...Florence Nightingale was a legend in her lifetime and was one of the greatest pioneer's in nursing. She lived ninety years and accomplished many great things for the field of nursing. Her descriptions of nursing, health, environment, and humankind are remarkable and still true to this day. Nightingale reformed nursing and changed the way nursing was viewed. Some of the issues during Nightingale's time, the 1800's, we still face today. Nightingale not only impacted nursing in the 1800's, but also still has an effect on nursing today. We do not need a new role model and icon for nursing because Nightingale changed the nursing profession for the better and that should never be forgotten. Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy; thereby being named after the city where she was born. Her family was from England, and lived during the Victorian era. While touring Europe on their two-year long honeymoon, Nightingale was born. Her parents William Edward Nightingale and Frances Smith Nightingale were a very wealthy couple. Nightingale had a sister named Parthenope who was about a year older (Davis, 1999). William Nightingale was well educated, at Cambridge University in England and he taught his daughters at home. William Nightingale taught his daughters to speak Italian, Latin, and, Greek. He also taught them history, philosophy, and math; math was one of Florence's favorite subjects to study (Audian, 1999). Florence's father gave her the education equivalent...
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...Source 4 is an extract from The Times Newspaper published in February of 1855. It includes little information to support Florence being the main cause of the improvement of medical care, but does include information on how she supported soldiers and was seen. For example, they say that wherever there is disease, Florence nightingale is depicted as a caring nurse, on hand to help. Her ‘kindly presence’ and ‘good comfort’ sense of aura is greatly appreciated by the soldiers whilst everyone is surrounded by death and illness. The report describes her as a ‘ministering angel’, which everyone’s face softens when they see her, supporting the evidence of her helping the ill and diseased. This source does not entirely support the view that Florence Nightingale was largely the cause for improved British Soldier’s medical care. The newspaper in which the article was written for was the main paper at the time in Britain, therefore it is most likely to give a positive opinion on Florence and her work for it wanted the rest of the country to acknowledge her greatness and angel like approach. Her popularity grew in Britain, even the queen was impressed. The fact the source was written during the Crimean War could have also reassured people at home that the soldiers are being well cared for and comforted. To me, this source suggests that she was just a friendly enlightening person, it states no information whether or not she helped, she was just there to provide a hand. I can apply my own...
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... The most important nursing trend consistent throughout the "Nursing Timeline of Historical Events" was increased and formalized education. Nurses transitioned from uneducated, low class individuals providing basic rudimentary care to highly respected professionals providing skilled, technologically advanced care with care and compassion. Dorthea Dix began another important trend by gathering facts and information about the conditions of health care and bringing these facts to the attention of the government. She wanted state supported institutions and the improvement of care. Her efforts led to the first state run hospital and also recognition to the role of women in health care. The trend set by Florence Nightengale to gather data and use statistics to analyze disease and mortality laid the foundation for Evidence Based Practice to improve patient outcomes. These trends have influenced my perspective of nursing in many ways. I am pursuing my BSN because research has shown that Baccalaureate prepared nurses improve patient outcomes. Higher levels of formalized education lead to better prepared nurses, nurse leaders and nurse educators. The trend of collaboration between nurses, hospitals and government has increased dramatically over the years. Nurses are now at the forefront of preparing all types of healthcare faciclities for government regulated inspections. Nurses are also one of...
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...Unit 3 Individual Project Art Appreciation HUMA 205 June 25, 2013 Abstract I will attempt to compare and contrast two pieces of art work from the renaissance period. Out of our textbook I chose a piece by Masaccio, The Holy Trinity. The piece of art I chose from a website is from Leonardo da Vinci called Madonna and Child. Both pieces of art are masterpieces of the early renaissance period. Renaissance Paintings and the Artists For many Europeans the renaissance was a period of achievement and worldwide exploration. It was a time of discovery. A time of new and renewed understanding that changed the medieval times and laid the foundation for modern society. Masaccio became the first major painter of the Italian Renaissance. He greatly influenced the art of painting in the renaissance. He moved Italian painting away from the idealizations of Gothic art and presenting his work as a more profound, natural, and humanist world. The Holy Trinity was the last painting he did and is considered one of his greatest masterpieces. Masaccio constructed his masterpiece with simplicity and naturalistic, three dimensionality. (The Holy Trinity by Masaccio, nd) The Holy Trinity was one of the first paintings Masaccio used the linear perspective. Linear perspective is a mathematical system used for creating three dimensional shapes and figures on a flat surface. He used perspective to make the illusion of three dimensions. The perspective lines draw the viewer...
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...Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, (Old Style) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[2] According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".[1] Marco Rosci states that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.[3] Leonardo’s Contributions Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his designs, art, cartography, geology, and studies. Leonardo's designs later helped us to invent things like the tank, parachute, helicopter and many other things. He was also a very talented artist. Most of his pictures and paintings are in art galleries and museums. One of his most known paintings is the Mona Lisa. He made many maps of many different places. He was also interested...
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...One of the lesser known families who patronized art during the Renaissance was the Sforza family. The Sforza family was founded by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. Muzio was a powerful Italian war leader. The name Sforza comes from Sforzae which means to exert or force. The Sforza rose from a lineage of peasants. They used their positions as war leaders to become rulers of Milan. The Sforza family was considerably similar to the Medici family of Florence, Italy. Many members of the family held important positions within the church and political arenas. One of the Sforza’s most well known commissions would be the Last Supper by Leonardo DaVinci. This piece was commissioned by Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice d’Este. Some sources say The Last Supper painting was originally created to serve as a centerpiece for the family’s mausoleum. It took DaVinci three years to complete this painting as he did not work continuously. I discovered that DaVinci was a well known procrastinator. It was normal for him to even leave works undone sometimes. The Last Supper depicts the story of Jesus announcing to his twelve disciples that one of them would soon betray him. The piece is a mural that measures some 15 feet by 29 feet. While most paintings of this time were created with oil paints, this particular piece was created with tempera on gesso, pitch and mastic. Leonardo used some experimental techniques for this painting which over time, proved to be a bad idea Once completed...
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...Dannette Tejeda 10/03/10 Family & Gender Comanducci Public Rituals of Marriages Flowers, a white gown, a venue or perhaps a church, family and friends, a ceremony, a reception, and above all love are the fundamental essentials for a wedding, let a lone a marriage. Yet, occasions such as weddings were not as passive in the fourteenth century as they are now. During the renaissance, weddings were not just the bond of two individual people who wished to be committed to each other by the law or their religion; but it was the binding of a patrilineal alliance and for that reason it was vital for all aspects of a marriage to be a public, communal spectacle. This notion took away from all that was personal from a woman as it was inscribed in her code of honor to accept her public passing from her father’s legal possession to her new husband. The wedding in itself had at the least four different steps, which were: the impalmamento, the sponsalia, the matrimonium, and the nozze. They were specific transactions because during the Renaissance women were in some terms irrelevant and were only allowed to walk the streets to attend masses in church. However, when these stages were taken in action, the publicity announced the benefit of the alliances made between families and that is what makes them so significant. The first stage towards a marriage was the impalmamento. The impalmamento signifies “engagement, a promise of marriage, specifically, as a confirmation of...
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...Differences in art MR.GIBBS Devindra Mohabir Flushing High School Devindra Mohabir September 15, 2013 European History Differences in Art Both the Italian and Northern Renaissance had a lot of great art works, and artistes. They had some similar ideas in term of art and they had some differences. The Renaissance all started in Florence, Italy during the 14th century. Florence was the perfect place for it to start because it was at the center of an international trading port with both Europe and the Middle East. Also because Italy was at the center on the Roman Empire after it fell. The Renaissance was spawned by the birth of the philosophy of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individual achievement in a wide range of fields such as art and writing. Although Italian Renaissance broke all tradition with Gothic style of art during the 15th century, it was a different story on the north side of Europe. The north never really abandoned the dark and gothic styles, it held on to it. In the North, Artistes were focusing more on the Middle-class and peasant class than on the wealthy. Artists such as Pieter Bruegel and Hieronymus Bosch were creating masterpieces of the peasant life. They were showing their perspective of it. “The Peasant Wedding” is a great example of this; Pieter Bruegel painted it in 1567 and it just simply show a wedding celebration of a peasant. The North also focused more on nature and landscapes...
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...the painting of the last supper by Leonardo Da Vinci is considered one of the world’s greatest paintings. it was considered famous because of the special technique that was used to create it. In this painting of “the last supper” Leonardo Da vinci prefered not to use traditional water colors, instead he used oil paint on dry plaster. The last supper was painted in the 15th century, and it’s an example of the artists innovative spirit. The painting depicts Jesus sharing his last meal with his disciples about to tell everyone that someone at that table will soon betray him. Around the time period when the last supper was created, perspective played a big role in society. Perspective helped artists gain a better understanding about art and how they can improve on it. Leonardo created perspective specifically for that art piece. Da Vinci’s fresco inspired numerous renaissance artists and baroque painters. Fresco is a technique for painting on walls, made popular during the renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy. Born out of wedlock.Leonardo da Vinci was concerned with the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, inventor and craftsmen. At the age of 14, da Vinci began apprenticing with the artist Verrocchio. For six years, he learned a wide breadth of technical skills, including metalworking, leather arts, carpentry, drawing and sculpting. By the age of 20, he had qualified as a master artist in the...
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...I have seen many paintings in my life, perhaps the most famous one was mona lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci which I have been seeing in cartoons and movies since my childhood, but that painting was very common so I decided to try something different for my visual essay. I was specifically interested in noir theme, and especially the era of 1930’s and 40’s when the Italian mafia had a major hold on New York being the most notorious criminals during the period. The most interesting feature of the noir theme is the stylized suits with the fedoras worn by most of the high class people at that time. I was searching the internet the other day when I came across this image. This is a painting by Edward Hopper, who was renowned due to his oil paintings at the time. And this painting describes a scene where there are three patrons and a waiter at a diner. There was a diner which inspired him to draw this painting at Greenwich Village, New York, and also the artist was born and residing there, due to which this particular diner was his choice of the subject. The artist’s main themes were to show American life during the 1940’s, while this painting was completed in 1942. In the above painting, there are no people walking around the streets, and this depicts that these are late night hours. The angle of the painting shows that the diner is located at the intersection of the streets. The patrons are wearing stylized suits and fedoras and the diner only sells cigars, which were very common and...
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...positive and negative: the woman who sits smiling, the man who stands grimacing.” “Leonard da Vinci was born Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci on the 15th of April 1452 in Vinci, Florence (present day Italy) Being a scientist, sculpture, writer, and painter amongst many other things. He has been described as one of the greatest painters of all time. Although a renowned painter, Leonardo was also described as an inventor. His works the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are the most famous and reproduced portraits and religious paintings of all time. Their fame approached only by the Creation of Adam by Michelangelo. Although somewhat mysterious, Leonardo has been described as the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. He died on the 2nd of May 1519 at the age of aged 67.” ("Leonardo Da Vinci Vs Michelangelo, Who Is The Greatest Master?", 2009). “Michelangelo was born Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni on the 6th of March 1475 in Caprese ( Italy) His family had for several generations been small-scale bankers in Florence, but his father failed to maintain the bank's financial status, and held occasional government positions. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese. Several months after Michelangelo's birth the family returned to Florence where Michelangelo was raised. At a tender age, he moved in with another family during the illness and later death of his mother Francesca. While his father wanted him to...
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...Joy Chambers 01/14/13 Art 101 Week 9 Checkpoint Art is found in every community. Whether it is a billboard someone has painted to advertise a business, or a sculpture someone has sculpted. Art is what gives the community its personality. In order for the piece of art to stay where it is it has to be supported by the agency where it is located and also by the community in which it resides. Agencies where art is found as well as the general public provide the greatest support for art in the community. I live in southern Maryland which is about 30 minutes from Washington, DC. In my community there are a lot of art museums and sculptures in various parts of DC. The art ranges from African art all the way to different types of performance art. The art in my community is very well supported by the agencies and the general public. The agencies that own the art whether it is inside the building or outside, hire people to maintain the work. This includes keeping the sculptures clean and in good condition and also cleaning of the area around where the art is kept. Each agency does fundraisers and events to show off their art. The purpose of the fundraisers is to make sure the art is kept in good condition so they can keep it available for the public to enjoy. They also do events at the museums to bring more public attention to the art they have. The citizens support the art by going to the museum and paying the entrance fees. They also advertize to their friends and coworkers...
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...Giorgio Vasari (1511-74), painter and architect, born near Florence, and employed by the powerful, Florentine family, the Medici. In 1550 and then in 1568 he wrote a multi-volume book, The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Vasari’s art historical narrative, seemingly a record of the lives of certain Renaissance artists, is the account of how art gradually achieved perfection, by building upon the achievements of the past in order to ultimately attain that perfection at the beginning of the 16th century. A process Vasari himself confirms in The Lives when he says, Having very carefully turned all this over in my mind, I have come to the conclusion that it is inherent in the very nature of these arts to progress step by step from modest beginnings, and finally to reach the summit of perfection.” Vasari’s work was the first systematic history of art, and, as such, it represents an important milestone in the history of Renaissance art. It is important to recognize the structure he gave his book, for it is revealing about the kind of historical narrative that he wanted to create. Vasari wrote biographies of individual artists, thereby acknowledging the distinctive achievements of each. He then organized these separate lives into three distinct periods, introduced by prefaces in which he described the common characteristics of their artworks and also placed their work—as he sees it—into a larger narrative about what happens to art over time. Vasari’s...
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...Sculptures of the Renaissance period Johnny R. Hilton ART/101 March 18, 2012 Kristy Yau “Madonna of humility” 1403 by Jacopo Della Quercia Jacopo Della Quercia was probably trained by his father in the art of sculpturing using both methods of wood and marble; he was influenced by such artist as Donatello and Michelangelo. Jacopo Della Quercia influences in sculpturing made him a very transitional artist from the Gothic styles to the Italian Renaissance era. In Jacopo Della Quercia sculpture of “Madonna of humility” we see that the Virgin Mary is seated and posed with the look of divine intervention of the birth of baby Jesus as she cradles him in her lap. This devotional theme sets as a humbling background for the churches as it shows a divine will for God. “St John the Baptist” 1412 by Lorenzo Ghiberti Lorenzo Ghiberti was an artist who thrived during the early years of the renaissance...
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...In viewing the three different sculptures of David by Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini, the different artistic styles that were prevalent in each time period is immediately evident. Donatello’s David, carved during the Renaissance period, is a cast bronze sculpture. It shows Greek influences in the contrapposto style pose of the statue, yet it is also more stylized than either the Michelangelo or the Bernini David. The artist also sculpted David as a much younger person. Donatello’s David seems more fragile than the other two sculptures, almost an anti-hero. Michelangelo’s David is sculpted from marble. The statue is carved in a heroic manner, with every detail of the figure’s musculature and form carved to show perfection of the male athletic form. The figure is carved in the nude to impart a timeless quality, since clothing “dates” artwork. This sculpture idealizes the human form, using perfectly carved physique and great attention to detail, giving the piece a larger than life appearance. This sculpture appears to be in a pensive mood, as if contemplating the coming action of attacking the giant. Bernini’s David, on the other hand, is carved in a splendid life like style, showing the muscle tension, the intent of the attack on Goliath, the human effort of movement needed to attack the giant. The figure is muscular, but does not appear to be superhuman in the manner of Michelangelo’s David, nor is it carved in the youthful, almost anti-heroic style...
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