... Outline, what the term ‘Culture’ may be taken to mean and then explain the ways in which it is transmitted by the wider society and the effects that this may have for individual members of the society . Introduction: Society and Culture are interlinked, thus sociology defines society as two or more people who interact in such a manner as to share a common culture. Therefore culture is seen as a vital factor of sociology. Culture can be defined as common beliefs, behavior, objectives or characteristics formed within a group of people or society. People tend to define themselves with to a particular culture. In other words culture is a common set norms formed within a group of the society or a society to which people identify themselves to. This essay aims to explain in which ways culture is transmitted within the society and the effects this may have on individual members of a society. The essay will look at concepts of culture in terms of mass and folk culture. Furthermore it will take into consideration age, gender, social class and ethnicity, which will help to understand the interrelationship between self, identity and socialization. To understand culture in modern world better, the essay will aim to analyze the link between cultural consumption and identity in the modern society. Main body: According to Linton (1945) culture of a society is the way of life of its members; a collection of ideas and thoughts, which they learn and practiced. This is shared from...
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...Globalization can be defined as the growing integration of the world’s economy in terms of capital markets, as well as, the escalating interdependence of the economies of different countries in regards to the markets of goods and services. Economists describe globalization as a universal unification of the commodity, capital and labor markets (Bordo et al., 2003) Baghwati states that “economic globalization constitutes integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations and multinationals), short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technology.” (Bhagwati, 2004) In the past few years this increasing integration within the world economies has promoted economic growth and been aligned with the substantial growth in world trade. On the one hand, globalization has been associated with the improvement of living standards within a society. As well as, simplifying the production process. However, this phenomenon could potentially act as a constrain to the societies well being, in addition to aiding the in the restrain of economic emergence. (Daniels, 2001) In this essay, the factors contributing to globalization will be illustrated in regards to the trade barriers and the emergence of MNCs. The benefits and costs of globalization will be demonstrated by evaluating the affects on employment and the impact on the business operations. The emergence of globalization...
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...good for society? This essay explores the concept of globalisation and whether it is beneficial to society. The essay will consist of the introduction, conclusion and three sections. Section one will define the main terms. Section two will explore the advantages of globalisation and section three considers the criticisms of globalisation. The main thrust is presented, as globalisation is good for society even though it does have some significant and dire consequences. This section looks to explore what globalisation is and define the main terms within the question. Globalisation is an abstract and complex idea; therefore it is difficult to have one general definition of the term. For some people globalisation refers to Americanization whereas to others it refers to integration of the world’s economies into one central global economy. (Pavcnik N. , 2011)The Oxford Dictionary defines it as ‘the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.’ (Dictionary, 2012)There are however various factors, which are influenced by globalisation and each of these would provide different definitions of globalisation. These factors are political, economic, social, cultural and technological factors all of which help establish links between nations. (Webster, 2009)Furthermore it is also difficult to categorise the globe as one general society. Each society differs from one another, for example a society in Manhattan...
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... Neoliberalism is an economic philosophy that rose in prominence from the eighties following the elections of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Jones, Parker and Bos (2005: 100) summarise the essence of this view as “markets good, governments bad”. Neoliberalism argues that free trade is beneficial to all nations, that governments create inefficiency and waste, and that the distribution of goods should therefore be left to individuals and firms competing in the market to maximise their utility (WHO 2010). To ensure an efficient allocation of resources, neoliberalists argue for widespread liberalisation i.e. the reduction of rules and restrictions, and the privatisation of public enterprises. However, the reality of Neoliberalism has been very different to the theory. Regulation provides the framework within which markets work and enables the moderation of the externalities they produce, thus deregulation was in fact limited and was quickly followed by regulation (Levi-Faur 2005: 13). Because of this, Polanyi (in Peck, 2010: 330) writes: “the road to a free market was opened and kept open by an enormous increase in continuous, centrally organized and controlled interventionism”. In this essay, I look at the impacts of Neoliberalism on World Politics, focusing on two in particular. Firstly I explain that the policies of liberalisation and privatisation, albeit supported by regulation, have led to increasing inequality and after this, I argue that Neoliberalism is partially...
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...The role of Globalization of Social Construction of Youth Culture Introduction The purpose of this paper is to address the role in which globalization plays in the social construction of youth cultures. The phenomenal impact of communication technology on youth culture has generated a continuous debate since the 1970’s (Andrew, 2003, p. 1). The emergence of youth culture was a result of consumer market, which created diverse styles for young people worldwide (Grixti, 2008). Since the introduction of globalization, there has been a dramatic change in youth culture causing a greater shift within societies. As globalization rapidly changes, the world becomes more complex place for young people (Bourn, 2008). Therefore, a significant number of youth globally are having difficulties identifying themselves and finding their sense of belonging in this world (Bourn, 2008). Sociologist has provided strong evidence that globalization on youth culture has not only contributed positively to society but also have negative impact on the current global youth (Kahn & Kellner, 2002). To outline the aforementioned statement, the scope of this essay will confine on youth culture and the influential paradigm that contour youth cultural globally. The theoretical perspective such as post-modernism will be explored to provide a depth understanding of cultural studies. Altogether, this discussion examines the impact of globalization on communication technology and music and fashion industry...
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...The Globalization of Eating Disorders Before the 20th century, scientist thought that the malnutrition problems would only happened in the developing nations from the starvations. However, the malnutrition problems surprisingly appeareces in the new millennium in both developing and developed countries due to eating disorders and body image disturbances. Many researchers assume that the eating disorders in the modern society include psychological troubles such as self-critical thoughts and emotions, which lead individuals to a pessimistic mood. From the mentioned points above, I believe that western culture leads women’s eating disorders through media and personal relationships with westerners. I found specific researchers and their studies to support and explain my possition: a essay, entitled “The Globalization of Eating Disorders” written by Susan Bordo from Gilbert H. Muller’s book The New Worlds Reader, an research article published in the magazine International Journal Of Eating Disorders entitled “Boday Image and Eating Disturbance Among South Asian-American Women: The Role of Racial Teasing”, by Dana Sahi Iyer and Nick Haslam, and the seventh chapter, entitled “Sociocultural Influences: The Impact of Western Culture on Eating and Body Image Disturbances”, of the book Too Fat or Too Thin: A Reference Guide to Eating Diorders by Cynthia R Kalodner. During reading three resources, I come up with question how western culture impacts eating disorders due to the standards...
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...▪ Rape………………………………………………………... ▪ Dowry Deaths…………………………………….…………. o Prostitution………………………………………………...………. o Porn……………………………………………………………….. STDs, HIV/AIDS …………………………………………………………….. Contraception, Abortion, and Population Planning ………………………. References ……………………………………………………………………. Appendix ……………………………………………………………………... The Effects of Globalization on Sexuality in India Abstract: Globalization has an impact on all aspects of life, including the construction, regulation and imagination of sexuality and gender. This paper aims to suggest some of the ways in which this impact is occurring, primarily in India, with some emphasis on questions of HIV, sexual identity, and human and sexual rights. In issues of sexuality, as in other spheres, globalization increases inequalities, acting both as a liberating and oppressive influence. Key Issues: interpersonal heterosexual behaviors; unconventional sexual behaviors; homosexuality; contraception, abortion, population planning; STDs; HIV/AIDS;; The Effects of Globalization on Sexuality in India During the 2002 Gay Games in Sydney a number of...
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...Are human rights truly universal? This essay will address the question of human rights, whether they are truly universal or not. First I will explore the contemporary definition of human rights by outlining the key points in the historical evolution of the concept. Then I will engage with those perspectives which suggest that human rights are not universal, because of cultural or other differences between societies. After that, I will consider the possible ways that human rights can achieve its universality without the contradiction of any culture. Human Rights have quite a long history. They have already been mentioned in ancient Greek Philosophy. Later on, “Rights of Man” has been mentioned in both the American Declaration of Independence, as well as in the Rights of Man and the Citizens at the time of the French Revolution (Summa, 2011). After the second world war, the need for an organization to maintain international peace and to prevent the world from a new world war has been emerged. As a result of that, on the 26th of October 1945, 51 country has established the United Nations. To protect and guarantee the rights of every individual in the world, the United Nations General Assembly has approved a bill, which contains the human rights of individuals. This document is called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which includes rights such as equality before the law, protection against arbitrary arrest, freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and political participation...
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... biological aunts and uncles are like parents and strangers are referred to as aunty and uncle. One thing however that can be agreed upon is that the present day family arrangements are more fluid in contemporary society as opposed to static as was seen in 1845. But what accounts for this type of fluidity? Does this shift reflect in individual preference and the needs and wants of life in Trinbago? Or are other forces at work? Singh (2004) had rightly pointed out that, “The twenty-first century recorded great changes of far reach importance in the family system under the influence of westernization, industrialization and modernization.” To add to this claim, creolization, douglarization and globalization are also paradigms associated with the change in contemporary Indo-Trinidad family. Characteristics of the family life style such as high divorce rates, cohabitation as a substitute for marriage, and mixed children being born to parents of different ethnic background due to interracial marriages, can been seen as some of the many variation of factors as having significant changes in the institution of the family up until the twenty first century. It may be seen unnecessary to define such a simple term like family, however its meaning differs from one group of people to...
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... This essay will analyze the definitions of modernisation and dependency theory, the similarities and differences between them and it will evaluate which one is more convincing. Modernization is an imposing theory around many different disciplines for the reason that it attempts to explain how society develops and what variables are involved in the development and how society react to these changes looking at internal factors such as social and cultural structures. As Diana Kendall mentions, "Urbanization accompanied modernization and the rapid process of industrialization." (Kendall 2007) Modernization theory has developed in three different parts; the first part appeared in the 1950s and 1960s, when the dominance of materialistic western, individualist culture and individual achievement became the influential and dominant way of life during this period of time. The second part of modernization theory is part of the “idea of progress” that was accepted in the 1980s with the thought of people themselves could develop and transform their society. The last part of modernization theory takes place in the 1990s and it tries a more neutral approach without being in favor or against western modernization. Rather it attempts to expose the disagreements in the modernization process and to explain the consequences of modernity for individuals in contemporary society (Giddens, 1991a, 1991b). Giddens showed that traditional society is based on direct interaction between people living...
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...Who have been the principal winners and losers from globalisation? Globalization affects everyone, whether intended, directly or otherwise; it has gradually increased its presence in our daily lives. In this essay, I will point out who are the ones benefited and the ones injured from it by breaking down the question in four broad aspects: economic, political, socio-cultural and environmental. Seemingly, I will analyse the causals for this particular outcomes and distributions that indicate that globalization is creating further divergence in our world increasingly fragmented and unequal. The globalization winners – predominantly developed countries, the top 1% wealthiest demographic segments, transnational companies (TNC’s), supranational organizations amongst others – deeply embedded in the neoliberal belief that markets are the answer to global growth through trade, fostered by incentives such as low tariffs and interest rates and minimal government intervention find themselves unattached to the markedly less benefited, the losers– developing countries, especially their poorest demographic segments, the low-skilled low-wage percentage of workforce, the unemployed, the minorities, women amongst others – who in turn find themselves trapped in this zero-sum cycle where one either leads globalization or follows it – at risk of falling behind – but not either. Globalization, as most concepts in IPE and other social sciences, is a highly contested concept and encompasses a wide...
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...NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM INTL 1101: GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS MR 11:45 AM - 1:25 PM, 310 Behrakis SPRING 2014 INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION Name: Dr. Ioannis Livanis Contact info: 617-373-4697 E-mail address: i.livanis@neu.edu Office: 210D Renaissance Park Office hours: Monday 2:00-4:00pm and Thursday 3:00-5:00pm ; and by appointment! TEACHING ASSISTANT INFORMATION Name: E-mail address: Office: Office hours: Course Content: The world is never a boring place, whether we are interested in politics, culture, history, security, or art. To understand the world around us, however, we must be engaged citizens of the world. We must try to put ourselves in others’ shoes, to develop a sense of how others perceive the world, what others experience, and to make connections with these differences. The study of international affairs trains us to think more carefully about global issues and encourages us to take action when needed. This course serves as an introduction to International Affairs, an interdisciplinary program that covers international politics, history, sociology, anthropology, language, and culture. This class is unique in that we will have lectures on a variety of topics, and watch films that enhance your understanding of globalization. You will be introduced to basic concepts of international affairs, including an introduction to the international system, globalization, and international organizations. We will explore global issues that...
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...GLOBALIZATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH Although, recently there is a growing literature on the importance of globalization for health, the term globalization has for long been used in academic discourse, particularly within the social and political science but relatively new in the discussion within public health. While the processes of globalization are far from straight forward, the concept of health is as well a complex one, which result into no consensus either on the pathways and mechanism through which globalization affects the health of population or on the appropriate policy responses (woodward et al 2001). However, there has been a significant increase interest on the issue of globalization within public health, although a contested one, since authors on public health are still undecided not only on the exact conclusion on the impact of globalization on public health, whether bad or good, but also as to whether globalization has actually cemented its place in the public health lexicon. Nevertheless, it is know that a broad-based public health should take note of significant economic, political and social changes that determine and shape people’s health, and this definitely will call for a proper theoretical approach to globalization in understanding the nature of these contemporary economic, political and social changes (Stuart McClean in Orme et. al. 2007). This essay will describe the relationship between globalization and public health. It will first begin, by exploring...
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...“in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to do this. Use this book together with the website The website ielts-simon.com contains lessons and videos that show you how to use the ideas from this book. You can speak to me there if you have any questions. Content 24 topics: 1. Advertising Positives of Advertising Advertising is a key part of modern business Companies need to tell customers about their products Advertisements inform us about the choices we have Advertising is a...
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...Why do some countries fail to thrive? Critically evaluate one or two policies aimed at boosting growth & aiding development. Critically evaluate one or two policies aimed at boosting growth & aiding development. In this essay I will address why countries fail to thrive as well as evaluating the policies that boost economic growth and development. Globalization is a process of international economic integration effecting output of goods and services, input of capital and labor and aiding diffusion of knowledge and information. Breaking artificial barriers for goods and services in the last two decades has had a positive affect on development. Many countries have had successful economics growth and better standards of living due to increases in exports measured through increase in GDP. Even with better economic integration in the last two decades some countries still fail to thrive and benefit from globalization. Yet still some economies fail to thrive. There are many issues that can be looked at to understand why some countries have not developed quickly and efficiently as others. According to Jeffrey Sachs 2005 book ‘The end of poverty’; the richest countries in the world are ahead by two decades in relation to growth and economic gains. Poorer economies have suffered greatly due to poverty and geographical barriers such as famine and pandemics. Other issues such as political instability and collapsed governments have been a central focus point of many critics. I will...
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