...9/17/2012 Exp.#1 Fractional Distillation of Ether from 1,2-Dimethoxyethane & Gas Chromatography Objective: -Fractionally distill a mixture of ethyl ether and 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane -Various fractions are collected and plots of temperature versus volume of distillate is made -To make a comparison between the three types of column packing materials used Equations: none Properties: The physical properties of the reactants and products are the same. They are both clear and are liquid. Procedure: 1. A fractional distillation apparatus was set up using one of the packing materials (copper ribbon, 6mm glass beads, or raschig rings). 2. Sixty milliliters of Ethyl Ether: 1,2- Dimethoxy Ethane and two or three boiling stones were placed into a distilling flask. 3. The flask was heated using the heating mantle at a begging power of sixty percent. 4. The mixture was distilled at a rate of one to two drops per second. 5. During the distillation the temperature was recorded for every one to two milliliters of distillate collected, in a ten milliliter graduated cylinder. 6. After every five milliliters the distillate was collected in labeled screw cap vials. 7. Gas Chromatography was then done on the collection of distillates. 8. Three of the fractions collected were analyzed (the first fraction collected, the last fraction collected, and a fraction during the rapid increase in temperature. 9. The sample is loaded into a syringe...
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...Sublimation 3. Distillation 4. Chromatography 5. Differential Extraction 6. Qualitative Analysis 5. 1. CRYSTALLIZATION Aim To separate a solid compound in pure and geometrical form. Principle A saturated solution of the impure substance in a suitable solvent is made at a temperature higher than the room temperature. On cooling this solution, the substance reappears in the form of well shaped crystals. Process Purification by crystallization involves the following steps: Choice of solvent Preparation of solution Filtration of the solution Separating the crystals Drying of crystals Example Crystallisation of Phthalic acid 6. 2. SUBLIMATION Aim To separate volatile solids, which pass directly into vapour state on heating from a non-volatile solid. Principle A mixture of solid substances, such as camphor, benzoic acid, ammonium chloride, iodine etc., containing non-volatile substances, when heated, change directly into vapour without passing through the liquid state. Process 7. Fig :-Sublimation 8. 3. DISTILLATION Aim To separate a solution of a solid in a liquid and for separating a solution of two liquids whose boiling points are different. Principle Distillation involves the conversion of a liquid into its vapors upon heating and then cooling the vapors back into the liquid. Depending on the difference in boiling points of liquids. Types of distillation Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation Distillation Under Reduced Pressure or Vacuum Distillation Steam Distillation 9....
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...Extraction, Fractional Distillation & Gas Chromatography” to determine the contents purity Equations: Area of peak=1/2HxW % composition= (Area of peak/Total area of peak(s)) x 100 Properties: Diethyl ether 1,2-dimethoxy ethane Formula C4H10O3 ClCO(CH2)8COCl Melting Point −116.3 °C -58°C Boiling Point 62 - 64 °C 82 - 83°C Density 1.005 g/cm3 1.121 Physical Properties Clear, colorless liquidSweet, ether-like odor Clear, colorless liquidSharp, ether-like odor Hazards Extremely flammableIrritant Flammable liquid and vaporMay cause irritation to skin Procedure: 1. Use a syringe to obtain 0.5uL of fraction 1 2. Insert syringe as far as possible into the Gas Chromatography (GC) 3. Quickly press plunger to release fraction sample into GC 4. Press “Start” on the integrator 5. Remove syringe 6. At the end of process, approximately 3 minutes, press “Stop” on integrator 7. Press “shift” and “enter” keys to feed paper through integrator 8. Clean syringe with cleaning solvent 9. Repeat steps 1-8 using the other fraction samples 10. Determine the percent composition to each of the fractions Data & Results: Glass Beads: Run Time (min) Area (%) Fraction 1 Ether 0.7 70 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.2 30 Fraction 6 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Fraction 10 Ether n/a n/a 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1.1 100 Raschig rings: Fraction 1 Ether 0.76 100 1,2-dimethoxyethane n/a n/a Fraction 6 Ether 0.73 18...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...on the topic ‘Distillation Process’. I would also show my gratitude towards my Programme Leader Dr. Monika Thakur and our HOD Dr Amarinder Singh Bawa for including such a project in my course curriculum which gave me a chance to gain knowledge as much as I can in this field. Thank you Varun Gadodia BTech Food Technology IV semester Amity Institute of Food Technology Introduction This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the reader to understand the necessary components along with distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapour or both. The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and vapour phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by thermal means. The report also high lights the important equipments/methods used for distillation as well as its...
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...PROJECT REPORT FOR AWARDING OF CERTIFICATE ON COMPLETION OF SUMMER INPLANT TRAINING (1st JUNE- 22nd JULY 2011) AT IOCL Gujarat Refinery (Vadodara) SUBMITTED BY: SHREYASH GUPTA Integ.Btech(APE)+MBA(O&G Management) University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,Dehradun PREFACE Though it has been said that best friend a man can ever get is a book but we at this juncture realize that only books cannot give all the information a person seeks. When any student is unable to understand a particular topic, he is advised to imagine the whole matter and then try to understand it. Normally, this method succeeds. But in engineering stream considering the study of wide range of process and equipments involved in it, it is hard to understand the unit operations and processes just through books or even with imagination .Unless one happens to see the process, equipments, he is like a soldier who knows to fire the gun ,but is yet to face a war. Industrial training is one of the most vital part of a syllabus of chemical engineering, which not only teaches one the industrial unit operations, equipments and other technical aspects, but also teaches discipline, interaction with various people irrespective of their posts, the importance of teamwork, etc. This report contains a brief introduction to GUJRAT REFINERY and knowledge gathered about various units in refinery during the training. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express...
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...Reproduced with permission from Energy for Sustainable Development Articles Synthetic fuel production by indirect coal liquefaction Eric D. Larson Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University Guyot Hall, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA E-mail: elarson@princeton.edu Ren Tingjin Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China This paper reports detailed process designs and cost assessments for production of clean liquid fuels (methanol and dimethyl ether) by indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). Gasification of coal produces a synthesis gas that can be converted to liquid fuel by synthesis over appropriate catalysts. Recycling of unconverted synthesis gas back to the synthesis reactor enables a larger fraction of the coal energy to be converted to liquid fuel. Passing synthesis gas once over the synthesis catalyst, with unconverted synthesis gas used to generate electricity in a gas turbine combined cycle, leads to less liquid fuel production, but provides for a significant second revenue stream from sale of electricity. Recently-developed liquid-phase synthesis reactors are especially attractive for ‘‘oncethrough’’ processing. Both ‘‘recycle’’ and ‘‘once-through’’ plant configurations are evaluated in this paper. Because synthesis catalysts are poisoned by sulfur, essentially all sulfur must be removed upstream. Upstream removal of CO2 from the synthesis gas is also desirable to maximize synthesis productivity, and it provides...
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...ENERGY TECHNOLOGY S.JITENDRA PAL Department of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal-Karnataka. Assistant Professor Fundamentals of energy and its impact on society and the environment. What is energy? • Energy :defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy is measured in BTU (British Thermal Unit) or Joule • According to Max Planck, energy is defined as the ability of a system to cause external action. • The term energy carrier – thus a carrier of the above defined energy – is a substance that could be used to produce useful energy, either directly or by one or several conversion processes • In this respect the following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e. potential or kinetic energy), thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy etc. Why Energy is needed ? • Think about how you use energy every day. You wake up to an alarm clock. You take a shower with water warmed by a hot water heater. You listen to music on the radio as you dress , u eat breakfast….. And so on……. • Food items, medicines, groceries, the accessories which we use, Cosmetics, electronic appliances, lighting, heating cooling, • Everything needs energy in direct or indirect way Why Energy is needed ? Various sectors of economy- Industry, residential, commercial, transport • Industry- Petroleum Refining , steel, cement, chemical, metal, paper, pharmaceuticals, mining etc • Transportation,-automobile...
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...GENERAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES Student Reference 7 September 2008 Version 1 Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction, P3 Requirement, P4 Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in...
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...Table of Contents Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms...
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...*3963103* [3963] – 103 T.E. (Petroleum) (Semester – I) Examination, 2011 DRILLING & PRODUCTION OPERATIONS (2003 Course) Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 100 Instructions : 1) Question Nos. 1 and 5 are compulsory. Out of the remaining attempt 2 questions from Section I and 2 questions from Section II. 2) Answers to the two Sections should be written in separate books. 3) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary. 4) Black figures to the right indicate full marks. 5) Use of Logarithmic Tables, Slide Rule, Mollier Charts, Electronic Pocket Calculator and Steam Tables is allowed. 6) Assume suitable data, if necessary. SECTION – I 1. What are different systems on a drilling rig ? Explain any one in detail with suitable diagramme. 18 2. a) Calculate Bottom hole pressure if well depth is 2500 m and mud weight is 1.2 gm/cc. b) Calculate mud weight if mud gradient is 0.87 psi/ft. ′ c) Calculate volume bbl/meter for drill pipe O.D. = 5′ inch and I.D. = 4.276 inch. 2 2 2 10 8 8 16 d) Draw circulation system on a drilling rig. 3. a) Discuss IADC classification of a bit in details. b) Discuss different factors affecting rate of penetration in details. 4. Write short note on : i) Coring ii) Fishing tools iii) BOP iv) Directional well P.T.O. [3963] – 103 -2- *3963103* SECTION – II 5. a) Discuss different types of casings and function of the casings in brief. b) Discuss different types of well completion techniques. 6. a) Discuss primary cementation process with...
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...NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water Micro & NaNo TechNologies series editor: Jeremy ramsden Professor of Nanotechnology Microsystems and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Materials Cranfield University, United Kingdom the aim of this book series is to disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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...Overview of Applications by Discipline ECONOMICS Estimating sensitivity of demand to price 352–356 Pricing problems 352–366, 422–427 Estimating cost of power 363–366 47–56, Assessing a utility function 554–556 Estimating demand for products 632–638, 649–650, 764–771, 965 Subway token hoarding 792 FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING Collecting on delinquent credit accounts 14–16 Cost projections 29–33 Finding a breakeven point 33–41 Calculating NPV 57–62 Calculating NPV for production capacity decision 58–62 Portfolio management 173–178, 345–346, 387–394, 442–444, 689–691 Pension fund management 178–182 Financial planning 210–214, 676–681, 734–735 Arbitrage opportunities in oil pricing 215–219 Currency trading 220 Capital budgeting 290–295 Estimating stock betas 396–401 Hedging risk with put options 407–408 Stock hedging 407–408 Asset management 409–410 New product development 503–504, 574, 673–676, 715–722 Bidding for a government contract 513–518, 523–533, 653–657 Investing with risk aversion 557–560 Land purchasing decision 575 Risk analysis 582–583 Liquidity risk management 651–653 Estimating warranty costs 657–661 Retirement planning 681–685 Modeling stock prices 685–686 Pricing options 686–689, 691–693 Investing for college 732 Bond investment 733 HUMAN RESOURCES AND HEALTH CARE Fighting HIV/AIDS 23–24 DEA in the hospital industry 184–189 Salesforce allocation problems 454–456 Assigning MBA students to teams 462 Selecting...
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...Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Seventh edition 2008 WMO-No. 8 © World Meteorological Organization, 2008 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo...
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