...CVEN 3100: Fluid Mechanics Fluid Properties: Review Questions 1. What is the definition of a fluid? A substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude. 2. Normal force per unit area in a fluid is called what? Pressure 3. True or False: - Static fluids are not subjected to shear force at any time. T 4. True or False: - Normal forces can occur in a fluid whether it is static or Moving T 5. What is the relation between absolute pressure and gage pressure? Absolute pressure can be found from the gage pressure by adding the value of the atmospheric pressure. 6. What formula is used to calculate density of gases? Identify the parameters in the formula p/RT 7. Define specific weight. What is relation to density? Weight per unit volume. Multiply by gravity 8. Because of viscosity, what happens when a fluid tries to flow? It resists and does not flow quick 9. What is kinematic viscosity? The ratio of absolute viscosity to density 10. State the Newton’s law of viscosity and express it mathematically. Change in velocity over distance which velocity changes. Du/dy 11. What is the purpose of lubricating metal hinges? 12. Why does viscosity of liquids decrease with temperature? Molecules are spread further apart 13. Why does viscosity of gases increase with temperature? Molecular activity increases 14. What is an ideal fluid? A fluid that lacks...
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...shall begin by studying incompressible flow problems. Of course all fluids are, to some extent, compressible but under steady flow conditions we may assume that the effects of changes in fluid density are small. In fact, it is the velocity of the fluid that dictates whether changes in density are significant and must be accounted for. In Chapter 6 we shall quantify the velocity limit, below which may assume that the fluid is incompressible; however, the majority of fluid flow problems that you are likely to encounter may be assumed to be incompressible. We shall focus in this chapter on incompressible flow, and on problems in which the fluid is bounded by a surface (we shall call this internal flow); the next chapter will focus on unbounded (or external) fluid flow problems. Both chapters will study real fluid flows and do this by taking into account the effects of viscosity. To do this we must examine how fluids interact with boundaries and here the concept of zero fluid velocity on a surface (boundary) is important. Once we have an understanding of how real fluid flows behave – and see how difficult it is to analyses turbulent flows –then in Chapters 4 and 5 we shall turn our attention to modelling techniques useful for examining simple fluid flow problems commonly found in engineering. Accordingly, this chapter will look at laminar and turbulent bounded fluid flows. We shall focus on pipe flow as this represents a classic example...
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...Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid kinematics, the study of fluid motion, and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion, which can further be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid kinetics, the study of fluids in motion. Fluid mechanics is very important to engineers when observing flow in pipes, viscous effects of fluids, and the forces that act on a fluid. As a student, I am suppose to demonstrate an adequate understanding of many properties involved fluid mechanics. Some learning outcomes that must be accomplished by taking this class are: * Demonstrate understanding of fluid mechanics fundamentals, fluid and flow properties such as compressibility, viscosity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure and forces on surfaces * Apply Bernoulli equation to solve problems in fluid mechanics * Solve fluid mechanics problem using control volume analysis using conservation of mass, energy equation and irreversible flow * Use differential analysis of fluid flow, potential flow theory, viscous flow, Navier Stokes equations to solve problems * Perform modeling and similitude using Buckingham Pi theorem, correlation of experimental data. * Analyze flow in pipes to determine laminar and turbulent flow behaviors. * Apply energy and momentum equations to determine...
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...FLUID DYNAMICS In physics, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. Fluid dynamics is "the branch of applied science that is concerned with the movement of liquids and gases," according to the American Heritage Dictionary. Fluid dynamics is one of two branches of fluid mechanics, which is the study of fluids and how forces affect them. (The other branch is fluid statics, which deals with fluids at rest.) Scientists across several fields study fluid dynamics. Fluid dynamics provides methods for studying the evolution of stars, ocean currents, weather patterns, plate tectonics and even blood circulation. Some important technological applications of fluid dynamics include rocket engines, wind turbines, oil pipelines and air conditioning systems. FLOW The movement of liquids and gases is generally referred to as "flow," a concept that describes how fluids behave and how they interact with their surrounding environment — for example, water moving through a channel or pipe, or over a surface. Flow can be either steady or unsteady. In his lecture notes, "Lectures in Elementary Fluid Dynamics" (University of Kentucky, 2009) J. M. McDonough, a professor of engineering at the University of Kentucky, writes, "If all properties of a flow are independent of time, then the flow is steady; otherwise, it is unsteady." That is, steady flows do not change over time. An example of...
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...This is page i Printer: Opaque this A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Alexandre Chorin Department of Mathematics University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA Jerrold E. Marsden Control and Dynamical Systems, 107-81 California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125, USA ii iii A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics iv Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chorin, Alexandre A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition (Texts in Applied Mathematics) Bibliography: in frontmatter Includes. 1. Fluid dynamics (Mathematics) 2. Dynamics (Mathematics) I. Marsden, Jerrold E. II. Title. III. Series. ISBN 0-387 97300-1 American Mathematics Society (MOS) Subject Classification (1980): 76-01, 76C05, 76D05, 76N05, 76N15 Copyright 1992 by Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer-Verlag Publishing Company, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. Typesetting and illustrations prepared by June Meyermann, Gregory Kubota, and Wendy McKay The cover illustration shows a computer simulation of a shock diffraction by a pair of cylinders, by John Bell, Phillip Colella, William Crutchfield, Richard Pember, and Michael Welcome...
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...Fluid Mechanics Learning Objectives Outcomes • Explain the pressure-depth relationship. Pressure increases with depth. • Define Pascal’s Principle. Pascal's Principle states that the pressure is transmitted evenly through a liquid. • Describe how to use Pascal’s Principle in practical application. When you inflate a balloon with air, it expands evenly in all directions, this is an example. • Describe Archimedes Principle. States that the mass of a liquid displaced by a floating body is equal to the mass of that body. • Determine if an object will float in a fluid based on its relative densities. So if you fill a tumbler up with water to the brim, put an object into it, weigh the water that has been pushed out of the tumbler, and compare that with the weight of the object, you'll know whether it floats or not. • Use the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation to explain common effects of ideal fluid flow. The pressure in a fluid moving steadily without friction or outside energy input decreases when the fluid velocity increases Assignment Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere...
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...HYDRAULICS LAB #1 The objective of this lab is to test the fluid flow provided by the power unit at various discharge pressures, and create a power unit characteristic curve. 1. Build on the trainer the hydraulic circuit shown in the figure below, using the components listed here. hydraulic power unit (2) pressure gauges flow control valve (FCV) – simulated load flow-meter Page 1 of 2 2. Initial setup: a. Fully close (CW) the FCV, and fully open (CCW) the pressure relief valve on the power unit. b. Start the power unit, and slowly adjust the pressure relief valve until pressure gauge P1 reaches 50 bar. Let the unit run for a few minutes then check and adjust P1 if necessary. c. Do not touch the pressure relief valve for the remainder of the lab. d. Fully open the FCV. 3. Test: a. Record the pressures P1, P2 and the flow rate under the “Min.” column in the table below. b. Slowly turn the FCV CW, adding a simulated load to the system. When the pressure at P1 increases to 15 bar, stop and record pressure P2 and the flow rate. c. Repeat for all columns listed in the table. The final column, listed as “Max Pres.” should be run with the FCV fully closed. Note the sound of the power unit during this test. You should detect changes in tone as the load (pressure) is increased. P1 Pressure (bar) P2 (bar) Flow Rate (lpm) Min * 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 46 47 48 49 Max. Pres. * minimum pressure attained, with flow control fully open HYDRAULICS LAB #1 Page 2 of 2 Lab Report: ...
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...Types of Hydraulic Fluids To assure proper system operation and to avoid damage to nonmetallic components of the hydraulic system, the correct fluid must be used. When adding fluid to a system, use the type specified in the aircraft manufacturer’s maintenance manual or on the instruction plate affixed to the reservoir or unit being serviced. The three principal categories of hydraulic fluids are: 1. Minerals 2. Polyalphaolefins 3. Phosphate esters When servicing a hydraulic system, the technician must be certain to use the correct category of replacement fluid. Hydraulic fluids are not necessarily compatible. For example, contamination of the fire-resistant fluid MIL-H-83282 with MIL-H-5606 may render the MIL-H-83282 non fire-resistant. Mineral-Based Fluids Mineral oil-based hydraulic fluid (MIL-H-5606) is the oldest, dating back to the 1940s. It is used in many systems, especially where the fire hazard is comparatively low. MIL-H-6083 is simply a rust-inhibited version of MIL-H-5606. They are completely interchangeable. Suppliers generally ship hydraulic components with MIL-H-6083. Mineral-based hydraulic fluid (MIL–H-5606) is processed from petroleum. It has an odor similar to penetrating oil and is dyed red. Synthetic rubber seals are used with petroleum-based fluids. Polyalphaolefin-Based Fluids MIL-H-83282 is a fire-resistant hydrogenated polyalphaolefinbased fluid developed in the 1960s to overcome the flammability characteristics of MIL-H-5606...
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...Nursing Practice Review Fluid balance Keywords: Fluid balance/Input/Output/ Dehydration/Overhydration ●This article has been double-blind peer reviewed Measuring and managing fluid balance In this article... What fluid balance is and how fluid moves around the body Causes and signs and symptoms of dehydration and overhydration How to assess fluid balance, including clinical assessment How to keep an accurate fluid balance chart Author Alison Shepherd is tutor in nursing, department of primary care and child health, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London. Abstract Shepherd A (2011) Measuring and managing fluid balance. Nursing Times; 107: 28, 12-16. Ensuring patients are adequately hydrated is an essential part of nursing care, yet a recent report from the Care Quality Commission found “appalling” levels of care in some NHS hospitals, with health professionals failing to manage dehydration. This article discusses the importance of hydration, and the health implications of dehydration and overhydration. It also provides an overview of fluid balance, including how and why it should be measured, and discusses the importance of accurate fluid balance measurements. Assessing hydration status and measuring fluid balance can ensure optimal hydration balance, including what fluid balance is, and how and why it is measured. It also discusses the importance of measuring fluid balance accurately, and the health implications of dehydration...
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...Lung cancer arises from the epithelial of the respiratory track. Lung cancer is the most severe cancer compare to the other cases of cancer. Lung cancer is the number one killer in United States and the world. In this country alone, there are 219440 new cases yearly and 159390 death yearly which is almost 57% of death yearly form lung cancer. These cases of lung cancer account for 14% of all cancer in men and 15% in women every year. (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010, p. 1299). Although tobacco smoking is the number causes of lung cancer, there are some new cases of lung cancer arising every year without any cause. Cigarette smoking accounts for almost 90% of all lung cancer (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/index.htm) . Other causes of lung cancer can include radon, asbestos, second hand smoking, family history, diet and air pollution. Lung cancer arises from a single changed epithelial cell in the tracheobronchial airways. A carcinogen from cigarette smoke or other predisposing factor like inherited gene bind to a cell DNA and damages it thereby resulting in multiple genetic abnormalities in bronchial cell which include deletion of chromosomes, activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressing genes. This damage results in cellular changes, abnormal cell growth and eventually a malignant cell. The DNA undergoes further changes and becomes unstable as the DNA is passed to daughter’s cell. With the accumulation of genetic changes, the pulmonary epithelium...
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...MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING SEMINOR TOPIC ASSESSMENT ON EFFECT OF CUTTING FLUID ON MACHINING COURSE NAME GRADUATE SEMINOR COMPILED BY: TESFAYE KASSAHUN MSC/00017/03 SUBMITTED TO: Professor (Dr.) RANTAM UPPULA September, 2013 Abstract During machining operation, friction between workpiece-cutting tool and cutting tool-chip interfaces result high temperature on cutting tool. At such elevated temperature the cutting tool if not enough hot hard may lose their form or stability quickly, wear out rapidly, resulting in increased cutting forces, higher surface roughness, shorter tool life and lowers the dimensional sensitiveness of work material. Different methods have been reported to protect cutting tool from the generated heat during machining operations. The selection of coated cutting tools is an expensive alternative and generally it is a suitable approach for machining hard materials. Another alternative is to apply cutting fluids in machining operation. Cutting fluids used to provide lubrication and cooling effects between cutting tool and workpiece and cutting tool and chip during machining operation. As a result, important benefits would be achieved such longer tool life, easy chip flow and higher machining quality in the machining processes. The selection, method of application, storage and disposal of cutting fluids should be carefully carried out to obtain optimum result in machining processes. Metal cutting fluids change the performance of machining operations because of their...
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...Powder Technology 217 (2012) 148–156 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Powder Technology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/powtec Numerical modeling of fluid and particle behaviors in impact pulverizer Hirohisa Takeuchi, Hideya Nakamura, Tomohiro Iwasaki, Satoru Watano ⁎ Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Numerical modeling of fluid flow and individual particle motion in an impact pulverizer was conducted using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)–Discrete Phase Model (DPM) coupling model. The impact pulverizer used is a dry system. Its grinding chamber consists of high-speed rotating hammers and a static concavo–convex stator. First of all, calculated results of fluid pressure in the grinding chamber were compared with the experimental ones, showing the both results were in good agreement. The fluid flow in the grinding chamber indicated that the fluid mainly swirled in the direction of the hammer rotation. The fluid flow pattern in the concaves of the stator was also swirling flow, while its velocity was much lower than that in the outside of the concaves. Analyses of the particle motion suggested that the particles were accelerated by the fluid drag force caused by the rotating hammers but not by the impact force from the hammers, resulting in impacts with the static stator at the velocity 1.4 times higher than the tip speed...
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...Lab Worksheet Faculty of Science & Engineering School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University Activity Activity Title Laboratory Room No. Level 34567 M/E 000 Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement 5 Term 1 Duration 3 Max Group Size 12 Max Total Students 12 Date of approval/review 10-12 Technical Team Leader Keith Birchenough Lead Academic Jiting Feng Equipment (per group) number Item TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus Armfield TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus Electric Console 500ml Beaker PC with TH3 software Stopwatch Learning Outcomes (from unit spec) Learning Outcome To obtain an understanding of the principle of saturation pressure measurement 2 3 To measure the saturation pressure of water using a pressurised vessel To examine the measurement accuracy 4 5 6 TM PDF Editor Lab Worksheet School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University 2012-2013 Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement First Name Second Name Student Number Group Number Date To be completed by Tutor Marked Awarded Comments (please also referred to the feedback sheet) TM PDF Editor Manchester University Lab Worksheet School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University 2012-2013 Manchester Metropolitan University Advanced Mechanical Science Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement ...
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...Week-4 Case Study Hospital Corporation of America SBNM 5311 Professor: Dr. Kasthuri Henry Abstract The financial position of The Hospital Corporation from 1972-1981 was analyzed and compared with others in the industry through a careful examination of some critical ratios, along with competitors performances, we determined areas of concern for the organization. To accomplish this, we utilized various competitor benchmarks and compared them to the company’s overall past performance to determine the projected funding needed for The Hospital Corporation. From the analysis, the problems the organization is experiencing were identified and solutions are provided. From this, a recommended course of action for The Hospital Corporation was provided in an attempt to correct the company’s current trend. Keywords: Analysis, Ratio, Performance, Forecast, Competitor, Purchase, Capital Identify problem Hospital Corporation has performed well over the past few years and has seen substantial growth. The growth it is experiencing has allowed the organization to have a total of 49,866 beds in service in 1981 producing $48,259 in revenue per bed. It grew from 188 hospitals in 1980 to 349 hospitals in service in 1981 producing 6.8 million dollars in revenue per location. The growth that it has seen has been profitable but compared to organizations like Humana it has not seen the same success. Humana has been able to produce better profitability...
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...OTC 25233-MS Fluid-Structure Interaction: Lowering Subsea Structure / Equipment in Splash Zone During Installation D.Jia, Technip, M.Agrawal, ANSYS Copyright 2014, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 5–8 May 2014. This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract mus t contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright. Abstract Successful installation of subsea structures and equipment is critical for offshore campaigns in development of deep-water fields. This paper presents a novel approach using Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) to predict wave induced motions, wave loads, dynamic stresses and deformation of subsea structure and equipments in the splash zone during installation. This approach combines transient multiphase CFD simulation...
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