...European Scientific Journal January 2013 edition vol.9, No.1 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 AGRICULTURE FINANCING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA Obansa S. A. J. Departments of Economics University of Abuja I. M. Maduekwe Departments of Economics and Agric. Economics Department University of Abuja Abstract The importance of agricultural surplus for the structural transformation accompanying economic growth is often stressed by development economists. This lead to the question: Does agriculture financing matters in the growth process? To this end, the need to investigate the impact of agriculture financing on economic growth appears more imperative for Nigeria. This paper employed secondary data and some econometric techniques such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS); Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test; Granger Causality test. The results of the various models used suggest that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and agriculture financing; and there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and agricultural growth. It further suggests that productivity of investment will be more appropriately financed with foreign direct private loan, share capital, foreign direct investment and development stocks. And also capital-output ratio will be more appropriate financed with multilateral loan, domestic savings, Treasury bill, official development assistant, foreign direct investment and development stock. It is recommended that maintenance...
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...various ways to finance economic growth and poverty reduction strategies in Bangladesh for attaining better economic performance and realizing the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals. The specific objectives are to: i. Review the source of finance of public expenditure and private sector investment. ii. Analyze government expenditure and private investment at sectoral level. iii. Review the fiscal and monetary policy in quest of developing a conducive framework for financing economic growth and poverty reduction. iv. Review the financing policies of the government related to social development and poverty (including policies related to health, education, women, children, indigenous people, etc.). v. Explore the challenges and options for resource mobilization to finance public expenditure and private investment. Methodology In congruence with the objectives of the study, a draft outline for the study and a framework for reviewing the national policies were prepared. While preparing the outline, the following issues were considered: analyzing past and ongoing policy reforms and their implications to growth and poverty reduction; reviewing revenue and development expenditure patterns in the national budgets, their sources and trends, identifying challenges and options; analyzing source of rural financing and agricultural credit, related policy environment and implications, identifying future challenges and options; analyzing sources of financing of small and medium enterprises...
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...Growth of International Trade & its Financing in Bangladesh (This dissertation has been submitted for the partial fulfillment of the 6th term MBM Program) SUBMITTED BY: Mukti Chakraborty MBM 10th Batch Roll No. 100616 SUBMITTED TO: MBM PROGRAM OFFICE CENTER FOR POST GRADUATE STUDIES (CPGS) BANGLADESH INSTITUTE OF BANK MANAGEMENT MIRPUR-2, DHAKA-1216. January, 2008 Acknowledgement At the beginning, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the God most merciful and beneficiary for empowering me conduct the report within scheduled time. I would like to express my profound gratitude and wholehearted respect to my research Guide Dr. Toufic Ahmad Choudhury, Professor and Director, Center for Post Graduate Studies (CPGS), BIBM, Dhaka for his inspiring guidelines, valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and constant help throughout the research work and in preparation this report. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Bandana Saha, Professor and Director (Research, Development and Consultancy) and Dr. A.S.M. Ahsan Habib, Associate Professor of BIBM, Dhaka to allow me to work on my desired dissertation topic and their consistent valuable suggestion, active inspiration and constant help to construct and illustrate this work. Indeed I am grateful to all faculty members of BIBM from whom I was inspired and supported in various ways during the research and at the time of study. I am also indebted to the entire library officers and staffs of BIBM...
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...Meeting the Challenges of Stakeholder Engagement and Communication: Lessons From Teacher Incentive Fund Grantees The Harvesting Project Julia E. Koppich J. Koppich & Associates Meeting the Challenges of Stakeholder Engagement and Communication: Lessons From Teacher Incentive Fund Grantees As of August 2010, a total of 33 states, school districts, charter school coalitions, and other education organizations¹ had received Teacher Incentive Funds (TIF) to redesign compensation programs for teachers and principals. The U.S. Department of Education named a new cohort of TIF grantees on September 23, 2010. TIF grantees have faced a number of challenges as they have worked to design and implement new educator pay programs. Among the most demanding challenges has been developing a targeted set of metrics around available and manageable data. Grantees use these metrics to measure teacher or principal effectiveness and assign pay. Recently, grantees have made it a priority to sustain operation programs once their federal funding expires. TIF grantees have also found, often belatedly and unexpectedly, that effective stakeholder engagement and communication are challenging and essential to the success of their pay programs. Stakeholder engagement helps to create buy-in and initial acceptance of the TIF plan. It allows different voices and perspectives to be heard and recognized as new approaches to compensation develop. Communication provides the synergy to broaden buy-in and...
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...2347-3878 Volume 2 Issue 4, April 2014 Effects of Micro-Financing on Growth of Small and Micro Enterprises in Mombasa County Veronica W. Ngugi1, Dr F. Kerongo2 1 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya, Department of Economics and Commerce, School of Human Resource Development 2 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya, Department of Economics and Commerce, School of Human Resource Development loans to finance their business operations. The fundamental objective of this study was to assess the effects of Micro financing on growth of small and micro enterprises in Mombasa County. Despite access to credit SMEs growth remains a major problem. Access to credit should enable a business to achieve their growth objective. Despite this it is interesting to note that most of the SMEs could not survive third year of incubation period. Descriptive Survey method was employed in this study. The study adopted stratified and systematic random sampling method. The sample size was 157 SMEs. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed to facilitate the acquisition of data. Data was collected from 102 respondents, a response rate of sixty five percent. Sales, income and competitiveness were used as the independent variable while growth of SMEs as dependant variable. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data. Results indicated that microfinance has positive effects on growth of SMEs. Majority of the owners indicated that microfinance...
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...1.2 Objectives The topic chosen for the assignment is “Problems & Solutions of Government Budgeting in Bangladesh”. The underlying objectives of this assignment can be classified in the following two types, Broad Objective: • To analysis the overall government budget for last two years. Specific Objectives: • To identify the problem of government budget in Bangladesh. • To describe the present of social accounting. • To depict the objective of social accounting. • To elucidate the companies of social accounting in Bangladesh. • To depict the solutions of budgeting problem in Bangladesh. 1.3 Scope This assignment focuses on the government budgeting in Bangladesh. So, to identify the problems and give the solutions of it is the main concern of the assignment. A government budget is a legal document that is often passed by the legislature, and approved by the chief executive-or president. The study mainly deals with the problems & solutions of government budgeting in Bangladesh. 2.1 Government Budget A government budget is a legal document that is often passed by the legislature, and approved by the chief executive-or president. Every year Bangladesh government proposed their yearly budget on the month July. For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed and collected. Property tax is frequently the basis for municipal and county revenues, while sales tax and/or income tax are the basis for state revenues, and income tax and corporate tax...
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...Financing Firms in India Franklin Allen Finance Department The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania allenf@wharton.upenn.edu Rajesh Chakrabarti Finance Area Indian School of Business Hyderabad 500 032, India rajesh_chakrabarti@isb.edu Jun “QJ” Qian Finance Department Carroll School of Management Boston College qianju@bc.edu Sankar De Centre for Analytical Finance Indian School of Business Hyderabad 500 032, India Sankar_De@isb.edu Meijun Qian Finance Department NUS Business School National University of Singapore bizqmj@nus.edu.sg Last Revised: December 2011 Forthcoming, Journal of Financial Intermediation Abstract With extensive cross-country datasets and India firm samples, as well as our own surveys of small and medium firms, we examine the legal and business environments, financing channels, and growth patterns of different types of firms in India. Despite the English common-law origin and a British-style judicial system, Indian firms face weak investor protection in practice and poor institutions characterized by corruption and inefficiency. Alternative finance, including financing from all non-bank, non-market sources, and generally backed by non-legal mechanisms, constitutes the most important form of external finance. Bank loans provide the second most important external financing source. Firms with access to bank or market finance are not associated with higher growth rates. Our results indicate that bank and market...
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...free markets and an inward-oriented economy. • the largest in Latin American nations ere. • one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 percent • together with Mexico, has been at the forefront of the Latin American multinationals phenomenon by which, thanks to superior technology and organization, local companies have successfully turned global. 2. Overview Brazil has many times in its history praised to be the land of the future. First, Brazil with population of 190 million, the past eight years “Bolsa Familia” social program have lifted over 40 million Brazilians out of poverty and into middle class. This creates interesting platform for creating context related innovations and scaling bottom-of-the-pyramid innovations (disruptive and reverse) globally. Second, Brazil was almost non-effected by financial crisis 2008, a signal for strong and stable macro-economic policies. This means that Brazil, first time in its history, is becoming an interesting country for long term investment and strategic cooperation. Third, Brazil is hosting Football World Cup in 2014 and Summer Olympics in 2016. This will increase investments on infrastructure development and pressure for Brazil to show its true nature internationally. Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) 2011 – 2014 invests US$526 Billion to sanitation, crime prevention, basic health clinics, savings and loan systems,...
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...Case study – The U.S. Economy, 2009 Executive Summary In this paper, we will make research on the US economy development from 1990s till today. In the beginning, we will discuss the US economy historical path that shaped its structure and key forces defined the U.S. adaptability to changing economic environment. In the major part, we will evaluate the sources of the U.S. productivity and economic growth in terms of key economic indicators and success factors, including the government role. Finally, we will analyze the causes of the U.S. financial and economic crisis, commenting on the reforms undertaken and their impact to date. 1. Evaluate the forces underlying U.S. adaptability to changing economic forces. Key forces of the US adaptability to changing economic forces were low-wage competition from foreign countries, and the growth of new high-tech industries. Mexico and China’s low-wage competition forced to intensify changes and adjustments to compete effectively with, while many cities with skilled workforce and university research centers enabled technological capability for new high-tech businesses, small and medium (Cadieux, 2009). Differences in economic structure, forced by the differences in regional economic performance, were one of the key forces that created a unique system of US adaptability to changing economic forces. These forces shaped the US regions to adapt and “specialize” in the way that provided competitive advantage for each region. Northeast...
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...Their experience reveals that such programs do not lead automatically to the resumption of growth, let alone ensure the transition onto a higher growth path. The recent experience of transition economies has shown that price stabilization and opening up may not be enough to achieve a rise in the trend rates of investment and growth. Recognizing this evidence, policy emphasis has shifted to pinpointing complementary policies that will lead an economy from stabilization to growth. The policy debate today focuses on reforms. Ghana immediately after independence made tremendous effort towards achieving full employment and socio economic development through public investment in medium and large scale enterprises. Notwithstanding the direct involvement and the effort of the government, the sector is saddled with a lot of constraints, including scarce capital, intensive technology, foreign exchange constraints, poor management, corruption and inadequate attention to economic viability and market prospects which has resulted in poor performance of the industries in terms of output and employment (Steel & Webster, 1992). Following an economic recession in the 1980’s which resulted in the retrenchment of workers from the civil service, the rationalization of production in the private sector under the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) was launched in 1983, and the high population growth rate of 2.6% per annum, coupled with the inability of the medium and large scale enterprises...
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...policy can be directed yet more efficiently to further improve competitive advantage of Canada's SMEs. In particular, the baseline survey associated with the SME FDI is an extraordinarily valuable research undertaking. It provides the potential to assess directly the extent to which financing gaps might occur in the capital markets on which SMEs rely. This is an important issue in practical terms, in terms of the role of public policy, and in terms of economic and finance theory. The SME FDI baseline survey data provides, for the first time internationally, a means of empirically testing Nobel prize-winning ideas related to information asymmetry and capital rationing. The data provides a means of providing yet better guidance for public policy with respect to addressing potential capital market imperfections that might constrain growth and economic development of SMEs. As designed, the research initiative can and will provide valuable information about these issues. In summary, the baseline survey undertaken as part of the SME FDI is a potentially invaluable resource with respect to the design, targeting, implementation, and follow-up assessment of public policy approaches to nurturing SME growth and viability. The outcomes of this research process could help Industry Canada and its partners to provide Canadian SMEs with substantial competitive advantage through policy measures that are yet more precisely targeted, effective, and efficient. It is therefore essential that this...
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...World Economic and Financial Sur veys Regional Economic Outlook Middle East and Central Asia 09 I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y M AY F U N D W o r l d E c o n o m i c a n d F in a n c i a l S u r v e y s Regional Economic Outlook Middle East and Central Asia •••••••••••••••••••••• 09 I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y F MAY U N D ©2009 International Monetary Fund Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regional economic outlook : Middle East and Central Asia. – [Washington, D.C.] : International Monetary Fund, 2009. p. ; cm. – (World economic and financial surveys, 0258-7440) ISBN 978-1-58906-842-1 “MAY09.” Includes bibliographical references. 1. Economic forecasting – Middle East. 2. Economic forecasting – Asia, Central. 3. Middle East – Economic conditions. 4. Middle East – Economic conditions – Statistics. 5. Asia, Central – Economic conditions. 6. Asia, Central – Economic conditions – Statistics. I. International Monetary Fund. II. Series: World economic and financial surveys. HC415.15.R445 2009 Please send orders to: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services 700 19th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A. Tel.: (202) 623-7430 Fax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: publications@imf.org Internet: www.imfbookstore.org The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributors...
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...SINGAPORE’S INNOVATIVE HEALTH FINANCING SYSTEM Introduction Health care costs are escalating rapidly in many countries. This reflects several factors, such as aging populations, changing disease patterns, high-cost technology and prescription drugs. But, it is also a consequence of health financing systems. Traditional indemnity insurance, which guarantees third-party payment for service provided, contributes to these cost pressures since patients and physicians are shielded from the real cost of those payments. In an effort to contain costs, governments, employers and insurers have modified payment schemes and coverage. This increasingly leads to rationing, restricted consumer choice and, in some cases, denial of care. Singapore’s ‘3M’ health financing system combines universal medical savings accounts (MSAs) with unique supplementary programs to protect the poor and address potential market failures in health financing. The results have been impressive, with excellent health outcomes, low costs and full consumer choice of providers and quality of care. This note describes Singapore’s experience and its possible application to other countries. Background Despite Singapore’s small size, with only 3.22 million residents in a land area of 660 square kilometers, the country has been a stellar economic performer, rising from impoverishment only 40 years ago. Its per capita GDP increased from US$427 in 1960 to US$24,740 in 2000, one of the highest in the world...
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...Introduction The Small and Medium scale Enterprise (SME) are recognized worldwide as engines of economic growth. The commonly perceived merits often emphasized for their promotion especially in the developing countries like Bangladesh include their relatively high labor intensity, dependence on indigenous skills and technology, contributions to entrepreneurship development and innovativeness and growth of industrial linkages. The case for fostering SME growth in Bangladesh is irrefutable as these industries offer bright prospects for creating large-scale employment and income earning opportunities at relatively low cost for the unemployed especially in the rural areas strengthening the efforts towards achieving high and sustained economic growth which are critically important prerequisites for triggering an exit from endemic poverty and socio-economic deprivation. These promotional arguments for the SMEs, while universally emphasized are often put forward by their ardent advocates in a small versus large context and thus arouse serious debates concerning their economic viability. Much of such controversies may, however breakdown if the intrinsic virtues specific to SMEs and unavailable to large-scale industries are correctly identified and carefully exploited. A combined interaction of the forces of product-mix, location factors, technological advantages and market advantages create opportunities for SMEs to grow and prosper at all levels of development which are often ignored...
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...American Economic Association Financial Dependence and Growth Author(s): Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales Source: The American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Jun., 1998), pp. 559-586 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/116849 Accessed: 06-07-2015 21:29 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. American Economic Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Economic Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 14.139.224.146 on Mon, 06 Jul 2015 21:29:52 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions FinancialDependence and Growth By RAGHURAM G. RAJAN AND LUIGI ZINGALES* This paper examines whetherfinancial developmentfacilitates economic growth by scrutinizing one rationale for such a relationship: thatfinancial development reduces the costs of external finance to firms. Specifically, we ask whether in-dustrial sectors that are relatively more in need of externalfinance develop...
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