...According to one way of speaking, that out of which as a constituent a thing comes to be is called a cause; for example, the bronze and the silver and their genera would be the causes respectively of a statue and a loving0cup According to another the form or model is a cuse; this is the account of what the being would be, and its genera – thus the cuase of an octave is the ratio of two to one, and more generally number – and the parts which come into the account. Again, there is the primary source of the change or the staying unchanged : for example, the man who has deliberated is a cuse, the father is a cause of the child, and in general that which makes something of that which is made, and which changes something of that which something is changed. And again, a thing may be a cause as the end. That is what something is for, as health might be what a walk is for. On account of what does he walk? We answer “To keep fit” and think that, in saying that, we have given the cause. Suppose one man thought that there are plans because there are leaves, roots, and stems; another that there are leaves, roots and stems because there are plants; a third that there are plants because there are seeds. Aristotle would say that there is no real dipute here, since each party is bringing forward a factor which is explanatory in a different way. The leaves, root, and stem account for the plant in the way in which bronze accounts for a statue, the plant accounts for the leaves, roots, and stem...
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...Name – Urmit Shah PRN - 14060321094 The Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths are: 1. Noble Truth Of Stress (Dukkha) 2. Noble Truth Of The Origination Of Stress (Craving) (Tanha) 3. Noble Truth Of The Cessation Of The Stress (Nirvana) 4. Noble Truth Of The Way Of Practice (Noble Eightfold Path) Noble Truth Of Stress (Dukkha) Suffering is the translation of ‘Dukkha’. Buddhism explains three types of Dukkha : 1. Pain (Physical /mental) - It is the sort of feeling that you experience when you fall and hurt yourself. Or the normal headaches that you experience. 2. Dukkha Of Change – This sort of dukkha exists because according to the Buddhist tradition the system is in flux (Constantly changing- Anitya). Even Happiness and laughter are considered to be Dukkha as they are not permanent. 3. Dukkha Of Conditions- The world which we live in is conditioned and we are brought up/moulded according to the conditions. According to Buddhism Samsara is conditioned and that is why there is impermanence. Noble Truth Of The Origination Of Stress (Craving) (Tanha) Origin of Dukkha is ‘Craving’(Tanha). Craving can be of three types: 1. Craving for sensual pleasure 2. Craving for existence – It is the craving for eternal life. 3. Craving for non-existence – It is the craving for the end of the life (death/end of all the consciousness) Craving is different from ‘Want’. Craving according to the Buddhism is faulty but ‘want’ is not. ‘Want’ arises out of a rational...
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...THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS The first teaching ever given by the Buddha was to five student monks in a deer park. He spoke of the Four Noble Truths he had discovered while searching for enlightenment, these are the central teachings of Buddhism. It was the Buddha's first awareness that life brings with it illness, age, misery and death that lead him to search for a deeper understanding of how we live, and ways to end suffering. Siddhartha Gautama, the name of the Buddha who had preached and taught about the Four Noble Truths had experienced, and observed all suffering, and only let out these truths after he had reached his own enlightenment. Buddha said that all people, even if they were rich or poor, have suffered. He says they have suffered because of pains and afflictions, or traveling from endless rebirths/reincarnations. All from the greedy desires of mankind. The Buddha gave a solution to end the suffering, an answer to stop the countless rebirths, and a halt to their selfish wants, and once they have been lifted, they will learn the true meaning of the Four Noble Truths. Each of these lessons explains the Buddhist steps in understanding the truth about life, the reasons behind those truths, the possibility of change and the way of life that can lead to a life free of suffering. All Buddhists study, meditate, think and act in ways that are designed to help them come to a full understanding of each of these Four Noble Truths and to stay on the path the Buddha says will lead...
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...Over the past month I chose to read the science fiction novel I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore. This book details the life of Four, or John Smith, an alien from the planet Lorien who has fled to Earth with his guardian Henri in an effort to escape the Mogadorians, who are an evil alien race that demolished almost everyone from John’s home planet. It is explained that nine aliens from Lorien were sent with their guardians to Earth for protection, but if they are found by the Mogadorians they must be killed in the order of their numbers. The first scene that is described in the book illustrates the murder of number Three, signaling number Four that he is next. John, or Four, and Henri have to constantly move around to avoid being caught by the Mogadorians so when the find out Three is dead,...
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...Freedom Speeches Both Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms” speech and Kennedy’s inaugural address talks about how they want to preserve freedom. However, Roosevelt’s speech wants to support the war but not send troops and fight in the war whereas Kennedy’s speech wanted to negotiate with other countries to work together. When Roosevelt delivered his Four Freedoms speech in 1940 World War 2 was raging on in Europe. The U.S was not yet involved in the war. European countries were falling to Nazi Germany one by one. Roosevelt wanted to support England and other countries that were part of the Allies by giving them guns, tanks, planes, bombs, and other war supplies, but not send troops over to fight. This speech was given two years before the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan and U.S involvement in World War 2....
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...The Four Noble Truths "I teach suffering, its origin, cessation and path. That's all I teach", Is the what Buddha quoted 2500 years ago. The Four Noble Truths contain the essence of the Buddha's teachings. It was these four principles that the Buddha came to understand during his meditation under the bodhi tree. 1. The truth of suffering (Dukkha) 2. The truth of the origin of suffering (Samudāya) 3. The truth of the cessation of suffering (Nirodha) 4. The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering (Magga) The Buddha is often compared to a physician. In the first two Noble Truths he diagnosed the problem (suffering) and identified its cause. The third Noble Truth is the realisation that there is a cure. The fourth Noble Truth, in which the Buddha set out the Eightfold Path, is the prescription, the way to achieve a release from suffering. The First Noble Truth Suffering (Dukkha) Suffering comes in many forms. Three obvious kinds of suffering correspond to the first three sights the Buddha saw on his first journey outside his palace: old age, sickness and death. But according to the Buddha, the problem of suffering goes much deeper. Life is not ideal: it frequently fails to live up to our expectations. Human beings are subject to desires and cravings, but even when we are able to satisfy these desires, the satisfaction is only temporary. Pleasure does not last; or if it does, it becomes monotonous. Even when we are not suffering from outward causes...
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...' Academy ol Management Executive, 2002, Vol. 16, No. 4 Four Seasons goes to Paris floger HalloweU, David Bowen, and Carin-Isabel Knoop Europe is different from North America, and Paris is very different. I did not say difficult. I said diffeient. —A senior Four Seasons manager Executive Summary Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts opened its first French property in 1999. This article presents that opening as a case study to illustrate a perspective on how a company with a strong and highly successful organizational culture might approach a new national culture when that cuhure is both distinct and intense, as is the case in France. Managers can henefit from the case by understanding this approach to organizational and national culture, which the authors believe represents a useful framework for global management. The article begins with a discussion of the linkage between corporate cuifure and competitive advantage for service organizafions. It then describes the corporate support structure and the philosophy that Four Seasons developed over two decades to support its international expansion and to manage the type of challenges its French property posed. Finally, it describes how the firm went about transforming that property into one of its crown jewels. The Linkage Between Service Culture and Competitive Advantage The enduring success of service organizations such as Southwest Airlines, The Walt Disney Company, Wal-Mart, and USAA (among others) is frequently ...
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...George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four tells a story about a futuristic dystopian society that is ruled by the seemingly omniscient Big Brother. Winston Smith lives within this rule of Big Brother and the Party where all he does is strictly limited. As time progresses, Winston begins to make secret relationships without the Party’s knowing and begins to do what he wants to do. George Orwell’s use of intriguing characters, a strange, utopian social setting, and a riveting yet slow plot makes Nineteen Eighty-four a great piece of literary work. George Orwell’s use of fascinating and believable characters makes the story an interesting read. The story revolves around Winston Smith, an ordinary Party employee who works for the Ministry of Truth. Under the power of the Party, Winston does not have the freedom to think his own thoughts unless they...
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...This passage, taken from George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, describes the work that typically befalls the protagonist, Winston Smith, in his profession of tampering with documents and news bulletins in order to convince the masses that everything is well within this society and that Big Brother, the ruling dictator, is always seen as inerrant and infallible. Much of the passage reflecting the worries of the time such as the rising influence of the Soviet Union and the memory of Nazi Germany as well as featuring many tropes of dystopian fiction (some originating from the novel itself). An element of the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four that is built upon in this passage is the language of Newspeak. Language and created languages are a common theme amongst dystopian novels because they represent the abolition of the old world and the complete control of society by the dictatorial government. Winston receives his orders for the day in ‘abbreviated jargon’ which consists ‘largely of Newspeak words’. This shows that although Newspeak hasn’t been adopted fully by the population yet, the government...
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...Winston constantly denies it but soon gives into the pain being inflicted on him and agrees that it does equal five just to stop the pain. Winston continues getting tortured until he actually believes that it does equal five. “Four, five, six-in all honesty I don’t know.” (Orwell 252) Winston is no longer sure in what he believes and is in a very vulnerable state in which he will accept any information that he receives. This is what the Party wants to do with the adamant citizens who refuse to yield to their beliefs. Large and powerful governments can actually alter scientific facts, such as gravity, and either remove anyone who doesn’t believe in that idea. After that, they can simply just feed the information to the new generation and what they said will be “true” to future generations. Big Brother also uses the telescreens to constantly announce information to the citizens. The use of media is prevalent in present society. News stations, newspapers, advertisements...
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...George Orwell, the author of Nineteen Eighty Four, uses various motifs to help him convey his message. Orwell gives one particular simple household article symbolic significance, in order to develop a theme which is important to him. The specific object which Orwell uses as a motif, is a beautiful glass paperweight. For the novel’s protagonist, Winston Smith, this paperweight represents both beauty without purpose, as well as ongoing hope for the reclamation of his happier, liberated past, and a future without submission to totalitarianism.Through the use of the paperweight as a motif, Orwell is able to convey his grave concerns about life under authoritarian rule. Despite it violating the rules of the Party, Winston purchases a paperweight...
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...The best weapon for an enduring dictatorship is the manufacturing of an enemy. In George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" Emmanuel Goldstein is the government's most monumental adversary. Foremost, in history, a scapegoat is often crucial in order to focus the blame on a person or minority group, regardless of whether or not they are responsible for the state of the society. Although Emmanuel Goldstein is not directly to blame for the issues in Oceania, Big Brother makes sure that everyone knows "[Emmanuel Goldstein] was the primal traitor, the earliest defiler of the Party's purity. All subsequent crimes against the Party, all treacheries, acts of sabotage, heresies, deviations, sprang directly out of his teaching". (pg. 14) Goldstein being a scapegoat ensures that all impending blame and anger is towards...
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...1984 is a book written by George Orwell in 1949. At first it seems like just another ordinary book until you read it and realize how similar the society in which Winston lives in is to our society now. The society in this book is one that lacks amenities just like North Korea. Winston is the main character in the book 1984. Winston is special because right from the start you can feel that he has some kind of different feeling towards the party, he isn’t deeply in love with the Party and Big Brother. I feel that Winston knows he is disgusted by the way the Party controls everyone due to the fact that he blames the Party for the death of his parents and sister. We know this because in Book 2 chapter 7 Winston wakes up crying and explains to Julia that he was dreaming about his mother and father and sister. He explains to her how his father had disappeared and how he had stolen chocolate from his mother and sister and ran away, never to see them again. I believe that Winston isn’t a bright man because he ultimately became the main reason as to why he was caught by O’Brien and the Thought Police. We can tell because throughout the book we see that he realizes that the things he’s doing are very dangerous and not allowed by the Party or Big Brother. In book one it state's that Winston purchases a diary in order to record all of the things he is doing. Another would be that Winston is static and an independent thinker, which is illegal because it is known as thought crime. Technology...
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...[pic] Marketing MK 201 Marketing of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai [pic] Lecturer: Kathryn Medico Student: Lu Yizhi [ luyi080789 ] Duy Hung Pham [ phdu271188 ] Class: 2A March 12th , 2012 Acknowledgement For the successful completion of our report, we would like to express our deep gratitude to all the people who give us help and advise. First and foremost, we are going to give our appreciation to Mr. Wang, the Assistant Sales Director of the Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. He spent his personal time replying our email to answer our questions and gave us a lot of valuable information and instructions which keep our report going in the right direction. Secondly, we would like to thank our Marketing lecturer, Miss Medico, she provided us with many useful resources and guidance at every stage of writing the report. Clearly, we cannot finish this report smoothly without her help. Last but not least, we would like to thank all our friends for their suggestions and inspiring. Contents Aknowledgement 2 Introduction 4 Background of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai 4 The Lifecycle Stages of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai 5 Target Market 6 The Promotion Mix of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai 7 Advertising 7 Publishing pamphlets and magazines 7 Online advertising 8 Public Relations 8 Communicating with public by Internet 8 Participate in public service 9 Sales Promotion 9 Hotel packages promotion 9 Discount 10 Conclusion 10 Reference...
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...In Fritz Lang’s German Expressionist film Metropolis (1927) and George Orwell’s dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), both composers express the dangerous effects of tyrannical and demagogical leadership. In exploring the quote ‘If you want a vision of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face – forever,’ Lang presents a perspective that both challenges and restores our faith in humanity, where an autocratic leader falls to his knees in a cry for mercy while Orwell aims to shatter it, with the subjugation of the rebellious protagonist. Both Orwell and Lang explore this through their contextual paradigms, demonstrating it through the apotheosis of human power, where both leaders’ ‘demi-god-like’ status produces an opaque view of reality and excess materialism. It is also revealed through a distorted sense of...
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