...decibel gain of each stage B) Difference of decibel gain of each stage C) Product of decibel gain of each stage D) Quotient of decibel gain of each stage ANSWER: A 222. How bandwidth of the amplifier is found? A) using the critical frequencies B) using the midrange gain C) using the roll-off rate D) using the input capacitance ANSWER: A 223. What happens to the bandwidth, if the voltage gain of an amplifier is increased? A) It is not affected B) It increases C) It decreases D) It becomes distorted ANSWER: C 224. What is the behavior of the midrange gain of an amplifier ideally? A) increases with frequency B) decreases with frequency C) remains constant with frequency D) depends on the coupling capacitors ANSWER: C 225. In Low frequency analysis of BJT, the frequency response fc =1/2π (Rs+ Rin) C1 is _______ A) Output RC Network B) Input RC Network C) Bypass Network D) None of these ANSWER: B 226. What are the effects of capacitors in the Frequency response curve? A) Coupling capacitor B) Bypass capacitor C) Internal transistor capacitance D) All of the above ANSWER: D 227. Why gain falloff at low frequency band? A) coupling capacitor C1 and C2 B) Bypass capacitor CE¬ C) internal capacitance Cgs and Cg D) Both A and B ANSWER: D 228. Why gain falloff at high frequency band? A) coupling capacitor C1 and C2 B) Bypass capacitor CE¬ C) internal capacitance Cgs and Cgd D) Both A and B ANSWER: C 229. In which amplifier, the Miller effect is meaningful? A) inverting amplifier B) noninverting...
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...How JPEG works Introduction - Images An image is a 2D matrix of values Color images consist of 3 RGB matrices, Grayscale images consist of one This basic format is BMP Introduction - JPEG JPEG – Joint Photographic Expert Group Late 1980’s, early 1990’s Consumer level computers Relatively high processing power Low bandwidth. Goal: File size↓ Picture quality~ Voted as international standard in 1992 Photos Scanned text or images with sharp transitions Introduction - Motivation 2 Observations: A large majority of useful image content changes slowly across images Experiments show that the human eye is less sensitive to loss of high spatial frequencies Now let’s see how we can use these observations!!! Outline Phase 1: Color transform Phase 2: Divide the picture Phase 3: Conversion to frequency domain Phase 4: Quantization Phase 5: Entropy Coding Comparison to other formats Outline – phase 1 (lossless) Phase 1: Color transform Phase 2: Divide the picture Phase 3: Conversion to frequency domain Phase 4: Quantization Phase 5: Entropy Coding Comparison to other formats Color transform RGB->YCbCr Red RGB Image Green Blue Color transform RGB->YCbCr Transformation in the color space RGB has all the information, however, if we want to encode, we can’t decide which of the Red/Green/Blue is more important. Y – brightness (luma), Cb – Chromatic blue, Cr – Chromatic red. Only Y will show black/white TV. More bits are used for Y, less for the Cb/Cr...
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...[Fourier analysis of Control System] [Fourier analysis of Control System] Submitted to: Dr. S. K. Raghuwanshi Submitted By: Rishi Kant Sharan Semester: V Branch: Electronics & Communication Engineering Submitted to: Dr. S. K. Raghuwanshi Submitted By: Rishi Kant Sharan Adm. No: 2010JE1117 Semester: V Branch: Electronics & Communication Engineering Abstract The assignment focuses on the Fourier analysis of Control System. Which leads to frequency domain analysis of control system. The scope of estimation and controlling the behavior a system by means of Fourier transformation of its transfer function and analyzing its frequency response. Abstract The assignment focuses on the Fourier analysis of Control System. Which leads to frequency domain analysis of control system. The scope of estimation and controlling the behavior a system by means of Fourier transformation of its transfer function and analyzing its frequency response. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There is an old adage that says that you never really learn a subject until you teach it. I now know that you learn a subject even better when you write about it. Preparing this term paper has provided me with a wonderful opportunity to unite my love of concept in CONTROL SYSTEM. This term paper is made possible through the help and support from everyone, including: professor, friends, parents, family, and in essence, all sentient beings. Especially, please allow me to dedicate...
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...source), this has been properly acknowledged and referenced in accordance with departmental requirements. 3. I have not used work previously produced by another student or any other person to hand in as my own. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. Name | Student number | Signature | | | | Date | | Contents Table of Figures 3 Acronyms Used 3 PART 1 Filtering in the Frequency Domain 3 Introduction 3 Review of Prior Knowledge 4 Complex Numbers 4 Fourier series 4 Fourier Transform 4 Convolution Theorem 5 Overview 5 2-D FFT 6 DFT 6 IDFT 7 2-D FFT 7 Comparison with 1-D FFT 8 2-D FFT and Image Processing 8 Image Smoothing and Sharpening 9 Smoothing 9 Sharpening 11 Conclusion 13 PART 2 Application of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 13 Introduction 13 Gaussian Filter Theoretical Analysis 13 Gaussian Low Pass Filter 14 Gaussian High Pass Filter 14 Gaussian Filter Design 15 Practical Results 16 Conclusion 17 References 18 Table of Figures Figure 1: Input Signal Transformed to Frequency Domain 5 Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 5 Figure 3: Spatial VS Frequency Domain 5 Figure 4: 2-D Sinusoidal Wave 7 Figure 5: Flow Diagram of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 9 Figure 6: Graphical Representation of an Ideal Low Pass Filter 10 Figure 7: Image that was smoothed 11 Figure 8: Graphical...
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...GITAM UNIVERSTIY (Declared as Deemed to be University U/S 3 of UGC Act, 1956) [pic] REGULATIONS & SYLLABUS Of B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics & Engineering) (W.e.f 2012-13 admitted batch) Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda VISAKHAPATNAM – 530 045 Website: www.gitam.edu REGULATIONS (W.e.f. 2012-013 admitted batch) 1. ADMISSIONS 1. Admissions into B.Tech (Electrical & Electronics Engineering) programme of GITAM University are governed by GITAM University admission regulations. 2. ELIGIBILTY CRITERIA 1. A pass in 10+2 or equivalent examination approved by GITAM University with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. 2. Admissions into B.Tech will be based on an All India Entrance Test (GAT) conducted by GITAM University and the rule of reservation, wherever applicable. 3. STRUCTURE OF THE B.Tech. PROGRAMME 3.1 The Programme of instruction consists of: i) A general core programme comprising Basic Sciences, Basic Engineering, Humanities & Social Sciences and Mathematics. ii) An engineering core programme imparting to the student the fundamentals of engineering in the branch concerned. iii) An elective programme enabling the students to take up a group of departmental / interdepartmental courses of interest to him/her. In addition, a student has to i)...
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...Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg Blurg...
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...coconut after the coconut milk was extracted, and used as reinforcing agent bio-composite material with matrix of Polylacticacid(PLA) that can decompose naturally. During this time, grated coconut is simply discarded without further exploited. Alkalization chemical treatment with 5% NaOH 1 hour to Grated Coconut Milk Residue (GCMR) was done to improve compatibility with PLA matrix. Bio-composite material was made with a fraction of 0%, 15%, 30% w/w using compression molding technique. The chemical structure of GCMR before and after chemical treatment was observed with Fourier Transform Infrared. The mechanical property of bio-composite material was observed with tensile test. Whereas the morphological characteristics of GCMR and fracture on the surface of bio-composite observed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Then, thermal properties of bio-composite observed with Simultaneous Thermal Analysis. Result showed the addition of grated coconut fibers improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, speed recrystallization PLA and PLA interfacial bonding between the filler GCMR. Thus, this material has the potential to reduce the environmental crisis caused by non-biodegradable material and non-renewable. Kata Kunci—Instruksi; Poly(latic acid)(PLA), Reinforcing Agent, Grated Coconut Residue, Bio-composites....
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...Fourier Transform and its applications Jatin Kumar Murray State University Abstract It has been widely recognized that waveforms are an integral part of the various universe phenomenon. Waveforms can be used to represent almost everything in the world. Therefore it is understandable that concepts related to waveforms or signals are extremely important as their applications exist in a broad variety of fields. The processes and ideas related to waveforms play a vital role in different areas of science and technology such as communications, optics, quantum mechanics, aeronautics, image processing to name a few. Even though the physical nature of signals might be completely different in various disciplines, all waveforms follow one fundamental principle; they can be represented by functions of one or more independent variables. This paper would focus on the concept of Fourier Transform, the technique through which signals can be deconstructed and represented as sum of various elementary signals. It briefly describes Linear Time Invariant systems and their response to superimposed signals. Fourier transform has many applications in physics and Engineering. This paper would also cover some of Fourier Transform applications in telecommunication and its impact on society. Introduction Some of the basic signals that exist in the world and are useful in various technology fields are continuous and discrete time...
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...ENGINEERING I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE |Code |Subject |T |P/D |C | | |English |2+1 |- |4 | | |Mathematics - I |3+1 |- |6 | | |Mathematical Methods |3+1 |- |6 | | |Applied Physics |2+1 |- |4 | | |C Programming and Data Structures |3+1 |- |6 | | |Network Analysis |2+1 |- |4 | | |Electronic Devices and Circuits |3+1 |- |6 | | |Engineering Drawing |- |3 |4 | | |Computer Programming Lab. |- |3 |4 | | |IT Workshop |- |3 |4 | | |Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab |- |3 |4 | | |English Language Communication Skills Lab. |- ...
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...textbooks on Fourier theory. It seems that there is little that can be done with wavelets that cannot be done with traditional Fourier analysis. Stephane Mallat was not the father of wavelet theory, but he is certainly an evangelist. His textbook on the subject, A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing [1], contains proofs about the theory of wavelets, and a summation about what is known about them with applications to signal processing. One of his many papers, Characterization of Signals from Multiscale Edges [2], is frequently cited as a link between wavelets and edge detection. Mallat’s method not only finds edges, but classifies them into different types as well. Mallat goes on to describe a method of recovering complete images using only the edges, but we will not implement it in this project. In this project, we study this paper, and implement the method of Mallat to multiscale edge detection and analysis. We will first present a short background on wavelet theory. Then we will describe the different types of edges that exist in images, and how they can be characterized using a Lipschitz constant. Next, we describe the algorithm for the wavelet transform, from the Mallat paper. Finally, we show the results of applying the algorithm to a test image, and a real image. wave with the signal. When the results high valued, the coefficients of the Fourier transform will be high. Where the signal or the wave is close to zero, the coefficients will be low. Fourier analysis has a big problem...
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...UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI TONALITY ESTIMATION USING WAVELET PACKET ANALYSIS By Vaibhav Chhabra A Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Coral Gables, Florida May 2005 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI A research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science TONALITY ESTIMATION USING WAVELET PACKET ANALYSIS Vaibhav Chhabra Approved: ________________ Ken Pohlmann Professor of Music Engineering _________________ Dr. Edward Asmus Associate Dean of Graduate Studies ________________ Colby Leider Assistant Professor of Music Engineering _________________ Dr. Paul Mermelstein Professor of Electrical Engineering DEDICATION They say that one’s experience is what defines an individual. After all, you are what you are because of your experiences. On that note I would like to dedicate this work to all those who have contributed to my experience in this journey. For what I have learned has laid the foundation for what I will learn. I would also like to thank my family who has always been supportive of me, my brother Ruchir who is a natural send-master, Papa and Ma thanks for keeping the faith. All the Chacha’s, Chachi’s and cousins, thank you all for the support. Next on my thank you list are my Tae Kwon Do buddies. Sensei Jeff thanks for all of your advice, some day I’ll be teacher like you. Rico, training...
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...REACTION: (Paget’s Disease) This article entitled “A Tour Around Paget’s Disease of Bone” basically talks about everything you need to know about this certain disease. First, it talks about the origin of this disease and who discovered it. According to this article, it is discovered by Sir James Paget and that the first recorded evidence of this disease happened about 1000BC and it is the second leading skeletal disorder affecting the aging population that time. It is delightful to know the etymology of this disease and who discovered it because it gives us more knowledge about the disease. Second, it talks about the pathophysiology of the disease, its diagnostic evaluation and the clinical manifestations of the disease. These are important to know for us to able to assess the patient very well in order for us to give the appropriate nursing interventions for the patient and for us to establish a proper and efficient nursing care plan for the patient. Third, it mentioned the causative microorganisms that cause the disease. This is also important to know especially for the doctors for them to be able to evaluate the disease better and for them give the appropriate medical interventions for their patients. With this, they would be able to provide the proper medications their patients’ need that would react effectively on a certain microorganism. Lastly, it talks about the different kinds of treatment the patient will undergo or the pharmacological therapy that the patient...
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...|||| Fourier Series When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (1768–1830) was trying to solve a problem in heat conduction, he needed to express a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine functions: 1 f x a0 n 1 a n cos nx a1 cos x b1 sin x bn sin nx a3 cos 3x b3 sin 3x a0 a2 cos 2x b2 sin 2x Earlier, Daniel Bernoulli and Leonard Euler had used such series while investigating problems concerning vibrating strings and astronomy. The series in Equation 1 is called a trigonometric series or Fourier series and it turns out that expressing a function as a Fourier series is sometimes more advantageous than expanding it as a power series. In particular, astronomical phenomena are usually periodic, as are heartbeats, tides, and vibrating strings, so it makes sense to express them in terms of periodic functions. We start by assuming that the trigonometric series converges and has a continuous function f x as its sum on the interval , , that is, 2 f x a0 n 1 a n cos nx bn sin nx x Our aim is to find formulas for the coefficients a n and bn in terms of f . Recall that for a power series f x cn x a n we found a formula for the coefficients in terms of derivn atives: cn f a n!. Here we use integrals. If we integrate both sides of Equation 2 and assume that it’s permissible to integrate the series term-by-term, we get y f x dx y a 0 dx y n 1 a n cos nx bn sin nx dx 2 a0 n 1 an y cos nx dx n 1 bn y...
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...Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sources. The venin's, Norton's and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere's and Biot-Savart's laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance. Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems. Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms. Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer - equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion principles. DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors - principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines - performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and stepper motors. Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts;...
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...Signals and Systems Midterm 10:20a.m. ~ 12:20p.m., May 1, Fri., 2009 Closed book, but open 1 sheet (both sides, 2 pages) of personal notes of A4 size Total score: 120 Total 4 pages in one B4 sheet 1. [12] Suppose x and y denote input and output, respectively, of each of the three systems: System A: y (t ) = x(t + 2) sin(ω t + 2), ω ≠ 0 System B: y[n] = ( − 1 ) ( x[n] + 1) 2 System C: y[n] = ∑ x 2 [k + 1] − x[k ] k =1 n n Answer the following questions for each system and justify your answer. (a) Is the system linear? (b) Is the system time invariant? (c) Is the system causal? (d) Is the system stable? 2. We want to develop an edge detector that is robust against additive noise. Consider a discrete-time (DT) linear time-invariant (LTI) system H 2 with h2 [ n] = h[ n] ∗ h[ n + 1] as its impulse response shown below, where h[ n] = δ [ n] − δ [ n − 1] . (a) [4] Assume there is no noise, i.e., d [n] = 0 and x[n] = p[n] . Sketch the output y[n] of the system assuming the input p[n] to the system is the following signal: (b) [4] Assume the noise is d [ n] = −δ [ n + 1] and the input p[n] remains the same. Sketch the output y[n] of the system. (c) [4] In order to use system H 2 as a part of an edge detector, we would like to add an LTI system H s whose unit impulse response hs [n] is shown below. System H s smoothes out effect of noise on x[n] . The overall system can be represented as below: Sketch the output ys [n] of the system with d [n] and p[n] specified...
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