...Terrorism has not just emerged, instead it has evolved over many years and has undergone many and varied cycles in its evolution. The term terrorism is most commonly used to describe actions which are violence based and are used to promote fear in people. (Mannik 2009: 152 – 153) Rapoport (2004) came up with a way of describing the fluctuations over time of terrorism. He was able to separate and describe four distinct periods of time which he referred to as 'waves of terrorism'. (Rapoport 2004 :46 -47) These waves are used as markers through which an understanding can be gleaned of how terrorism goes through changes or cycles. This paper will identify the four waves of terrorism as set out by Rapoport and define the characteristics of each wave. Terrorism has many and varied definitions and yet all are consistent in identifying it as an act of violence used to gain influence for a cause or an ideological belief. (Mannik 2009: 152 - 153) Most acts of violence are deliberate, targeted and serve a purpose for the groups goals.(Kydd & Walters 2006: 49-50) In this sense waves of terrorism, then, can be seen as a type of revolution where there is an uprising against the political state of the time. (Rapoport 2004: 49 -50) Whilst terrorism has existed throughout history and has employed violent methods to achieve their aims and objectives it can also be seen that terrorism follows distinct patterns. These patterns occur in cycles which were identified by Rapoport...
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...SECURITY RESEARCH PAPER A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM Piers Hutt piershutt@hotmail.com 1 March 2015 A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ABSTRACT Purpose: To critically examine the threat of modern terrorism to Western society. Design/methodology: An assessment was made of publically available documentation. The paper is then divided into a number of sections. It initially deals with the difficulties of defining terrorism, followed by its symbiotic relationship with the media. The next section looks at the modern Islamic Fundamentalist threat and the primarily neocon response since 9/11. Whilst the US has withdrawn combat forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, a bipartisan approach has been maintained to counterterrorism. The dangers of such an approach are examined along with emerging threats. Table of Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Define * Role of the Media * Psychology * Modern Terrorism * The Response * Counterview – The Dangers * Looking Ahead – The Next Potential Threats * Another Approach * Conclusion INTRODUCTION “Terrorism has become part of our daily news diet. Hardly a day goes by without news of an assassination, political kidnapping, hijacking or bombing somewhere in the world. As such, incidents of terrorism have increased in the past decade, the phenomenon of terrorism has become one of increasing concern to governments....” Introduction. With the recent high profile terrorist attacks in Sydney...
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...Terrorism of 21st Century Sabeena Singh DeVry University April 20, 2014 "Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices: secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers, moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, and -- huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong." George W. Bush Addressing the Nation on September 11, 2001. (Intellectual Takeout , 2014) During the 1990s, the end of the cold war led to an entirely new global security environment, marked by a focus on internal rather than inter-state wars. In the early 21st century, new global threats emerged. The attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States clearly demonstrated the challenge of international terrorism, while subsequent events heightened concern about the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the dangers from other non-conventional weapons. The organizations of the UN system mobilized immediately in their respective spheres to step up action...
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...Read Annie Dillard’s essay “The Wreck of Time.” Study her rhetorical style (diction, sentence structure,rhythm, voice, tone), the ideas she explores, and the way she puts bits of information together for a larger, philosophical purpose. In this digital age, we're confronted with numbers and statistics and information (and lies) on a daily basis. It can seem overwhelming, sometimes deadening. Select some facts/numbers/details about topics or events that reflect the wreck of the time you have inhabited this earth, and with your own purpose, craft a shorter imitation of Dillard's piece in which your attention to particulars brings some larger theme into focus. Due Nov. 8 The Wreck of Time My wrecks in time are all the wars I’ve experience over the years starting with 1961Bay of Pigs and Cuba over nuke missiles being sent to be installed in Cuba. With the cold war scare of a war with Russia and Cuba. Vietnam 1960-1975,Then to not so known Cambodian Laos wars with Pol Pot ( Khmer Rouge) Pol Pot 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998)[1][2] was a Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge[3] from 1963 until 1997. Here is a look from 2004 about the pros and cons of war against Iraq from information available at that time. It is included here for historical purposes. The possibility of war with Iraq is a very divisive issue around the world. Turn on any news show and you will see a daily debate on the pros and cons of going to war. The following is a list of the reasons being discussed...
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...DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY VISAKHAPATNAM SUBJECT: CRIMINAL LAW-I PROJECT ON: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON TADA AND POTA ACTS IN INDIA SUBMITTED BY- SACHIN PATEL B .A. LLB (HONS) 3RD SEMESTER, 201293 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. J. UMA and Dr. SAVITA PHARNIS for their invaluable support, guidance and advice. I would also like to thank my friends who have always been there to support me and the library staffs for working long hours to facilitate me with required materials going a long way in quenching my thirst for education. Last but not the least, my parents, who made me able to be here and complete my work. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Aims and Objectives: The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of “TADA AND POTA ACTS IN INDIA” through decisions, statutes, amendments, suggestions and different writings...
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...nonviolent political action (activism) or to illegal and violent political action (radicalism). An extreme of radicalization is terrorism, in which a nonstate group targets not only government forces but civilian citizens supporting the government. !"#$%&'&()*'+"(,+&-./0+(1/2#,/&'(.#,/-#$/3#'/)"(#&(+/'2+.(4')5-,)6"7().(40)'')8-957(:;#B&((#'"!#'*-*11%$&(>#*N!*'0#%-$"11#!+*#B+"(*#&'14$;*'!#'*!B"$6.8 5. What is the Role of Emotion in Radicalization? The literature on radicalization tends to emphasize cost/benefit calculations, but many have noted the salience of emotions such as anger or outrage, shame, and humiliation in political conflict. Research on emotional aspects of radicalization is needed. For instance, it is not clear whether hate is an emotion or a powerful form of negative identification that can be the occasion of many emotions - both positive and negative - depending on what is happening to the target of hatred (Royzman, McCauley, & Rozin, 2005). Similarly, it is not clear whether humiliation is a distinct emotion or a synergism of more fundamental emotions such as anger and shame (Lindner, 2006). 6. How Does Martyrdom Contribute to Political Radicalization? Many have noted the power of martyrdom for political mobilization, and there is a significant literature that asks how individuals are encouraged or recruited to give their lives in suicide terrorism (Merari, 2004; Speckhard &...
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...Immigration has long been a contentious dilemma around the world. The reason why there are many disputes about immigration is because citizens of each country have various opinions regarding immigrants. The problem that stirs within nations is mistrust of the people. The mistrust factors into the economy and security, whether jobs are distributed to immigrants and citizens fairly or whether immigrants entering the country are actually moving for support or for causing terrorism. For many generations, governments in the United States and in Europe have extended cooperation for immigrants through the political asylum and Schengen Agreement. These proclamations are an extended invitation to those who are in need of a home and protection....
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...changes have improved the overall safety of air travel, concerns have been raised that the changes introduced are invasive to privacy, and are an infringement of individual rights. Biometric and advanced imaging technology have been criticized for this reason, however, they have been effective at preventing further terrorist attacks. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the security measures that have been introduced as a result of September 11th 2001, and evaluate the effectiveness of the changes and how they impact both safety and privacy. Keywords: Biometrics, Advanced imaging technology, September 11 Invasive Security: Does it Work On September 11, 2001, the world watched in terror as America was under attack. Early that morning, four commercial airliners departed from Newark and Boston with arrivals at San Francisco and Los Angeles were taken over by nineteen hijackers (National Commission, 2004). Two of these aircrafts collided with the Twin Towers in New York City resulting in the destruction of both buildings. An additional aircraft flew into the Pentagon in Washington D.C, and the final aircraft was over taken by passengers that crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania (National Commission, 2004). These events caused 2,996 causalities and affected the lives of countless individuals across the world (National Commission, 2004). As a result of the events of September 11th, 2001, major safety concerns have been addressed in regards to the reliability and security of...
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...and has also spread across the country. Some of America’s first settlers came in search of freedom to practice their faith. In 1965, eighty-four percent of Americans were non-Hispanic whites, less than one percent were Asians, and four percent were Hispanic. In the year 2015, sixty-two percent were white, eight-teen percent were Hispanic, and six percent were Asians. As the years went by, the percentages went higher and higher. Before the year 1965, the immigrants were primarily European. Many came to seek freedom of speech and other things, such as the Pilgrims in the early 1600’s in search of religious freedom. In 1620, a group of around 100 people, later to be known as the pilgrims, fled religious persecution and arrived at present day Plymouth, Massachusetts where they established a colony. They were soon followed by a bigger group that were seeking religious freedom, the Puritans. Around 20,000 Puritans migrated to the region between the years 1630-1640. An examination of country-level demographic data reveals how immigrants affected the population in specific parts of the country between the years 1990 and 2012. The United States experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era, the first part of the nine-tenth century and from the 1880’s to 1920. They also experienced another wave of immigration in the years 1815 to 1865. From its earliest days, America has been a nation of immigrants starting with its original inhabitants who crossed...
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...AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur...
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...Some Americans can remember a time when airport security appropriated only a little more than twenty minutes. However, after September 11, 2001 that continues to significantly change. On the day known as 9/11, four commercial flights were hijacked by 19 terrorists from the group known as al-Qaeda. These planes were aimed toward major government buildings, including the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. Two of them succeeded in colliding with the World Trade Center and another crashed in the Pentagon. This brutal attack sent shock waves through the nation. Considering nineteen out of nineteen terrorists were able to effortlessly breach security, the attack displayed the ineptness of security for commercial...
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...TERRORISM AND THE MILITARY ROLE CRISIS MANAGEMENT Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management Angela Tyler Principles of Management Professor Jones May 3, 2012 TERRORISM AND THE MILITARY ROLE CRISIS MANAGEMENT 1 I am going to discuss a crisis management plan, “Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management”. This crisis management plan will explore how to reviews the current legislation and policies that govern the military’s role when supporting law enforcement in a domestic terrorism crisis and highlights some of the issues confronting the U.S. government. To fully understand the military’s role in domestic crisis response it is necessary to explore existing national level structures and response options prior to the involvement of military forces. (Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management, 2003) Crisis management is predominately a law enforcement function that manages the resources necessary to prevent or resolve a terrorist incident. Current U.S. government terrorism response policy is contained in presidential directives. Among other matters, these directives address National Security Council structure and federal agency crisis response roles when responding to a domestic terrorism incident. (Terrorism and the Military’s Role in Domestic Crisis Management, 2003, CRS6, para 3, line 7). National Security Council (NSC), U.S. agency...
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...they will pay the individuals tuition and the health benefits of the company are second to none. They provide health care to their employees that are kept at a very low affordable amount. There are many issues for the island of Kava. For one, the island of Kava is a disaster waiting to happen, environmentally and economically. This island seems to have most of world’s issues all in one. The environmental issues are many. Tidal waves, tsunamis, typhoons, hurricanes tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are the natural disasters that the island of Kava faces. Just those natural disasters only can cause serious issues for an organization. There are also four disaster threats that could be controllable. The first being HIV/AIDS. The second is oil spills. As we all know, oil spills are manmade disasters that can be prevented. The next disaster threat is the Avian flu. There is no cure for the Avian flu or HIV/AIDS, these can lead to death and chaos in the community. The last disaster comes domestic and foreign and that is terrorism. Other than the...
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...EDM501 Domestic Terrorism TUI University Summer 2015 Select one of the following events/person: the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing, the Oklahoma City Bombing, the Unabomber, the Centennial Olympic Park Bombing, 2001 Anthrax Attacks, or the Fort Hood Attack. * Explain the following: * What was the target/s? * Why was it selected? * What tactics were used? * What tools were used? * What were the expectations? * What were the outcomes of the events; e.g., media coverage, public acceptance, goals achieved? * What vulnerabilities were recognized and mitigated after the event? Or, were they? What was the target/s? In 1993, a massive truck bomb ripped a hole almost 30 meters (100 feet) across the B-2 level of the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center's North Tower. The blast wave was so powerful that it penetrated five stories of the reinforced concrete building. In addition to causing structural damage, the explosion destroyed or heavily damaged hundreds of vehicles in the garage. That such a powerful explosion killed only six people is nothing short of a miracle, for the attackers had a goal of much more. On the morning of February 26th, 1993 World Trade Center was the target of a terrorist bombing when a truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The bomb was intended to knock the North Tower into the South Tower, bringing both towers down and killing thousands of people...
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...threats. People want to feel safe when they are traveling, so the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has many methods that they use to make sure that people who are traveling can actually be safe. The TSA works with other organizations so they can be successful as possible. “TSA uses a risk based strategy and works closely with transportation, law enforcement, and intelligence community’s to set the standard for excellence in transportation security” (tsa.org). They do not want to take any chances, so they get a lot help. A lot of these procedures make passengers irritated, and frustrated. Sometimes it’s hard for people to look past all the procedures that you have to go through, but it is for the benefit of the traveler’s safety. Terrorism has been the main reason for the increase in security. The terroristic act that happened on September 9, 2001 was terrible and it is the TSA’s job to make sure it never happens again. The TSA has a mission that they live by “protect the nation’s transportation system to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce” (tsa.gov). This mission is strong and takes a lot to live by. They cannot point any fingers if they fail to protect the people. The problem that a lot of people have is that they could use better security measure to make sure nothing happens again. Israel, is known for having the best/safest airports in the world. “The Israelis have of course been the gold standard for establishing and maintaining security in all its forms...
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