales clerk in a men`s clothing store. Following his graduation, Harold Ruttenberg began importing Levi`s jeans from the United States and selling them from his car. Ruttenberg earned enough capital from selling the Levi`s jeans to open his own retail store. By the time Harold Ruttenberg reached the age of 30, he owned a small chain of men`s apparel stores. Due to mounting political and economic troubles in South Africa during the early to mid-1970s, Ruttenberg decided to move his family to the United States. Ruttenberg arrived in California in 1976 with less than $30,000 due to South Africa`s strict emigration laws, but he was nonetheless determined to become a successful retail business entrepreneur. Ruttenberg and his family eventually settled in Birmingham, Alabama in favor of a more affordable business environment. In 1988, Ruttenberg decided to begin a new business venture in the retail shoe business. At the time Ruttenberg began his new business venture the market for high priced athletic shoes was growing rapidly, and becoming a larger segment of the retail shoe industry. During this time, the principal retail outlets for the major athletic shoe manufacturers were in thousands of suburban malls across the United States. A problem with having a retail store in a suburban mall is the space is relatively small limiting a retailer’s ability to display...
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...Financial Statement Differentiation Paper Abstract Considering the rapid globalization and expansion of business activities today, the importance of the four different financial statements; balance sheet, income statement, retained earnings statement and the statement of cash flows cannot be over-emphasized. This paper covers the four different types of financial statements, the information each one of it contains, and which statement is of most interest to investors, creditors, and management. Income Statement The Income Statement according to John Wiley & Sons modestly “reports the success or failure of the company’s operations for a period of time”. (Kimmel, P.D., Weygandt, J.J., & Kieso, D. E.,2009) The Income Statement shows Revenue minus Expenses which gives us the Total Net Income. Revenues are considered any type of revenue you get from the Service. Expenses on the other hand are salaries, supplies, rent, insurance, interest and depreciation. Investors are interested in the Income statement specifically the net income “because it provides useful information for predicting future net income.” (Kimmel, P.D., Weygandt, J.J., & Kieso, D. E. ,2009). Creditors as well are interested in utilizing the income statement because it assists them in predicting future earnings. Retained Earnings Statement The Retained Earnings Statement “shows the amounts and causes of changes in retained earnings during the period in this case the period would be “the...
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...drastically impacts the position of an accountant. The information required by a company to make decision to make sure it is moving forward is provided by accounting. Both managerial and financial accounting plays a big role by working along to ensure the growth of the organization is in the right path. However, both managerial and financial accounting has its own purpose of improving an organization or a business. “Earlier financial accounting experiments typically sought to determine whether specific accounting policy choices would affect investors’ decisions.” (Pg778-experimental research) (122words) Role of Financial Accounting Every organization or business should be able to know their monetary progress or else they would never be able to evaluate if the business is profitable or the other way around. “The purpose of financial accounting is to provide users of financial statements with information that is useful for efficient decision making.”(accounting for intangible-pg102).It prepares the answers to financial accountants whom are always asked by investors on how the organization or business is growing. Financial accounting reports the financial activities on the balance sheet and income of the company and cash flow statement. It is one of the limbs in accountancy to prepare financial statements for external decision makers who are implicated in the investment of the business...
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...Role of Theory (Chapter 1).They asserts that the objective of positive accounting theory is to explain and predict accounting practice,(p.2) “Unobserved phenomena” are not necessarily future phenomena; they include phenomena that have occurred, but on which systematic evidence has not been collected. For example – Predicting the reaction of firms to a proposed accounting standard and an explanation of why firms would lobby for and against such a standard, even though the standard has already been released. Testing these theories provides evidence that can be used to predict the impact of accounting regulations before they are implemented. PAT has an economic focus and seeks to answer such questions – what is the effect of reported financial statements on share price, for example? For the above issue, PAT is based on...
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...PART 1 1. Monash Ltd (Lessor) should classify the lease through AASB 117 par 10-12: In order for the lease to be deemed as a financial lease, based on professional judgement it is deem necessary for at least two of the required standards set in either AASB 117 par 10 or par 11. AASB 117 par 10: a) Ballarat Ltd does not intend to buy the bulldozer at the end of the lease term, thus there would be no transfer of ownership of asset and the ownership of the asset will return back to Monash Ltd at the end of the lease term. (NO) b) Monash Ltd purchased the bulldozer just before the inception of the lease and Ballarat Ltd does not intend to purchase the bulldozer thus there would be no bargain purchase option. (NO) c) Length of lease 5 years divided 8 years of economic life of the bulldozer which will equal to 62.5%. Thus, based on the professional practice, an asset would classify as finance lease only when it greater than 75% of its economic life of the asset. (NO) d) The present value of the asset and the MLP of Ballarat Ltd lease payment to Monash Ltd is $8000x3.8897 (annuity factor) = $31118. While, the guaranteed residual value of the bulldozer is 50% of $7200 which should also include in MLP, $3600x0.6499 = $4679. So, the total PV of MLP is $35797, which is more than the PV of the bulldozer at the acquisition of the lease $34797. Thus, PV is substantially all of the fair value of the leased asset. e) There are not clear that the leased assets...
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...PepsiCo…………………………………………5 3.1 Business structure of PepsiCo…………………………………..5 3.2 Organization’s expansion ……………………………………….6 IV Products of PepsiCo………………………………………………6 4.1 Process of bringing a new product to market……………………6 4.2 Production Unit and its global position………………………….7 4.3 Influence of local market criteria ……………………………….8 4.4 Pricing and distribution policies and logistics…………………..8 4.5 Marketing of products…………………………………………..10 V Personnel of PepsiCo…………………………………………..…10 5.1 Recruitment policy………………………………………………10 5.2 Global salaries…………………………………………………..11 5.3 Labor relations…………………………………………………..11 VI Finance of company……………………………………………..13 6.1 Financial structure ………………………………………………13 6.2 Exchange rate ……………………………………………………13 6.3 Annual accounts …………………………………………………13 6.4 Influences of Financial information……………………………..13 VII Conclusion……………………………………………………….15 VIII Reference ……………………………………………………….16 IX Appendix……………………………………………………………17 Appendix I…………………………………………………………….17 Appendix II………………………………………………………….18 I Introduction The aim of this report is for outcome two to outcome five of Global business organization. This report is written base on situation of PepsiCo. The main purpose of this report is to understand how make the concepts of global business organization into a real case. The intended reader of this report could be assessors who want to assess this report,and some people who are interest in the basic operating information of PepsiCo...
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...Secondary data from the Ghana Stock Exchange on manufacturing companies within the Accra metropolis was used to examine whether working capital management influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. The study found out that, the major component of working capital management such as inventory days, account payable and cash conversion cycle have influence on the profitability of manufacturing companies. The study recommended that, manufacturing companies should adopt efficient and effective ways of efficiently managing these components of working capital management. KEY WORDS: Working capital management, profitability, net operating profit 1.1 INTRODUCTION Working Capital Management has become very important in financial management because of its effects on the firm’s profitability, risk and consequently its value. There are several important reasons why the management of working capital is important to both small and large organisations. (Smith, 1980). A well designed and implemented working capital management policy is expected to contribute positively to the creation of a firm’s value. (Padachi, 2010). Current assets of many companies, accounts for over half the total assets and are even higher in the companies in the distribution sector. (Horne and Wachowicz, 2009). However, a company is required to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability while conducting it...
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... For a for-profit public sector entity to be considered “large” and thus placed in tier 1, it must have expenses exceeding $30 million. Under the current approach to differential reporting that was issued in 1994, entities must; not be publicly accountable, have all of its owners as member of the governing body at the end of the reporting period, and be not large. The criteria for “large” is a little different being that entity must meet two of the following; total assets exceeds $10 million, total turnover exceeds $20 million, and have 50 or more employees. The other option was to align ourselves with the international approach with IFRS for SMEs. To qualify, entities must again not be publicly accountable and publish general purpose financial statements for external users. The most important aspect for...
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...First of all, this assignment is mainly talk about the indirect method for the cash flow statement. The key issues to be discussed in this assignment is about whether the option of using the indirect method of cash flow reporting is beneficial to the users of general purpose financial reports in Australia. Furthermore, the reasons for harmonization, accounting standard AASB 107 Statement of Cash Flows and the Conceptual Framework will also be discussed. In AASB 107, cash flow is defines as inflows of the cash and cash equivalents and ‘cash’ as cash on hand and demand deposits. (AASB 107, 2011) The statement of cash flow can be done using indirect method and direct method. Both methods have the three same categories which is cash flow from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. However, the different between these methods are the ways that we calculate the net cash flow from the section operating activities. AASB 107 state that an entity using direct method shall report cash flows from operating activities are the major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed. For indirect method, profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. It also means reconciling from net income to cash provided by operating activities. (James collines...
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...Financial Reporting Research In many cases, a business is not successful without a well-organized financial branch of their company. Whether it is a small business and reporting is done by the owner or if it is a large business that has a financial department, a company needs to know if it is making a profit. Modern accounting is believed to have begun around 1494 A.D. Book keeping entered into the Unites States in late 19th century. The first accounting exam was held by and organization in 1896. Today, accounting is used throughout the world and business to communicate, buy, sell and barter with each other very frequently and therefore, International accounting principles have been developed for the entire globe (Csebfalvi, 2012). In today’s highly competitive business world the environment requires companies to create a business strategy that includes accounting. This portion of their business strategy will help them achieve their strategic goals for the organization. In 1973, the International Accounting Standings Committee came in to existence in order to establish new international standards. The International Accounting Standards Board is the committee responsible for developing International Financial Reporting Standards (Knowledge guide to international accounting standards). This firm ensures that businesses are applying these standards to their financial reports. The first recorded account of international accounting was an article by Lord Benson called The...
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...Internal controls * Managerial accouting techniques * Impact of accounting on behaviors Advocate for best info possible for making the best decision for the firm IMA Information criteria: 1. 2. 3. 4. Forward looking 5. Timely 6. Responsibility oriented Planning Systems (budgets) control systems (implement the course of action and evaluate) Management accounting answers questions related to : * * * * * Important customers ( profitability) * Substitute products * Critical capability * Funding ( growth) Value ( Adam Smith) * Value in use- derive value by using the product * Value in exchange- derive value from the exchange of that product for another good or service. Generic Value Chain Model: 1. 2. 3. 4. *Customer need identitified* 5. Identify the market and create the product/ service ( innovation cycle) 6. Build the product or service and deliver the product or service ( operations cycle) 7. Service the customer ( post sales service cycle) 8. * Customer need satisfied* Value Chain: 1. 2. 3. 4. Research and development 5. Design of product or service 6. Production 7. Marketinh 8. Distribution 9. Customer service Criticial success factors (CSF) Measures of those aspects of the firms performance essential to competitive advantage and succss Financial and no financial Depend on the...
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...Financial Accouting EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accounting for intangible assets is a major issue within the accounting environment. The issue is identifiable when it concerns accounting for research and development costs, in particular, internally generated assets. With two imperative standards in practice today, one being the IASB’s selective capitalisation of expenses into an intangible asset once a specific criteria has been reached and the other being the FASB’s system of straight expensing of all expenditure. This subject plays a vital role in the accounting world due to the large amount of money invested into research and development activities, with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 reporting that Business expenditure on R&D (BERD) in Australia alone increased 15% to $14, 380 million up from 07-08. In discussing the different styles taken by the Boards it is easier to identify the impact these standards have on a corporation and its performance, with particular reference being made to Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited, an Australian listed company that is currently undertaking research and development to develop a UV medical protection of the skin from UV and light for sun-related ailments. 1. Clinuvel Activities of R&D Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited (CUV) is a listed Australian biopharmaceutical company based in Melbourne. The focus of CUV is to further research and develop, and eventually commercialise, its leading drug candidate afamelanotide as “a preventative...
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...On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Neil Garrod University of Glasgow Dusan Mramor University of Ljubljana Address for correspondence: Neil Garrod, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, 65-71, Southpark Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LE, Scotland, U.K. Tel: 00-44-141-330-5426 e-mail: n.garrod@accfin.gla.ac.uk On Accounting Flows and Systematic Risk Abstract The body of work that relates accounting numbers to market measures of systematic equity risk was largely undertaken in the 1970s and early 1980s. More recent proposals on changes in accounting disclosure of risk mean that a rigorous theoretical model of the relationship between accounting measures and market measures of risk is timely. In this paper such a model is developed. In addition, the assumptions required to develop the model are explicitly identified. By so doing it becomes possible to identify the potential cross-sectional differences which drive the empirical relationship between accounting and market based measures of risk. The model developed highlights a clear relationship between accounting and market measures of risk which can be exploited in situations where accounting data alone is available. It also provides a framework within which the environmental factors leading to cross-sectional differences between companies can be further explored. On Accounting Flows and Systematic...
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