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France

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Osmanlije

Osmansko carstvo je bilo najmoćnija država poznata u historiji. Ujedno je bila najdugotrajnija Muslimanska država svih vremena koju je utemeljio Osman Gazi. Osmanlije potiču iz Centralne Azije. Smatraju se „zajednicom gazija” tj. ratnika koji se na bizantijskoj granici bore za napredak islama. Carstvo se uspostavlja 1326. godine, a do njegovog ukidanja dolazi 1922. godine. Samo carstvo trajalo je 600 godina, a na vlasti su se nalazili 36 sultana, koji su bili potomci Osmana. Među svim sultanima najduže je trajala vladavina desetog sultana, Sulejmana Veličanstvenog, koji je carstvom rukovodio punih 46 godina, dok je najkraća bila vladavina trideset trećeg sultana, Murata V, a trajala je samo tri mjeseca. Po Osmanu carstvo dobija službeni naziv Osmansko, a ne tursko. Osmansko carstvo smatra se univerzalnom svjetskom imperijom koja okuplja etnički raznorodne elemente. Odatle potiče razlika Osmanskog i turskog pojma, prvi je politički, a drugi etnički. Osmansko carstvo se nalazilo na tri kontinenta: Aziji, balkanskom i srednjoevropskom dijelu Europe, te sjevernoj Africi i zasnivalo se na principu islama, te općenito političkoj tradiciji i civilizaciji bliskog istoka. Prodor Osmanlija prema zapadu Balkana i srednjoj Evropi usporen je provalom Mongola u Malu Aziju. Tu spoljnju i unutrašnju opasnost prevladao je sultan Mehmed I koji je učvrstio centralnu vlast. Njegov nasljednik Murat II zalazi duboko u Balkan i uspostavlja puteve prema srednjoj Evropi. Osmansko carstvo postaje svjetska sila tek za vrijeme Mehmeda II Fatiha. Izgradio je administrativni i vojni sistem. Uvodi osmanski sistem vladavine, definira funkcije državnog službenika, organizira škole, sudstvo i stalež uleme. On je uveo sistem milleta kao način regulisanja položaja nemuslimanskih vjerskih zajednica u carstvu. Pored toga unaprijedio je vojnu organizaciju, istako se kao graditelj brojnih džamija i drugih javnih objekata. Utemeljitelj Osmanskog carstva bio je Mehmed Osvajač. Međutim, od 1570./71. počinje da opada njihova moć. Bosna je u okviru Osmanskog carstva imala svoje specifičnosti, razvila se specifična vojna organizacija. To je vrijeme najintenzivnijeg širenja islama na cijelom Balkanskom poluotoku, a posebno u Bosni. Prihvatanje islama od strane bosanskog stanovništva i asimiliranje islamske civilizacije predstavlja najznačajniju pojavu u njenoj historiji. Islam predstavlja fenomen ali sa brojnim prerasudama. Naime u Bosni su duže vrijeme držali uvjerenje da su potomci „starih bogumila bosanskih” usljed uticaja katolicizma i pravoslavlja prihvatili islam i tako se pomoću „uzvišene vjere” zaštitili. Proučavanjem bosanskih deftera vidjelo se da je širenje islama u Bosni bio jedan proces koji je trajao 250 godina, te islam su prihvatili pored bivših bosanskih krišćana, katolici, pravoslavci i seljaštvo. Uporedo sa širenjem islama tekao je proces „katolizacije” i „pravoslavizacije”. Popularna je prerasuda u koju vjeruju pisci poput (Ivan franjo Jukića, Ivo Andrić) da je bosanska vlastela prva prihvatila islam kako bi sačuvala svoje posjede. To mišljenje pokazuje nepoznavanje karaktera i prirode osmanskog političara, vojno upravnog i zemljinog uređenja. Osmanlije nisu silom širili i nametali islam, to je bilo zabranjeno pravnim aktima. Srbi i Hrvati tvrde u svojim historijskim knjigama da su bili fizički i psihički primorani na prihvatanje islama. No, 1940. godine Vladislav logičnim dokumentima pobija tu tezu „da XX vijek ne bi zatekao nijednog hrišćana niti bi bilo crkve i manastira da je islam širen silom.” Zapadni historičari su pokušavajući se osvetiti, do u detalje opisali raspad Osmanskog carstva, dok o njegovom usponu govore tek u natuknicama. Samo rijetki od njih su opisali i uspon Osmanlija, ali i tada sa neskrivenom mržnjom i zavišću, sistematski ih ocrnjujući. Nerijetko su Osmanlije, iz pera zapadnjaka, opisivani kao gramzivi osvajači koji su ognjem i mačem osvajali sve pred sobom i silom ugonili u islam. Ali, Allah Uzvišeni je htio ostaviti lijep spomen ovim Njegovim dobrim robovima, pa se pobrinuo da njihova znamenja u vidu džamija, čaršija, česmi, kupatila, karavan saraja, književnosti, poezije i ostalih grana umjetnosti ostanu sve do današnjih dana i tako jasno svjedoče o sasvim suprotnoj Osmanskoj prirodi. Svrha postojanja Osmanske države je bila promicanje islama, a ne sticanje bogatstva radi njega samog. Historija pokazuje da Osmanlije nikada nisu gomilali bogatstva, naprotiv, neprestano su ga trošili na Allahovom putu, pa im se ono uvećavalo. U Osmanskoj tradiciji postojao je običaj da za vrijeme svečanosti održavane povodom ustoličenja Sultana na vlast, zapisničar jako dovikne Sultanu: „Ne oholi se moj Sultanu, Uzvišeni Allah je iznad tebe!”

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